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Citizens for Constitutional Freedom

Citizens for Constitutional Freedom ( C4CF ), later also known as People for Constitutional Freedom ( P4CF ), was the name taken on January 4, 2016, by an armed private U.S. mil...

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Citizens for Constitutional Freedom (C4CF), later also known as People for Constitutional Freedom (P4CF), was the name taken on January 4, 2016, by an armed private U.S. militia that occupied the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters in the U.S. state of Oregon from January 2 to February 11, 2016.[1][2] The leader of the organization was Ammon Bundy,[1][3] son of Cliven D. Bundy, who engaged in a standoff with the federal government over grazing rights on federal land.[4][5]

Eight of its members, including Ammon Bundy, were arrested on January 26, 2016[6] while a ninth member, Robert "LaVoy" Finicum, was shot and killed by law enforcement officers.[7][8] This was followed by a number of other arrests that eventually culminated in the end of the occupation.[2] A total of 27 people were charged under federal law with a variety of offenses, including a single count of felony conspiracy.[9][10][11] Their trials were scheduled to start on September 7, 2016, and February 14, 2017.[12][13]

During the occupation, the militia group claimed that the United States Constitution allows the federal government of the United States to own only a small amount of land, and that the government can acquire land in states only with the state's consent.[14] Such claims have been repeatedly rejected by federal courts, including the United States Supreme Court; the property clause of the United States Constitution grants plenary authority to Congress to manage federal property, including land.[15][16]

Known members

Se sabe que al menos 34 personas de 13 estados desempeñaron funciones en el grupo durante la ocupación. Algunas tenían antecedentes penales y participación previa en el activismo de derecha . [ 17 ] Son:

Acusado

  • Dylan Wade Anderson, de 34 años y residente de Provo, Utah , se identificó como " Capitán Moroni " en referencia a un personaje del Libro de Mormón que rescata a su pueblo izando una bandera llamada "símbolo de libertad" contra una fuerza maligna. [ 18 ] Fue arrestado por el Buró Federal de Investigaciones (FBI) el 27 de enero en un puesto de control a las afueras del refugio. [ 19 ]
  • Sandra Lynn Anderson, de 48 años y residente de Riggins, Idaho , se entregó al FBI el 11 de febrero y fue arrestada. [ 20 ] Era una ex peluquera y cosmetóloga que recientemente se había mudado de Wisconsin a Idaho . [ 21 ]
  • Sean Larry Anderson, de 47 años, de Riggins, Idaho (esposo de Sandra Anderson), se entregó al FBI el 11 de febrero y fue arrestado. [ 20 ] Antes de la ocupación, era dueño de una tienda de artículos para actividades al aire libre en Riggins. [ 21 ] Anderson tenía una orden de arresto pendiente relacionada con un arresto en agosto de 2014 y había sido acusado de resistirse a un oficial, posesión de THC y parafernalia de drogas, todos delitos menores. Anteriormente fue condenado por alteración del orden público en 1998, 2008 y 2009, y por allanamiento de morada en 2002, todos en Wisconsin. Era uno de los últimos cuatro rezagados e intentó sin éxito negociar para que se retirara la orden de arresto antes de su detención. [ 22 ] Él y Jake Ryan fueron responsables de cavar una gran zanja en un sitio arqueológico en el refugio, que era considerado sagrado para la tribu Burns Paiute . [ 23 ]
  • Jeff Wayne Banta, de 46 años y residente de Yerington, Nevada , se entregó al FBI el 11 de febrero y fue arrestado. [ 20 ] Era carpintero y, según se informó, acudió al refugio para participar en la ocupación tras ver un video en línea sobre la Oficina de Administración de Tierras (BLM). [ 24 ]
  • Jason Charles Blomgren, también conocido como "Joker J", de 41 años y residente de Murphy, Carolina del Norte , fue arrestado el 11 de febrero en Bunkerville, Nevada , tras ser nombrado en una acusación formal. [ 17 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ]
  • Ammon Edward Bundy, 40, of Emmett, Idaho, is a car fleet manager and was the leader of the occupation until his arrest on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.[27][28] On April 10, 2014, he was videotaped being tasered by federal agents when protesters surrounded a civilian driving a BLM-owned truck.[29] According to Bundy, he began leading the occupation after receiving a divine message ordering him to do so.[30][31]
  • Ryan C. Bundy, 43, of Mesquite, Nevada,[28] is the brother of Ammon Bundy.[32] As he was being arrested in January 2015 in Cedar City, Utah, on a warrant for interfering with an animal control officer, Bundy allegedly resisted arrest and was given additional charges.[33][34] In 2014, Ryan organized and conducted an illegal ATV ride to protest ATV restrictions on federal property which were meant to protect the archaeological sites there.[35] In March 2015, Ryan harassed and threatened BLM employees during a city hall presentation regarding a BLM Land Management Plan related to Gold Butte, Nevada.[36] Ryan was lightly wounded while being arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.[7] Ryan is believed to have planned and organized actions taken during the occupation, and recruited other supporters.[17] Awaiting trial on charges stemming from the occupation, Ryan, who is representing himself, filed a motion with the court claiming he was incompetent. According to Oregon Public Broadcasting, Bundy wrote to the court: "I, ryan c, man, am an idiot of the ‘Legal Society’; and; am an idiot (layman, outsider) of the ‘Bar Association’; and; i am incompetent; and; am not required by any law to be competent. [sic]" His motion was denied.[37]
  • Brian D. Cavalier, also known as "Booda" or "Booda Bear,"[28] 44, of Bunkerville, Nevada,[38] was involved in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada and had described himself as a "personal bodyguard" to Cliven Bundy during that time. After leaving the refuge on January 5, Cavalier was arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona, on an outstanding warrant and later released.[17][39] According to prosecutors, his access to firearms is restricted due to his criminal record, but he has nonetheless consistently possessed weapons.[40] Cavalier was convicted in Arizona of misdemeanor theft in 2014, and misdemeanor extreme DUI in 2005. Cavalier has claimed to have served in the U.S. Marine Corps, but the Corps has stated it has no record of Cavalier.[39][41] He was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.[7]
Blaine Cooper, 2014
  • Blaine Cooper, also known as Stanley Blaine Hicks, 36, of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona,[42][43] was arrested in Utah on February 11 for his role in the occupation, after traveling there in an "armed convoy" to attend a memorial for fellow militant LaVoy Finicum.[25][44] He enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps through the Delayed Entry Program, but according to service records, he never reported for Marine recruit training.[45][46] He had been convicted in Arizona of felony aggravated assault in 2009.[42] In 2013, during a town hall meeting hosted by U.S. SenatorJohn McCain, Cooper called for McCain to be arrested for treason.[45][46][47]
  • Shawna Cox, 59, of Kanab, Utah,[48] was arrested on January 26 during a traffic stop on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.[7] A friend of the Bundy family,[17][49] she, along with her husband, owned and operated small, local businesses and rental properties.[50]
  • Travis Levi Cox, 21, of Redmond, Oregon, the youngest of the militants,[51] was on the run from federal authorities after being named in an indictment. He was arrested in Utah on April 12 and held in a county jail in Cedar City, Utah.[52][53][54][55]
  • Duane Leo Ehmer, 45, of Irrigon, Oregon, was arrested by the FBI at a checkpoint outside the refuge on January 27.[19][17] He was frequently photographed with his horse at the refuge. He is a convicted felon banned from possessing firearms, but he, too, was carrying a pistol when he was arrested in January, according to the records. Prosecutors said he also recently posted a photo on Facebook with the threatening caption: "The only way to win a war is to kill enough of the enemy that they do not want to fight anymore."[19][40]
  • Eric Lee Flores, 22, of Tulalip Bay, Washington, was arrested in his hometown on February 11 after being named in an indictment.[17][25][26] A member of the Tulalip Tribes, he had been living on the reservation with his fiancée and their six-month-old daughter before the occupation, and also had plans of joining the U.S. Army. During the occupation, Flores traveled back and forth between Burns, Oregon, and Tulalip Bay, Washington, and intermittently served as part of the group's "security detail."[56]
  • David Lee Fry, de 27 años y residente de Blanchester, Ohio , fue el último militante arrestado en el refugio, entregándose al FBI el 11 de febrero. [ 20 ] Antes de la ocupación, mantenía una cuenta en redes sociales donde publicaba mensajes sobre ISIS y Adolf Hitler , y pedía que el presidente estadounidense Barack Obama fuera declarado culpable de traición y ejecutado. Tenía antecedentes penales, incluyendo condenas por posesión de drogas y parafernalia relacionada. [ 21 ]
  • Wesley Kjar, de 32 años y residente de Manti, Utah , fue arrestado el 11 de febrero tras ser acusado formalmente. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] En el momento de su arresto, transportaba un remolque con armas de fuego y cargadores . Durante la ocupación, Kjar declaró en los medios que "no dudaría en interponerse entre una bala y Ammon Bundy". [ 57 ]
  • Corey Lequieu, de 44 años y residente de Fallon, Nevada , abandonó el refugio inmediatamente después de la muerte de Finicum el 26 de enero, [ 17 ] [ 58 ] aunque fue arrestado el 11 de febrero tras ser acusado formalmente. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Sirvió seis años en el Ejército de los Estados Unidos y trabajaba para una empresa de recolección de basura en Fallon antes de la ocupación. Según los fiscales, Lequieu profirió amenazas violentas contra la Oficina de Administración de Tierras (BLM) y el FBI, y había declarado abiertamente su intención de asesinar a agentes de policía en el condado de Harney, Oregón. [ 52 ]
  • Kenneth Medenbach, de 62 años, de Crescent, Oregon , fue aprehendido por la Policía Estatal de Oregon en Burns el 15 de enero, mientras conducía un vehículo gubernamental robado de las instalaciones del refugio; un segundo vehículo robado del refugio de vida silvestre también fue recuperado en el lugar. Ambos vehículos tenían marcas alteradas de "Harney County Resource Center" en las puertas, el nombre no oficial que los militantes han usado para el refugio desde poco después de la toma. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Medenbach tenía un historial de problemas con la ley, incluyendo una condena previa por ocupación ilegal de tierras gubernamentales que incluía establecer un refugio improvisado con trampas explosivas y un alijo de explosivos, y estaba en libertad bajo fianza esperando juicio por un cargo similar de 2015. [ 61 ] Según los informes, Medenbach usó muchas peculiaridades legales y presentó documentos legales de una manera consistente con el movimiento ciudadano soberano antigubernamental . Medenbach había dicho previamente a los periodistas que "el Señor me está diciendo que posea la tierra, y puedo hacerlo legalmente, porque la Constitución de los Estados Unidos dice que el gobierno no es dueño de la tierra". [ 62 ]
  • Joseph Donald O'Shaughnessy, de 43 años y residente de Cottonwood, Arizona , [ 38 ] fue arrestado por el FBI el 26 de enero en Burns. Según los registros judiciales, ya había sido arrestado por alteración del orden público, violencia doméstica y delitos relacionados con drogas. O'Shaughnessy argumentó que no era miembro del grupo, sino de una milicia independiente, [ 17 ] pero que intentaba mantener la paz en el refugio. [ 48 ] [ 40 ]
  • Jason Patrick, de 43 años, de Bonaire, Georgia , contratista de techos, [ 42 ] fue arrestado por el FBI el 27 de enero en un puesto de control fuera del refugio. [ 19 ] Patrick, uno de los últimos que se resistían en el refugio, enfrentó cargos en agosto de 2014 por "hacer amenazas terroristas" después de que "amenazara con matar a todos" dentro de un edificio de un tribunal municipal de Georgia, según los fiscales. Patrick pagó la fianza en ese caso y fue liberado, pero aceptó no poseer armas, una condición que desde entonces ha violado. Fue fotografiado con armas durante la ocupación, señalaron los fiscales. [ 19 ] [ 40 ] Inicialmente ofreció visitas guiadas para periodistas al comienzo de la ocupación, [ 63 ] Patrick pareció convertirse en el nuevo líder del grupo después del arresto de Ammon Bundy el 26 de enero. [ 17 ]
  • Ryan Waylen Payne, de 32 años, de Anaconda, Montana , [ 28 ] [ 64 ] es electricista y veterano del Ejército de los Estados Unidos que sirvió en Irak . Es miembro fundador de los West Mountain Rangers, un grupo miliciano de Montana . [ 42 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Durante el enfrentamiento de Bundy en 2014, Payne afirmó haber organizado un equipo de francotiradores milicianos . [ 46 ] Durante la ocupación, Payne comentó que estarían "aquí el tiempo que sea necesario". Sin embargo, también señaló que su grupo no era violento, pero que era posible que el enfrentamiento se tornara violento. [ 68 ] Payne fue arrestado y puesto bajo custodia el 26 de enero durante una parada de tráfico en la Ruta 395 de los Estados Unidos en el condado de Harney, Oregón. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Ayudó a coordinar reuniones comunitarias fuera del refugio durante la ocupación. [ 17 ]
Jon Ritzheimer , fotografiado aquí en mayo de 2015, fue identificado como uno de los líderes de la ocupación militante.
  • Jon Eric Ritzheimer , de 32 años, de Peoria, Arizona , [ 28 ] es un militante antigubernamental y antiislámico afiliado a los 3 Percenters [ 73 ] y anteriormente asociado con el controvertido grupo Oath Keepers . [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Se entregó voluntariamente al FBI el 26 de enero en su ciudad natal de Peoria, Arizona. [ 7 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ]
  • Jake Edward Ryan, de 27 años y residente de Plains, Montana , fue acusado formalmente el 11 de febrero. Fue arrestado el 6 de abril tras pasar dos semanas prófugo de la justicia. [ 11 ] Ryan fue encontrado escondido en un cobertizo, armado con una pistola calibre .45 cargada y varios cuchillos. Él y Sean Anderson fueron responsables de excavar una gran zanja en un sitio arqueológico del refugio, considerado sagrado por la tribu Burns Paiute. [ 23 ]
  • Peter Santilli, de 50 años, de Cincinnati, Ohio , es un presentador de medios conservador que transmitió en vivo la ocupación hasta su arresto por el FBI el 26 de enero en Burns. Fue la primera persona en informar sobre el tiroteo de Finicum y los arrestos en la Ruta 395 de los Estados Unidos. Santilli se jactó previamente en YouTube de negarse a entregar sus armas en violación de una orden de restricción presentada en su contra. Santilli, quien es un ferviente partidario de los Bundy, argumentó que era un periodista que cubría las protestas. [ 17 ] [ 7 ] [ 40 ] [ 78 ] También ha sido acusado de 16 delitos federales graves, cada uno con sentencias de entre 5 y 20 años y multas de hasta US$ 250,000 por cargo, relacionados con el enfrentamiento anterior en Nevada. [ 79 ] Su arresto provocó una protesta de defensores de las libertades civiles , incluida la Unión Estadounidense por las Libertades Civiles , quienes respaldaron su afirmación de que simplemente estaba cubriendo la ocupación. [ 17 ] [ 80 ]
  • Geoffrey Alan Stanek, 26, of Lafayette, Oregon, was arrested in Forest Grove, Oregon, on February 11 after being named in an indictment the previous day.[17][25][26][53][81] He served in the U.S. Army for three years before being honorably discharged.[82]
  • Darryl William Thorn, 31, of Marysville, Washington, was arrested in Bend, Oregon, on February 11 after being named in an indictment.[17][25][26] A worker in Bremerton, Washington, he was a friend of fellow militant Eric Lee Flores, who he met in their shared association with the 3 Percenters.[56]
  • Neil Sigurd Wampler, 68, of Los Osos, California, is a camp cook and a retired woodworker. He was convicted in 1977 of second-degree murder for killing his father and as a result is prohibited from possessing firearms, which Wampler has frequently protested.[17][83] He was arrested on February 11 after being named in an indictment.[25][26]
  • Scott Alan Willingham, 49, an unemployed musician who had been part of a "security detail" during the occupation, was arrested on March 17 by a Grant County, Oregon, sheriff's deputy in Mount Vernon, Oregon, and charged with weapons offenses after threatening to shoot federal law enforcement officers unless he was arrested for his role in the occupation.[84] On March 23, he was transferred into federal custody after being indicted on two federal charges of stealing government property in relation to his stealing of a camera and related equipment worth more than US$1,000 from a utility pole at a transformer station.[85][86]

Others

The following militants were reported as avoiding arrest and prosecution related to the occupation:

  • Melvin D. Bundy, 41, of Round Mountain, Nevada, is the brother of Ammon and Ryan Bundy. Like his brothers, he opposed the BLM, signing a Change.org petition that opposed restrictions imposed on public lands located in St. George, Utah. He reportedly left the refuge early on in the occupation and is currently not charged for his role.[17][42] However, he was arrested by federal agents on March 3 following his indictment in connection with the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.
  • Melissa Cooper of Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona, is the wife of Blaine Cooper and an employee of a warehouse. She was a cook at the refuge during the occupation.[17][87]
  • Gerald A. DeLemus, 61, of Rochester, New Hampshire, the co-chair of Veterans for Trump in New Hampshire, made headlines in January when he traveled to Malheur to meet with the militants. DeLemus said at the time he was acting on his own and not as a representative of the Donald Trump presidential campaign.[88] He was arrested on March 3 following his indictment in connection with the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada. DeLemus is facing nine federal charges based on an indictment brought in Nevada, including conspiracy to commit an offense against the United States, threatening a federal law enforcement officer, assault on a federal officer, obstruction of justice, attempting to impede or injure a federal law enforcement officer, interference with interstate commerce by extortion, and several firearms charges, according to court records.[89]
  • Brandon Dowd, 31, of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, one of only two known militants of non-Caucasian heritage, was observed by The Guardian conducting armed security duty at the refuge during the occupation. He encouraged people to visit the refuge and be educated about constitutional rights, and stated that he had been inspired by the 2014 Bundy standoff. Dowd was not among those named in an indictment. He was, however, arrested on February 8 in Harney County, Oregon, for an unrelated May 2015 firearm theft case in Kansas.[17][90][91]
  • Michael Ray Emry, 54, of Boise, Idaho, was taken into custody by the FBI on May 6 in John Day, Oregon, on federal weapons charges, though he was not charged for his activities at the refuge.[92] He had been found to be in possession of a stolen fully automatic.50-caliberM2 Browningheavy machine gun. The serial number on the weapon was found to have been removed. Before the occupation, Emry had a history of bomb-making and assisted people in airing their anti-government views.[92][93][94][95][96] According to fellow militant Scott Alan Willingham, Emry spent time at the refuge for media purposes and to share his expertise with weapons, and supplied another militant at the refuge with a semi-automaticAK-47rifle.[97]
  • Robert "LaVoy" Finicum (January 27, 1961 – January 26, 2016),[28] was a Northern Arizona rancher whose cattle grazed on BLM land, maintained that he owned grazing rights on that land through natural law as his friend Cliven Bundy had also maintained.[98] He was shot dead by Oregon State Police officers on January 26 while resisting arrest on U.S. Route 395 in Harney County, Oregon.[7][99][100]
  • Debra Carter Pope, also known as Debra Bass, 61, of Fallon, Nevada, is the fiancée of Corey Lequieu. She was a former sheriff's deputy and is a U.S. Air Force veteran. Alongside Melissa Cooper, she was a cook at the refuge.[17][87][101]

Motives for the occupation

The motivation for the occupation was the control and use of federal lands, which the militants wanted transferred to private ownership or to Harney County, Oregon, control.[102][103][104][105] There is a long history of conflicting interests between different citizens on federal lands, specifically in this case between ranchers and environmentalists. Ranchers have a long history of using federal lands to graze livestock, which was unregulated until the enactment of the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934.[106] Overgrazing can damage or destroy habitats for the livestock themselves and for wildlife. Environmental restrictions like the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the Endangered Species Act of 1973, intended to protect wildlife and the environment, have been increasing over time, placing a burden on ranchers or even putting them out of business. A specific, relevant example was the case of Cliven Bundy, the father of militant Ammon Bundy. In that case, the government determined that Bundy's cattle were damaging the habitat of the desert tortoise, an endangered species. He was subsequently ordered to greatly reduce the number of cattle on federal rangeland on which he had grazing rights, but Bundy refused and also stopped paying grazing fees. The government began removing the trespass cattle, resulting in the 2014 Bundy standoff. Similarities were drawn between the occupation and the Sagebrush Rebellion and wise use movements.[107]

Ammon and Ryan Bundy are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[31][108] They and some of the other militants have cited the Mormon scripture as justification for defying government authority. After the occupation began, the LDS Church issued a statement, strongly condemning the seizure and that the armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis.[108][109][110][111]Alex Beam describes the Bundys as "Mormon religious fanatics."[112]

Cliven Bundy has frequently made references to the Book of Mormon in his conflicts with the United States government for years. According to Oregon Public Broadcasting (OPB), during the family's 2014 standoff, Bundy used banners quoting Captain Moroni: "In memory of our God, our religion, and freedom, and our peace, our wives, and our children."[113] Ammon Bundy used much of the same language as his father, "mixing Mormon religious symbolism with a disgust of the federal government," according to OPB reporter John Sepulvado. One member of Ammon's militant group refused to give any other name to the press than "Captain Moroni, from Utah"[114] and was quoted as saying, "I didn't come here to shoot I came here to die."[115]

In an op-ed, Chris Zinda of The Independent, published in St. George, Utah, references a relevant work:

Many people do not know that Cliven Bundy, along with his former neighbor Keith Nay, self-published a book titled 'Nay Book' that is a combination of LDS theology and Skousen constitutional theory. Written in the late 1990s, it is the revelatory playbook that Cliven used in 2014 in Bunkerville and that his sons used in Malheur in 2016. It is a vivid example of how his 1950s–80s John Birch Society/Skousen indoctrination formulated his adulthood opinions that have since been passed on to his posterity and beyond.[116]

Before, during, or after the occupation, several militants and a few reported visitors to the refuge espoused connections or used language commonly used by the sovereign citizen movement. Also during the occupation, one visitor, a self-proclaimed judge from Colorado named Bruce Doucette, announced that a "citizens grand jury" would be convened, a common tactic of sovereign citizen groups.[117][118][119] Ryan Bundy's court filings have been noted to contain sovereign citizen rhetoric,[37] while Shawna Cox explicitly claimed to be a "sovereign citizen" in a filed countersuit.[120]

Criminal charges against militants

As of March 23,2016, 27 people involved in the occupation have been charged under federal law; of those, 26 have been indicted for a single federal felony count of conspiracy to impede officers of the U.S. from discharging their official duties through the use of force, intimidation, or threats.[10] A number of those under indictment on the conspiracy charge are also charged with a variety of other counts, some of which incur sentences up to life imprisonment, including possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities, use and carry of firearms in relation to a crime of violence, depredation of government property (relating to damaging the site "by means of excavation and the use of heavy equipment"), and theft of government property.[121][122] In addition, several of those under indictment in Oregon have also been indicted separately for their roles in the 2014 Bundy standoff in Nevada.[123]

The indictees and their initial charges were:

Notes:

  • (1). Charge dismissed on June 10.[134][135]
  • (2). Charge will be dismissed at August sentencing.[136]
  • (3). Charge will be dismissed at October sentencing.[137][138][139]
  • (4). Charge will be dismissed at December sentencing.[140][141]
  • (5). Charge will be dismissed at February 2017 sentencing.[142][143]
  • (6). Charge will be dismissed at May 2017 sentencing.[144]
  • (7). Charge dismissed on September 6; no Oregon trial.[145]
  • (8). Charge dismissed on October 3.[146]
  • (9). Not guilty verdict declared for charge on October 27.[147]
  • (10). Hung jury declared for charge on October 27.[147]
  • (11). Acquitted of the initial conspiracy charge, but found guilty of digging ditches.[148]
  • PG. Pleaded guilty.
  • TBD. To be determined.
  • TS. Time served.

Penalties for the offenses are as follows:

  • Conspiracy to impede or injure officer of the U.S.—fine or up to six years' imprisonment[149]
  • Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in federal facilities—fine or up to five years' imprisonment if used in the commission of a crime[150]
  • Use and carry of firearm in relation to a crime of violence—imprisonment for minimum five years to life (dependent on type of firearm used), consecutive to any other sentences passed[151]
  • Depredation of government property of value greater than US$1,000—fine or up to ten years' imprisonment[152]
  • Theft of government property of value greater than US$1,000—fine or up to ten years' imprisonment[153]

Other arrests and charges

Pretrial court appearances

January–February 2016

Ammon Bundy, Ryan Bundy, Ryan Payne, Dylan Anderson, and Jason Patrick all appeared in court on January 29. Ammon Bundy stood in court and explained the motives of the occupation to U.S. Magistrate Judge Stacie F. Beckerman, saying that "[his] only goal from the beginning was to protect freedom for the people." However, he and the other militants were denied bail, with the judge saying she would not release them while the occupation continues.[156][157][158]

Shawna Cox was released on bail on January 29 and ordered to home detention with extensive conditions.[159] Nineteen days later, she filed a countersuit against the U.S. government in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon. In it, she claimed to be a "sovereign citizen" instead of "a subject of corporate United States of America" and accused any judge who is a member of a state bar association or the Federal Bar Association of being "Foreign Agents operating subversively within United States."[120] Her suit demanded "damages from the works of the devil in excess $666,666,666,666.66."[160] The document was quickly dismissed by a judge, saying that her claims were "not cognizable in this criminal proceeding and will not be addressed in this case."[161] During her home detention, she made online statements about the case and urged people to travel to Montana and provide shelter for militant Jake Edward Ryan, who had been on the run from federal authorities at the time.[50]

Duane Ehmer was released on home detention on February 4 and is being monitored via GPS.[162] He was released from jail on February 5 after it was ruled that his connections to Irrigon were strong and that he did not pose a flight risk.[162]

David Fry, Sean y Sandra Anderson, y Jeff Banta, los últimos cuatro militantes en rendirse durante la ocupación, comparecieron ante el tribunal el 12 de febrero, un día después de su rendición. También comparecieron los militantes Darryl William Thorn y Geoffrey Stanek. Todos fueron acusados ​​de varios delitos, y los seis se declararon inocentes. Stanek afirmó que había ido al refugio para prestar servicios médicos y que había estado cooperando con la investigación, aunque el juez de distrito estadounidense John V. Acosta expresó su preocupación por el hecho de que estuviera armado durante la ocupación y por el hecho de que estuviera armado al momento de su arresto. [ 82 ]

También el 12 de febrero, Wesley Kjar compareció ante un tribunal federal en Salt Lake City , Utah, mientras que Blaine Cooper compareció por separado ante un tribunal en St. George, Utah. [ 163 ] A Kjar se le negó la libertad condicional el 16 de febrero tras ser considerado un riesgo de fuga y un peligro para la comunidad. [ 57 ]

Sandra Anderson fue puesta en libertad el 19 de febrero con la condición de que permaneciera en su estado natal de Idaho, salvo que necesitara comparecer ante el tribunal en Oregón; que no tuviera ningún contacto con los demás militantes, incluido su marido; y que no poseyera armas de fuego. También se le ordenó someterse a una evaluación de salud mental. [ 164 ] Fue puesta en libertad después de que la jueza magistrada estadounidense Janice M. Stewart dictaminara que no existía riesgo de fuga, ya que no tenía antecedentes penales y había mantenido un empleo estable. [ 165 ]

Diez de los militantes encarcelados, entre ellos Ammon Bundy, comparecieron ante el tribunal el 24 de febrero, cuando la jueza federal de distrito Anna J. Brown declaró que impulsaría su enjuiciamiento por cargos federales de conspiración lo antes posible. Durante la audiencia, varios de los militantes cuestionaron sus afirmaciones; y dos de ellos, Ryan Bundy y Kenneth Medenbach, expresaron su deseo de representarse a sí mismos. [ 166 ] Posteriormente, la jueza Brown accedió a las solicitudes de Bundy y Medenbach. [ 167 ]

Jeff Banta fue liberado de la cárcel el 26 de febrero con la condición de que no estableciera ningún contacto con los demás militantes ni hiciera declaraciones en apoyo de actividades ilegales. [ 168 ]

Marzo-mayo de 2016

El 29 de marzo, un juez federal levantó el arresto domiciliario de Shawna Cox y lo reemplazó con un toque de queda con la condición de que no hiciera ningún comentario público sobre el caso. [ 50 ]

On April 19, Kenneth Medenbach was convicted by a federal court in Eugene, Oregon, of unlawfully occupying and camping on federal public land managed by the BLM in Josephine County, Oregon, in 2015.[169]

On April 28, some of the lawyers of the militants began urging the court to dismiss certain counts specified in the February indictment. They claimed that the federal conspiracy charge was "unconstitutionally vague" and that the firearm charge is inadmissible because a violent crime wasn't committed during the course of the occupation.[170]

The militants' lawyers began expressing concerns about an impartial jury during the actual trial on May 4. One lawyer "suggested the possibility of change of venue, and asked a federal judge to approve funding for an analysis of the media attention the case received and, possibly, a survey of community attitudes." U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown did not respond to the suggestion, but it was reported that she was "more agreeable" to have jurors originate from different areas throughout Oregon rather than just Portland, which was the original plan.[171]

On May 11, Jason Patrick was allowed by Judge Brown to represent himself in his case, though his request to not have standby counsel was denied.[167]

On May 12, Scott Willingham pleaded guilty to one of two counts of theft of government property filed against him, being the first of the militants to submit a guilty plea. Under a plea bargain, Willingham will face six months in prison, followed by two years of supervised release, and he also agreed to undergo a mental health evaluation and pay an unspecified amount of restitution to the U.S. government.[86][132][133]

On May 19, Corey Lequieu pleaded guilty to conspiracy to impede federal officers as part of a plea bargain deal reached by his attorneys and federal prosecutors, being the first militant to do so. His sentencing was set for August 25, with prosecutors intending to recommend a sentence of two and a half years in prison along with a required payment of restitution to the government. In exchange for the guilty plea, prosecutors agreed to drop the weapons charges as well as charges relating to the 2014 Bundy standoff.[136][128]

On May 25, Ammon Bundy's defense team filed a "notice of substitution of counsel" in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, replacing attorneys Lissa Casey and Michael Arnold for Utah attorney J. Morgan Philpot.[172][173]

June–August 2016

On June 2, Jake Ryan and Travis Cox were released on bail to family members pending trial. Both men were released under the conditions that their parents report any bail violations; and that the men find employment, obey curfews and travel restrictions, and refrain from contact with militias or participation in other protests or public comment on the case. Prosecutors opposed the motion on the basis of previous attempts by the men to avoid arrest, and commented on the recent ejection of Darryl Thorn from a Donald Trump rally while on similar terms of release.[55]

On June 7, Ammon Bundy's lawyer J. Morgan Philpot filed a pro hac vice special admission in the U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon to allow Utah attorney Marcus Mumford to assist him.[173][174]

On June 9, Eric Lee Flores pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of a plea bargain deal.[140]

On June 10, U.S. District Judge Anna J. Brown dismissed one of two firearms charges against the Bundy brothers, David Fry, Jon Ritzheimer, Ryan Payne, Brian Cavalier, Jason Patrick, and Sean Anderson. She cited that the underlying conspiracy charge does not meet the legal definition of a "crime of violence" as defined by Ninth Circuit case law.[134][135]

From June 14 to June 23, Geoffrey Alan Stanek, Jason Blomgren, and Wesley Kjar all pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge as part of plea bargain deals.[137][138][139] On June 29, Brian Cavalier also pleaded guilty to a federal conspiracy charge, as well as a firearms possession charge, as part of a plea bargain deal. Cavalier's plea deal does not affect federal charges pending against him in Nevada.[175][176][177]

El 30 de junio, el equipo de defensa de Ammon Bundy presentó una moción solicitando un aplazamiento del juicio de su cliente, programado para el 7 de septiembre, explicando que necesitaban más tiempo para preparar la defensa. En la moción, el equipo de defensa argumentó que varias mociones previas al juicio no se habían resuelto y que la detención de Bundy "ha hecho prácticamente imposible que participe de manera significativa en su defensa". Los abogados también pidieron al tribunal que "permitiera a Bundy otros dos meses para argumentar a favor de su liberación en espera del juicio y para ayudar a preparar su defensa para impugnar los cargos federales". [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Esta última acción impulsó al hermano de Bundy, Ryan, y a otros militantes, el 1 de julio, a presentar mociones similares solicitando aplazamientos en sus juicios. [ 178 ] [ 180 ] El 6 de julio, la jueza de distrito de EE. UU. Anna J. Brown denegó la solicitud de aplazamiento del juicio presentada por la defensa de Ammon Bundy. [ 181 ] [ 182 ] [ 183 ]

El 7 de julio, Blaine Cooper se declaró culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración. [ 184 ]

El 19 de julio, Ryan Payne se declaró culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración por su papel en la ocupación, así como de tres cargos federales relacionados con el enfrentamiento de Bundy en 2014, como parte de un acuerdo de culpabilidad. [ 143 ]

El 20 de julio, Travis Cox se declaró culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración como parte de un acuerdo de culpabilidad. [ 141 ]

El 1 de agosto, Joseph O'Shaughnessy se declaró culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración y se espera que haga lo mismo con los cargos federales relacionados con el enfrentamiento con Bundy. [ 185 ] Ese mismo día, Kenneth Medenbach fue sentenciado a cinco años de libertad condicional por ocupar y acampar ilegalmente en terrenos públicos federales en el condado de Josephine, Oregón, en 2015. [ 186 ]

El 15 de agosto, Jon Ritzheimer se declaró culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración como parte de un acuerdo de culpabilidad. [ 144 ]

El 22 de agosto, el juez federal Robert E. Jones amonestó a Duane Ehmer por publicar un mensaje amenazante contra los demócratas liberales en Facebook , el cual fue eliminado posteriormente. Como resultado, Jones añadió una nueva condición para la liberación de Ehmer: "no participar en conductas ni discursos que inciten a otros a entrar sin autorización o destruir propiedad federal, ni a participar en actos de violencia". [ 187 ]

On August 30, Judge Brown granted Ryan Bundy and Kenneth Medenbach the right to represent themselves, despite Bundy and Medenbach's repeated defiance of her rulings and willingness to violate court orders. Medenbach subsequently agreed to follow Brown's rulings and instructions in exchange. Bundy remained more defiant with this requirement and asserted he would follow rulings only as long as "they are in accordance with the law"; Brown later said she believed that he was "reserving" his right to follow rulings based on his own interpretation of the law, but decided to give him "the benefit of the doubt".[188]

Also on August 30, David Fry's lawyer announced his intention to argue that his client has schizotypal personality disorder, claiming that he had been quiet and mostly kept to himself at the refuge during the occupation until the shooting death of LaVoy Finicum. Fry's lawyer also claimed that after Finicum's shooting, Fry became paranoid that federal agents were going to come after him and escalated his actions as a result.[189]

September 2016

On September 6, Judge Brown approved federal prosecutors' request to dismiss the federal conspiracy charge against Peter Santilli, the only charge he faced for his role in the occupation.[145] He later said that he was not angry over his eight-month ordeal.[190]

On September 7, Ammon and Ryan Bundy (through Ammon's lawyers, Philpot and Marcus Mumford), filed a motion seeking to permit his client to wear "cowboy" attire in court. The U.S. Marshals Service has barred the defendants from wearing ties, boots, and belts, citing safety concerns. Denying the motion on grounds that the Bundys not showing their attire would prejudice their case, Judge Brown said Ammon was "dressed better than most people in the building, period."[191][192][193]

Trials

Preparation

The trials for Bundy and six other co-defendants was scheduled to start on September 7, 2016; while a further seven co-defendants were set for trial beginning February 14, 2017.[12][13][145] On August 3, about 1,500 potential jurors were summoned and asked to complete questionnaires that would be reviewed by the attorneys and parties involved in the September 7, 2016, trials.[194] Judge Brown previously said the case would require an unusually large jury pool.[12]

September 2016

La selección del jurado para el primer conjunto de juicios comenzó el 7 de septiembre de 2016. Ese día, once de los 31 posibles jurados fueron excusados ​​por diversas razones, como opiniones sobre la profesión y dificultades personales. [ 195 ] Para el 9 de septiembre de 2016, se habían identificado 62 personas como posibles jurados. [ 196 ] Al final del día, se seleccionaron doce jurados (ocho mujeres y cuatro hombres) y ocho suplentes. Las declaraciones iniciales estaban programadas para el 13 de septiembre de 2016. [ 197 ]

El 12 de septiembre, Jeff Banta, uno de los acusados ​​en la primera tanda de juicios, tuvo que corregir el error involuntario del juez Brown al omitir los cargos relacionados con armas de fuego al relatar los cargos en su contra. También dijo que viajó al refugio el 25 de enero para ayudar a llamar la atención sobre el caso del incendio provocado en Hammond , un tema planteado por los militantes durante los primeros días de la ocupación. Añadió que también quería trabajar en el rancho Hammond mientras Dwight y Steven Hammond seguían encarcelados. [ 198 ]

El 13 de septiembre se presentaron las declaraciones iniciales, con una fila de aproximadamente una docena de personas presentes fuera del juzgado. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] La fiscalía argumentó que Ammon Bundy y los demás militantes estaban liderando una ocupación armada del refugio y no una protesta política. La defensa argumentó que los militantes no tenían la intención de interferir con las actividades del refugio, sino de restaurar el control local de las tierras en el oeste de los Estados Unidos , ya que se sentían frustrados por las restricciones del gobierno federal sobre los derechos de pastoreo y agua en tierras públicas. [ 199 ]

El 14 de septiembre, el sheriff David Ward , quien era el principal funcionario policial local durante la ocupación, fue el primero en testificar contra los militantes. [ 199 ] [ 201 ]

Sentencia

El 16 de agosto, Corey Lequieu se convirtió en el primer acusado en ser sentenciado en el caso federal de conspiración contra los militantes. El juez Brown lo sentenció a dos años y medio de prisión, seguidos de tres años de libertad supervisada, y también le ordenó pagar una indemnización. Si bien el cargo de conspiración conllevaba una pena máxima de seis años de prisión, su sentencia fue recomendada por los fiscales como parte del acuerdo de culpabilidad alcanzado, y se decidió después de que el gobierno considerara el hecho de que Lequieu fue el primer militante en asumir la responsabilidad. [ 128 ]

Referencias

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  69. ↑Ford, Dana; Perez, Evan; Criss, Doug; Burnside, Tina (January 26, 2016). "Oregon protest leader Ammon Bundy is arrested, says source". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
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  76. ↑Mitchell, Garrett (January 27, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspect Jon Ritzheimer makes Arizona court appearance". The Arizona Republic. Tysons Corner, VA Company. ISSN 0892-8711. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  77. ↑Logan, Bryan (January 27, 2016). "Self-avowed anti-Islam activist arrested in connection with the Oregon 'militia' investigation". Yahoo! Finance. Sunnyvale, CA: Yahoo!. Business Insider. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  78. ↑Woolington, Rebecca (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 26, 2016]. "Pete Santilli, self-styled journalist and militants supporter, among those arrested by FBI". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 26, 2016.
  79. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 17, 2016]. "Cliven Bundy, 4 others face federal indictment in Nevada". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  80. ↑Levin, Sam (February 10, 2016). "Oregon militia standoff: arrest of shock jock sparks outcry over free speech". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  81. ↑Townsley, Nancy (February 24, 2016). "Malheur occupier had loaded gun when arrested in Forest Grove". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  82. 12Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 12, 2016]. "Final four holdouts in refuge takeover make first federal court appearance". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  83. ↑Fountain, Matt (January 22, 2016). "Convicted murderer from Los Osos is holed up with Oregon militia". The San Luis Obispo Tribune. Sacramento, CA. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  84. ↑Zaitz, Les (March 18, 2016) [1st pub. March 17, 2016]. "Oregon standoff figure arrested after threatening to shoot federal officers, DA says". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
  85. ↑Hart, Sean (March 24, 2016). "Refuge occupier arrested in Mt. Vernon taken into federal custody". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, OR. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
  86. 12Bernstein, Maxine (May 13, 2016) [1st pub. May 12, 2016]. "First Oregon standoff defendant pleads guilty". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  87. 12Levin, Sam (January 9, 2016). "Oregon militia stand their ground but local residents want 'these thugs' gone". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  88. ↑Ax, Joseph; Whitcomb, Dan (March 3, 2016). "Fourteen more charged in armed 2014 standoff at Nevada ranch". Reuters. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  89. ↑Tuohy, Dan; Feely, Paul (March 3, 2016). "DeLemus supporters sing 'God Bless America' at NH court appearance". New Hampshire Union Leader. Manchester, NH: Union Leader Corp. ISSN 0745-5798. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  90. ↑Levin, Sam (January 17, 2016). "Black Oregon militiaman: Black Lives Matter can learn from occupiers". The Guardian. London Limited. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  91. ↑Zarkhin, Fedor (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 9, 2016]. "Former Malheur refuge occupier arrested on Kansas warrant". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  92. 12Anderson, Rick (May 11, 2016). "Oregon wildlife refuge occupier arrested on weapons charge". Los Angeles Times. Chicago, IL. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
  93. ↑Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016) [1st pub. May 6, 2016]. "'Embedded' reporter tied to militia arrested in John Day on weapons charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  94. ↑Zaitz, Les (May 7, 2016). "Oregon occupation 'reporter' has history of bomb making, illegal weapons". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  95. ↑Freda, Kimberley (May 8, 2016) [1st pub. May 7, 2016]. "Boise Gun Dealer Shocked After Machine Gun Stolen By Bundy Sympathizer". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  96. ↑Hart, Sean (May 6, 2016). "FBI arrests Idaho man in John Day on weapons charges". Blue Mountain Eagle. John Day, OR. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  97. ↑Zaitz, Les (May 28, 2016). "'Weapon of war' destined for occupied refuge, prosecutor says". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
  98. ↑Sepulvado, John; Templeton, Amelia (January 26, 2016) [1st pub. January 16, 2016]. "Militant Says Foster Children Were Pulled From His Home". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  99. ↑Perez, Evan; Yan, Holly (January 27, 2016). "Oregon: Ammon Bundy, others arrested; LaVoy Finicum killed". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  100. ↑"Oregon standoff: Occupation winding down; 7 occupiers in court in Portland (live updates)". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. February 23, 2016 [1st pub. January 27, 2016]. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  101. ↑Peacher, Amanda (January 25, 2016) [1st pub. January 22, 2016]. "Meet The Women Of The Occupied Refuge". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  102. ↑Wolf, Carissa; Holley, Peter; Lowery, Wesley (January 3, 2016). "Armed activists in Oregon touch off unpredictable chapter in land-use feud". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  103. ↑Petty, Terrence; DuBois, Steven (January 29, 2016). "Prosecutors use refuge occupiers' own words against them". The Seattle Times. Seattle, WA. ISSN 0745-9696. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  104. ↑Zaitz, Les (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 30, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Bundy occupation leaves scars behind". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  105. ↑"Militants at Malheur Refuge announce vague 2-point plan". Portland, OR: KOIN. January 5, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  106. ↑Regan, Shawn (January 8, 2016). "Managing Conflicts Over US Rangelands". Property and Environmental Research Center. Bozeman, MT. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  107. ↑Feuer, Alan (January 9, 2016). "The Ideological Roots of the Oregon Standoff". The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 4, 2016. "A version of this news analysis appears in print on January 10, 2016, on page SR3 of the New York edition with the headline: The Ideological Roots of the Oregon Standoff."
  108. 12Boorstein, Michelle (January 4, 2016). "Arrested in Oregon, Ammon Bundy and others in standoff cited their Mormon faith as inspiration". The Washington Post. Arlington, VA. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 5, 2016. Story originally titled, "Why the Oregon occupiers are citing the Book of Mormon's 'military stud muffin'".
  109. ↑Weber, Peter (January 5, 2016). "The Bundy militia cites Mormon scripture for Oregon standoff. The Mormon Church disagree". The Week. New York: The Week Publications, Inc. ISSN 1533-8304. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  110. ↑Dalrymple, Jim II (January 4, 2016). "You Need To Understand Mormonism If You Want To Understand the Oregon Standoff". BuzzFeed News. New York. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  111. ↑"Church Responds to Inquiries Regarding Oregon Armed Occupation" (Press release). Salt Lake City, UT: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Newsroom. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016. While the disagreement occurring in Oregon about the use of federal lands is not a Church matter, Church leaders strongly condemn the armed seizure of the facility and are deeply troubled by the reports that those who have seized the facility suggest that they are doing so based on scriptural principles. This armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis. We are privileged to live in a nation where conflicts with government or private groups can—and should—be settled using peaceful means, according to the laws of the land.
  112. ↑Beam, Alex (January 5, 2016). "Oregon standoff has roots in Mormon fanaticism". The Boston Globe. Boston, MA. ISSN 0743-1791. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
  113. ↑Krule, Miriam (January 5, 2016). "The Mormon Warrior the Bundys Revere Actually Wanted the Government to Do More". Slate. New York; Washington, D.C. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  114. ↑Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016). "Why the Bundy militia mixes Mormon symbolism with anti-government sentiment". PBS NewsHour. Arlington, VA: PBS. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  115. ↑Ricci, Kimberly (January 4, 2016). "The Oregon Standoff Turned From Frustration To Humor With The #YallQaeda And #VanillaISIS Hashtags". Uproxx. Culver City, CA: Woven Digital. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  116. ↑Zinda, Chris (April 25, 2016). "The 50-year leap, part two: Of echo chambers and sagebrush rebels". The Independent. St. George, UT: Independent Publishing Company, Inc. Archived from the original on April 29, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  117. ↑Norcross, Geoff; Sepulvado, John (January 26, 2016) [1st pub. January 22, 2016]. "How Militants May 'Indict' Non-Believers". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  118. ↑Hammond, Betsy (January 12, 2016). "Self-appointed 'judge' arrives in Burns to ask local residents to charge government officials with crimes". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  119. ↑Morlin, Bill (April 7, 2016). "Federal Judge Blocks Sovereign-Styled 'Lawyers' From Oregon Occupation Case". Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 8, 2016.
  120. 12"Oregon occupier counter-sues federal government for $666B". Portland, OR: KPTV. February 17, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
  121. ↑"New charges added for Bundys, other militia". Portland, OR: KOIN. March 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  122. ↑Steven, DuBois (March 9, 2016). "Ammon Bundy, others face new charges in Oregon standoff". Statesman Journal. Tysons Corner, VA Company. Associated Press. Retrieved March 14, 2016.
  123. ↑Haas, Ryan; Wilson, Conrad (February 18, 2016) [1st pub. February 17, 2016]. "Bundy Family, Supporters Face 16 Federal Felonies For 2014 Standoff". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
  124. 12345Travis Cox called his refuge occupation hasty decision by an 'arrogant and ignorant young man', Oregon Live, Maxine Bernstein, August 7, 2017. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  125. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (October 25, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's personal bodyguard sentenced to time served, 9 months, in refuge takeover case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
  126. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (October 25, 2016). "One juror questions impartiality of another juror during deliberations in Oregon standoff case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  127. ↑"Refuge occupier Duane Ehmer sentenced to one year and a day in federal prison". OregonLive.com. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  128. 123Woolington, Rebecca (August 17, 2016) [1st pub. August 16, 2016]. "Corey Lequieu becomes first Oregon standoff defendant sent to prison in conspiracy case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
  129. ↑Lo K (January 24, 2018), Jake Ryan, Bundy Defendant, Sentenced To 1 Year & 1 Day Plus 60 days in Portland, OR - 1/24/18, retrieved January 25, 2018
  130. ↑ Últimas noticias: Condenados los ocupantes de Malheur , High Country News , Tay Wiles, 11 de agosto de 2017. Consultado el 12 de agosto de 2017.
  131. ↑ "Juez condenó a Darryl Thorn, ocupante de un refugio en Oregón, a un año y medio de prisión" . OregonLive.com . Consultado el 13 de enero de 2018 .
  132. 1 2 Hanrahan, Kieran (23 de septiembre de 2016). "Primer ocupante de Malheur condenado a libertad condicional" . Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting . Recuperado el 24 de septiembre de 2016 .
  133. 1 2 Bernstein, Maxine (23 de septiembre de 2016). "Scott Willingham, acusado en el enfrentamiento de Oregón, es sentenciado por robo de cámaras gubernamentales" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Recuperado el 24 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  134. 1 2 Bernstein, Maxine (10 de junio de 2016). "El juez desestima uno de los cargos por posesión de armas contra Ammon Bundy y 7 coacusados" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 10 de junio de 2016 . 
  135. 1 2 "Orden que concede la moción (n.° 465) para desestimar y desestima el cargo tres de la acusación sustitutiva" (PDF) . Tribunal de Distrito de los Estados Unidos para el Distrito de Oregón. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. 10 de junio de 2016. Consultado el 10 de junio de 2016 .
  136. 1 2 Bernstein, Maxine (19 de mayo de 2016). "El primer acusado del enfrentamiento en Oregón se declara culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Recuperado el 21 de mayo de 2016 . 
  137. 1 2 Bernstein, Maxine (14 de junio de 2016). "El acusado del enfrentamiento en Oregón, Geoffrey Stanek, se declara culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Recuperado el 24 de junio de 2016 . 
  138. 1 2 Bernstein, Maxine (16 de junio de 2016). "El acusado del enfrentamiento en Oregón, Jason Blomgren, se declara culpable de un cargo federal de conspiración" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 24 de junio de 2016 . 
  139. 12Bernstein, Maxine (June 23, 2016). "Wesley Kjar, described as Ammon Bundy's 'personal security,' pleads guilty to federal conspiracy charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  140. 12DuBois, Steven (June 10, 2016). "Refuge occupier Eric Lee Flores pleads guilty to conspiracy". The Register-Guard. Eugene, OR. ISSN 0739-8557. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  141. 12Wilson, Conrad (July 20, 2016). "Travis Cox Becomes 9th Refuge Occupier To Plead Guilty". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  142. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (October 13, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Ryan Payne wants to withdraw guilty plea". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved October 13, 2016.
  143. 12Bernstein, Maxine (July 19, 2016). "Ryan Payne would face recommended 12-year sentence under plea deals in Oregon and Nevada". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 19, 2016.
  144. 12Woolington, Rebecca (August 16, 2016) [1st pub. August 15, 2016]. "Oregon standoff defendant Jon Ritzheimer pleads guilty in federal conspiracy case". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 15, 2016.
  145. 123"Charges Dismissed Against Refuge Occupier Pete Santilli". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. September 6, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  146. ↑Wilson, Conrad; Vance, Bryan M.; Parks, Bradley W. (October 3, 2016). "Gun Charge Against Shawna Cox Dismissed, Ward Testifies". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  147. 12Bernstein, Maxine (October 27, 2016). "Jury finds all Oregon standoff defendants not guilty of federal conspiracy, gun charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  148. ↑"Two convicted and two acquitted of conspiracy in Oregon occupation trial". OregonLive.com. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  149. ↑"18 U.S. Code § 372 - Conspiracy to impede or injure officer". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  150. ↑"18 U.S. Code § 930 - Possession of firearms and dangerous weapons in Federal facilities". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  151. ↑"18 U.S. Code § 924 - Penalties". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  152. ↑"18 U.S. Code § 1361 - Government property or contracts". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  153. ↑"18 U.S. Code § 641 - Public money, property or records". Legal Information Institute. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law School. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  154. ↑Zaitz, Les (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. February 10, 2016]. "Nevada rancher Cliven Bundy arrested by FBI in Portland". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
  155. ↑Johnson, Alex (January 25, 2016). "Oregon Occupation: Man on Way to Join Bundys Threatens to Kill Officers on Camera". NBC News. New York: NBC. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
  156. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (February 23, 2016) [1st pub. January 28, 2016]. "Judge won't release Oregon standoff defendants as long as refuge occupation continues". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  157. ↑"Feds keep Bundy, militia in jail until trial". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. January 31, 2016 [1st pub. January 29, 2016]. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  158. ↑Ellis, Ralph; Sidner, Sara; Castillo, Mariano (January 29, 2016). "Oregon standoff suspects denied bond". CNN. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  159. ↑Weisberg, Brent (February 1, 2016) [1st pub. January 31, 2016]. "Refuge occupier Shawna Cox released from jail". Portland, OR: KOIN. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  160. ↑Chappell, Bill (February 18, 2016). "Oregon Occupier Countersues For $666 Billion, Citing 'Works Of The Devil'". The Two-Way. Washington, D.C.: NPR. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  161. ↑"Refuge occupier files for 'damages from works of devil' in excess of $666,666,666,666.66". Portland, OR: KATU. February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
  162. 12Wilson, Conrad (February 5, 2016) [1st pub. February 4, 2016]. "Militant Duane Ehmer Released From Jail". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  163. ↑Manson, Pamela (February 12, 2016). "Utah man charged with conspiracy in Oregon standoff". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, UT. ISSN 0746-3502. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
  164. ↑Sepulvado, John (February 19, 2016). "Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Occupier Sandy Anderson Released From Custody". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  165. ↑Malara, Marilyn (February 20, 2016). "First of 4 Oregon wildlife refuge holdouts released from custody". United Press International. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  166. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (February 25, 2016) [1st pub. February 24, 2016]. "Oregon standoff: Ammon Bundy, others plead not guilty; judge aims to avoid trial delay". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  167. 12Bernstein, Maxine (May 11, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Jason Patrick allowed to represent himself". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  168. ↑Wilson, Conrad; Freda, Kimberley (February 26, 2016). "Another Of The Final 4 Refuge Occupiers To Be Released From Jail". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  169. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (April 19, 2016). "Federal jury convicts Ken Medenbach of unlawful camping on federal public land". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  170. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (April 28, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendants' motions: Dismiss charges due to vagueness, government overreach". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
  171. ↑"Refuge Occupiers Concerned About Liberal Portland Jury". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. May 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 8, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
  172. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (May 26, 2016). "Ammon Bundy retains new lawyer, former Utah State Rep. J. Morgan Philpot from Molalla". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  173. 12Savage, Peggy (June 9, 2016). "Molalla native hired as Ammon Bundy's lawyer". Portland Tribune. Portland, OR: Pamplin Media Group. Archived from the original on June 13, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  174. ↑Gehrke, Robert (June 7, 2016). "Ammon Bundy adds another Utah attorney to his defense team". The Salt Lake Tribune. Salt Lake City, UT. ISSN 0746-3502. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  175. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (June 29, 2016). "Ammon Bundy's bodyguard Brian Cavalier pleads guilty to two federal charges". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  176. ↑Powell, Meerah (June 29, 2016). "Bundy 'Bodyguard' Pleads Guilty To Occupation Charges". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  177. ↑"Ammon Bundy bodyguard pleads guilty in refuge case". Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. June 29, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
  178. 12Bernstein, Maxine (July 1, 2016). "Ammon Bundy seeks delay in September trial, asks for pretrial release". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  179. ↑"Defendant Ammon Bundy's Motion to Continue September 7, 2016 Trial Date"(PDF). United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  180. ↑"Defendant Ryan Bundy's Motion to Continue September 7, 2016 Trial Date"(PDF). United States District Court for the District of Oregon. The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. July 1, 2016. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  181. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (July 7, 2016) [1st pub. July 6, 2016]. "Federal judge denies Bundy brothers' requests for delay in trial". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  182. ↑Templeton, Amelia (July 6, 2016). "Judge Will Not Delay Refuge Occupation Trial". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  183. ↑Brown, Karina (July 6, 2016). "Courtroom Cleared After Bundy Riles Gallery". Pasadena, CA. Courthouse News Service. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
  184. ↑Powell, Meerah (July 7, 2016). "Malheur Refuge Occupier And 'Recruiter' Blaine Cooper Pleads Guilty". Portland, OR: Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 7, 2016.
  185. ↑ "O'Shaughnessy, conspirador del caso Malheur, se declara culpable" . Portland, OR: KOIN. Associated Press. 1 de agosto de 2016. Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2016 .
  186. ↑ Moran, Jack (2 de agosto de 2016). "Ocupante del refugio de Malheur condenado a libertad condicional en caso aparte" . The Register-Guard . Eugene, OR. ISSN 0739-8557 . Consultado el 2 de agosto de 2016 . 
  187. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (23 de agosto de 2016) [1.ª publicación: 22 de agosto de 2016]. «Juez federal reprende a Duane Ehmer, acusado en un enfrentamiento en Oregón, por una publicación amenazante en redes sociales» . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  188. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (1 de septiembre de 2016) [1.ª publicación: 30 de agosto de 2016]. «A pesar de las dudas, el juez permite que los acusados ​​del enfrentamiento en Oregón, Ryan Bundy y Ken Medenbach, se representen a sí mismos» . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  189. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (30 de agosto de 2016). "Enfrentamiento en Oregón: David Fry padece trastorno de personalidad esquizotípica; un experto en salud mental testificará" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 8 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  190. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (11 de septiembre de 2016). "Pete Santilli habla sobre el sobreseimiento del caso de Oregón y no guarda 'ni una pizca de amargura'"." . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Publicaciones anticipadas. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  191. ↑ Bernstein, Maxine (7 de septiembre de 2016). "El abogado de Ammon Bundy defiende el derecho de su cliente a usar botas vaqueras en el juicio" . The Oregonian/OregonLive.com . Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317 . Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  192. ↑ Weiss, Debra Cassens (8 de septiembre de 2016). "A Ammon y Ryan Bundy no se les permitirá usar su atuendo de vaquero preferido en el juicio" . ABA Journal . Chicago, IL: American Bar Association . ISSN 0002-7596 . Consultado el 11 de septiembre de 2016 . 
  193. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 7, 2016). "Federal judge finds Bundy brothers' trial attire appropriate". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  194. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (August 3, 2016). "Oregon standoff case: Judge maps out plans for jury selection, schedules last pretrial hearings". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  195. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 7, 2016). "Judge excludes 11 of 31 potential jurors for Oregon standoff trial in first day of questioning". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  196. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 9, 2016). "Jury expected to be selected in Oregon standoff trial by end of day". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  197. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 9, 2016). "Jury selected for Oregon standoff trial; opening statements begin Tuesday". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
  198. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 12, 2016). "Oregon standoff defendant Jeff Banta had to remind judge he also faces firearms charge". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  199. 123Bernstein, Maxine (September 13, 2016). "Two contrasting portraits of refuge occupation emerge during opening statements". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  200. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 13, 2016). "Line forms early outside federal courthouse on day of Bundy trial's opening statements". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
  201. ↑Bernstein, Maxine (September 15, 2016) [1st pub. September 14, 2016]. "Harney County Sheriff Dave Ward testifies: 'I didn't go to pick a fight. I wanted them to go home.'". The Oregonian/OregonLive.com. Advance Publications. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved September 14, 2016.