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Lista de emperatrices y reinas chinas

A continuación se presenta una lista de emperatrices y reinas de China, quienes conformaron la jerarquía más alta del sistema imperial de harenes . China se dividió periódicamen...

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A continuación se presenta una lista de emperatrices y reinas de China, quienes conformaron la jerarquía más alta del sistema imperial de harenes . China se dividió periódicamente en reinos y también se unificó bajo imperios, lo que dio lugar a consortes con los títulos de reina y emperatriz. El título de emperatriz también podía otorgarse póstumamente, como a las madres y abuelas de los fundadores de las dinastías. Las emperatrices póstumas se enumeran por separado según el año en que recibieron el título.

Emperatrices y reinas

Dinastía Xia (c. 2070 – c. 1600 a. C.)

Dinastía Shang predinástica ( c. siglo XXI a. C. – c. 1600 a. C. )

Dinastía Shang ( c. 1600 – c. 1046 a. C. )

Dinastía Zhou predinástica ( c. 1150-1046 a. C.)

Dinastía Zhou (1046–256 a. C.)

Período de Primavera y Otoño (c. 770 – c. 481 a. C.) y Período de los Reinos Combatientes (c. 475 – 221 a. C.)

Chen (c. 1045 a. C.–479 a. C.)
Chu (c. 1030 a. C. – 223 a. C.)
Jin (siglo XI a. C. – 369 a. C.)
Lu (c. 1042 a. C.–249 a. C.)
Qi (1046 a. C. – 221 a. C.)
Qin (siglo IX a. C. – 207 a. C.)
Wey (c. 1040 a. C. – 209 a. C.)
Yan (siglo XI a. C. – 222 a. C.)
Zheng (806 a. C.-375 a. C.)

Dinastía Han Occidental (202 a. C. - 9 d. C.)

Dinastía Xin (9-23)

Dinastía Han Oriental (25–220)

Periodo de los Tres Reinos (220-280)

Cao Wei (220–266)

Shu Han (221–263)

Wu oriental (222–280)

Dinastía Jin (266–403, 404–420)

Dinastía Huan Chu (403–404)

Periodo de los Dieciséis Reinos (304 – 439 d.C.)

Cheng-Han (304–347)

Han-Zhao (304–329)

Zhao posterior (319–351)

Ran Wei (350–352)

Antiguo Liang (301–376)

Liang posterior (386–403)

Liang Occidental (400–421)

Liang del Norte (397–439)

Liang del Sur (397–404, 408–414)

Antigua dinastía Qin (351–394)

Qin posterior (384–417 d.C.)

Qin Occidental (385–400, 409–431 d. C.)

Antiguo Yan (337-370 d.C.)

Yan posterior (384 - 409 d.C.)

Yan del Norte (407-436 d. C.)

Yan del Sur (398 - 410 d.C.)

Helian Xia (407 - 431 d.C.)

Dinastías del Norte y del Sur (420-589 d.C.)

Liu Song (420-479 d.C.)

Qi del Sur

Wei del Norte

Wei occidental

Wei Oriental (534–550 d. C.)

Qi del Norte

Dinastía Liang

Dinastía Chen

Zhou del Norte

Dinastía Sui (581 - 618 d.C.)

Dinastía Tang (618 - 907 d.C.)

Wu Zetian , emperatriz consorte del emperador Gaozong, se convirtió en la única emperatriz reinante en la historia china ampliamente reconocida como legítima. Tras la muerte de su esposo y la entronización y deposición de dos de sus hijos, gobernó China en solitario durante 15 años (690-705 d. C.).
Qin
  • Emperatriz Ju
Han (Dingyang)
  • Emperatriz Ju
Xia (619 - 621 d.C.)
Yan (755 - 763 d.C.)
Qi (881 - 884 d.C.)

Periodo de las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos (907 - 960 d.C.)

Qi (907 – 924 d.C.)

Antiguo Shu (907 - 925 d.C.)

Yan (911 – 914 d. C.)

Liang posterior (907-923 d.C.)

Dinastía Han del Sur (917-971 d.C.)

Dinastía Tang posterior (923-927 d.C.)

Yang Wu (907 - 937 d.C.)

Min (909 – 945 d.C.)

Tang del Sur (937-976 d.C.)

Jin posterior (936 – 947 d.C.)

Yin (945-947 d.C.)

Dinastía Han posterior (947-951 d.C.)

Zhou Posterior (951 - 960 d.C.)

Dinastía Han del Norte (951-979 d. C.)

Dinastía Liao (916 - 1125 d.C.)

Liao occidental (Qara Khitai) (1124-1218 d. C.)

Dinastía Song (960-1279 d.C.)

La emperatriz Zheng de la dinastía Song

Dinastía Yuan (1271 - 1368 d.C.)

Emperatriz Chabi , consorte de Kublai Khan

Dinastía Ming (1368 - 1644 d.C.)

Emperatriz Xiaocigao , dinastía Ming
Emperatriz Xu , dinastía Ming

Southern Ming (1644 - 1662 A.D.)

Qing dynasty (1636 - 1912 A.D.)

Empresses dowager

The title of Empress dowager (皇太后, húangtàihòu) was automatically given to a former Empress consort and widow of an Emperor. The title, Empress dowager, could be granted a widow of an Emperor even when she had not been the Empress consort during the reign of her spouse. Therefore, a separate list is given of the Empresses dowager, which, in some cases, equals the list of Empresses consort, and in other cases, not.

Qin Dynasty

Han dynasty

Northern Dynasties

Northern Wei

Tang dynasty

Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Ming dynasty

Qing dynasty

Empress Dowager Cixi, Qing dynasty

Grand empresses dowager

Empresses whose titles were granted posthumously

Sui dynasty

Tang dynasty

Qing Dynasty illustration of Empress Taimu

Wu Zhou Dynasty

  • Lady Pei (Empress Chengzhuang), Great-Great-Great-Grandmother of Wu Zetian
  • Lady Liu (Empress Zhangjing), Great-Great-Grandmother of Wu Zetian
  • Lady Song (Empress Zhao'an), Great-grandmother of Wu Zetian
  • Lady Zhao (Empress Wenmu), Grandmother of Wu Zetian
  • Lady Yang (Empress Xiaominggao), Mother of Wu Zetian

Song dynasty

Yuan dynasty

Portrait of Dagi Khatun

Ming dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty

Portrait of Empress Xiaosu

Qing dynasty

Empress Xiaoyichun, Qing dynasty

See also

Notes

  1. ↑Lady Zhang's name was not recorded in her biographies in either Shiji or Han Shu. This name first appeared in Shiji Suoyin by Sima Zhen, citing Huangfu Mi.
  2. ↑Lady Wang's name was not recorded in her biographies in either Shiji or Han Shu. This name first appeared in Shiji Suoyin by Sima Zhen, citing Huangfu Mi.
  3. ↑Lady Shangguan's biography in Book of Han indicated that she was 6 (by East Asian reckoning) when she was made empress.
  4. ↑Yang Xianrong was deposed and restored four times each from 304 to 306. Her tenures as empress were as follows:
    • June 301–February 304
    • July–August 304
    • November 304–April 305
    • November 305
    • May 306–January 307
  5. ↑Her fate after she and her husband were captured by Han-Zhao forces in July 311 is unknown.
  6. ↑Her husband was overthrown in 338, but it is unknown if she was still alive by this time.
  7. ↑Adoptive father.
  8. ↑Adoptive father.
  9. ↑It is unknown if she was a concubine or wife of Liu Yao before his accession to the throne.
  10. ↑If she was still alive in 396, she would have been created Empress.
  11. ↑Yin never held the title of Princess during the reign of her husband Duke Li Gao. She was honoured as princess dowager after his death.
  12. ↑After her husband declared himself Emperor in 352, she was honored as an empress, although it was not clear whether she was still alive at that point.[1]
  13. ↑Yuanfei was her courtesy name
  14. ↑Her husband was either the last monarch of China's Later Yan dynasty or the founding monarch of China's Northern Yan dynasty, depending on the historian's characterization.
  15. ↑Her given name is lost to history, but her courtesy nameJifei was recorded and used by historians.[2]
  16. ↑In 427, when Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei entered the Xia capital Tongwan (in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) after forcing Helian Bobo's successor Helian Chang to flee, he was mentioned as having captured Helian Bobo's and Helian Chang's empresses, and presumably the person referred to as Helian Bobo's empress was Empress Liang.
  17. ↑The name "Yuying" (玉英) is not found in historical records.
  18. ↑Historical sources did not indicate the year of Empress Wang's birth.
  19. ↑Her cousin's son Zong Qinke created a number of new characters in December 689, and she chose 曌 as her given name, which became her taboo name when she ascended the throne the next year. Some sources assert that this character was actually written 瞾. Some sources (e.g., Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 47–49) also assert that her original given name was Zhao and that in 689 she only changed the written character, but this is confirmed by neither the Old Book of Tang nor the New Book of Tang, neither of which stated her original given name. Her grandson Li Chongzhao, sometime after she became emperor, changed his name to Li Chongrun to observe naming taboo for her, and the character of "Zhao" in Li Chongzhao's name was 照. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 86 harvp error: no target: CITEREFOld_Book_of_Tang (help) and New Book of Tang, vol. 81 harvp error: no target: CITEREFNew_Book_of_Tang (help).
  20. ↑She is the only Empress Regnant in Chinese history considered Legitimate
  21. ↑The birth year given here is deduced from the age at death given in the New Book of Tang, compiled in 1045–1060, which is the date favored by modern historians. The year of birth deduced from the age at death in the Old Book of Tang, compiled in 941–945, is 623. The year of birth deducted from the age at death and the age when she entered the palace, in the Zizhi Tongjian, compiled in 1065–84, is 17 February 624. Compare New Book of Tang, vol. 4 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNew_Book_of_Tang (help) with Old Book of Tang, vol. 6 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFOld_Book_of_Tang (help) and Zizhi Tongjian 1084, vols. 195, 208 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZizhi_Tongjian1084 (help)
  22. ↑Prior to becoming a consort of Emperor Gaozong, she was a consort of his father, Emperor Taizong, with the title of cáirén (才人), meaning 'Lady of Talent', a fifth rank consort of the Emperor[3][4]
  23. ↑There is no record of her in the Old Book of Tang
  24. ↑In 921, he sent her back to the house of her father Gao Zhiyan, effectively deposing and divorcing her. In shock, Gao Zhiyan stopped eating and died thereafter.[5][6]
  25. ↑Her Chinese Wikipediaarticle and a number of modern sources, including, for example, the modern historian Bo Yang, give her name as Liu Yuniang (劉玉娘), but the name was not corroborated by traditional sources.
  26. ↑Her father's name was given as Liu Maowei (劉茂威) in her biography in the New History of the Five Dynasties,[7] and she had a younger brother named Liu Yanhao, whose biography in the Old History of the Five Dynasties gave their father's name as Liu Maocheng (劉茂成).[8]
  27. ↑Her biography indicated that Chen Yan was not her biological father. Rather, Chen Yan had a homosexual affair with a young handsome man, Hou Lun (侯倫), who thereafter also had an affair with his concubine Lady Lu, leading to Lady Lu's pregnancy.
  28. ↑Previously crowned as the Empress of Yin
  29. ↑According to the Zizhi Tongjian, her creation was immediately upon his taking the throne as the emperor of Later Jin. According to the Wudai Huiyao, the creation did not occur until 941. According to the New History of the Five Dynasties, no formal creation ever occurred during Shi's lifetime.
  30. ↑Crowned as the Empress of Min
  31. ↑She was initially given the posthumous name Empress Zhenlie (贞烈皇后/貞烈皇后), which was then changed to Empress Chunqin (淳钦皇后/淳欽皇后) and then finally changed to Empress Yingtian (应天皇后/應天皇后)
  32. ↑She was initially given the posthumous name of Empress Zhangde (彰德皇后); her eventual posthumous name of Empress Jing'an (靖安皇后) was given by Emperor Xingzong.[9]
  33. ↑It is uncertain whether her father's personal name was Shilu (室魯/室鲁)[9] or Dilu (敵魯/敵鲁)[10]
  34. ↑After Yelü Chage's coup was put down by Emperor Shizong's cousin (Emperor Taizong's son) Emperor Muzong, he gave Empress Xiao the posthumous name of Empress Xiaolie (孝烈皇后). After Yelü Xian became emperor in 969 (as the future Emperor Jingzong), he buried both Empresses Zhen and Xiao at Yiwulü Mountain, and built a temple dedicated to them.[9] In 1052, Emperor Jingzong's grandson Emperor Xingzong changed her posthumous name to Empress Huaijie (懷節皇后/怀節皇后).[11]
  35. ↑Demoted to the rank of Noble Consort (贵妃/貴妃),due to unspecified crimes
  36. ↑Demoted to Noble Consort (贵妃/貴妃) due to an unspecified misdeed
  37. ↑Demoted to Consort of Conferred Kindness (惠妃) for an unknown reason
  38. ↑She was known in Muslim sources as Kuyang or Orghina.[12]
  39. ↑Her original posthumous name was Empress Zhuangmu (庄穆皇后)[13] but was changed to Empress Zhangmu (章穆皇后) in 1044[14]
  40. ↑After her death, she was at first given the Posthumous title of Empress Jinghe (靖和皇后) in 1108, which was changed to Empress Huigong (惠恭皇后) from 1110 and then finally changed to Empress Xiangong (顯恭皇后) in 1137
  41. ↑After her death, she was at first given the posthumous title of Empress Ningde (寧德皇后) in 1130, which was then changed to Empress Xiansu (顯肅皇后),from an unknown date
  42. ↑As she was captured by the Jurchens,she was declared to be Empress in absentia[15]
  43. ↑Öljei Khutuk is her Mongolian name.Her birth name is unrecorded
  44. ↑The name Ma Xiuying (馬秀英/马秀英),was never mentioned in any official records, including the History of Ming.
  45. ↑She converted to Roman Catholicism and adopted the name Anne.[16]
  46. ↑Some sources claim, that when she was living in Palace of Eternal Longevity, she became pregnant. During her pregnancy, she left the Forbidden City and gave birth to a son. However, historical records don't mention her further fate.
  47. ↑The auditions for the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts took place in 1851 in the Forbidden City. Lady Niohuru was among the candidates shortlisted by Dowager Consort Kangci, the highest ranked living consort of the Daoguang Emperor at the time. However, some sources claimed that Lady Niohuru entered the Forbidden City in the late 1840s and became a concubine of the Xianfeng Emperor, who was still known as the Fourth Prince then.[17][18]
  48. ↑Her "empress" title and all other honours were divested by Emperor Suzong of Tang

References

  1. ↑Xuanling, Fang (648). "卷109" . 晉書 (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
  2. ↑内蒙古社会科学 (in Chinese). 内蒙古社会科学院杂志社,. 2008.
  3. ↑New Book of Tang, vol. 76 harvp error: no target: CITEREFNew_Book_of_Tang (help)
  4. ↑Old Book of Tang, vol. 51 harvp error: no target: CITEREFOld_Book_of_Tang (help)
  5. ↑Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 38.
  6. ↑Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 271
  7. ↑New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 16.
  8. ↑Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 69.
  9. 123History of Liao, vol. 71.
  10. ↑History of Liao, vol. 73. Dilu was not directly referred to as her father, but as her brother Xiao Han was described to be Dilu's son, it was probable that Shilu and Dilu were the same person.
  11. ↑History of Liao, vol. 20.
  12. ↑Michal., Biran (2005). The empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history : between China and the Islamic world. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 0521066026. OCLC 59353154.
  13. ↑([景德四年]五月...辛亥，有司上大行皇后谥曰庄穆。) Song Shi, vol.07
  14. ↑([庆历四年]十一月...己卯，改上庄穆皇后谥曰章穆，...) Song Shi, vol.11
  15. ↑Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644
  16. ↑Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911
  17. ↑Qing Shi Gao vol. 214.
  18. ↑ Los Archivos Imperiales del Palacio Qing y la Genealogía Imperial del Clan Imperial Qing no mencionan que Lady Niohuru haya entrado en la Ciudad Prohibida antes de 1852. Antes de su coronación, el Emperador Xianfeng tuvo otra consorte además de la Emperatriz Xiaodexian : Lady Ugiya, a quien posteriormente se le otorgó el título de "Concubina Yun".

Bibliografía

  • Stefanowska, AD; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Diccionario biográfico de mujeres chinas: desde la Antigüedad hasta la dinastía Sui, 1600 a. C. - 618 d . C. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475910.
  • Stefanowska, AD; Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2015). Diccionario biográfico de mujeres chinas: Vol. 1: El período Qing, 1644-1911 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317475880.