Articulo de referencia

Relaciones exteriores de Grecia

Como uno de los Estados miembros euroatlánticos más antiguos de la región del sudeste de Europa, Grecia goza de un papel geopolítico destacado como potencia intermedia , debido ...

Como uno de los Estados miembros euroatlánticos más antiguos de la región del sudeste de Europa, Grecia goza de un papel geopolítico destacado como potencia intermedia , debido a su proximidad política y geográfica con Europa . Grecia mantiene sólidas relaciones con Estados Unidos , Reino Unido , Francia , Italia , Chipre y el resto de la Unión Europea y la OTAN , Líbano , Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Macedonia del Norte , Albania , Australia , Armenia , Arabia Saudita , Serbia y Suiza, al tiempo que se centra en mejorar aún más las buenas relaciones con el mundo árabe , el Cáucaso , China , India , Corea del Sur , Japón , Mongolia , Vietnam , Filipinas , Sudáfrica y el resto de la Unión Africana , la Liga Árabe , los BRICS , la CELAC y el Consejo Nórdico . Como miembro de la Unión Europea , la Unión por el Mediterráneo y el Consejo de Europa , Grecia es un actor clave en la región del Mediterráneo oriental y ha fomentado la colaboración entre vecinos, así como promovido el Triángulo Energético para las exportaciones de gas a Europa. Grecia también posee la mayor economía de los Balcanes , donde es un importante inversor regional.

Entre los temas más destacados de la política exterior griega se encuentran las reivindicaciones de Turquía en el mar Egeo y el Mediterráneo oriental, así como la ocupación turca de Chipre .

Descripción general

Grecia mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con casi todos los países del mundo, como se muestra en el mapa a continuación.

Representación a través de: [ 1 ]  embajada – embajada griega en otro país consulado general – sin representación – Grecia    

Disputas

Tras la resolución de la disputa sobre el nombre de Macedonia con Macedonia del Norte gracias al acuerdo de Prespa en 2018, el Ministerio identifica dos cuestiones pendientes de particular importancia para el Estado griego: las impugnaciones turcas a los derechos de soberanía griegos en el mar Egeo y el espacio aéreo correspondiente, y la disputa de Chipre relativa a la ocupación turca del norte de Chipre.

disputa de Chipre

Un mapa de Chipre dividida.
Embajada de Grecia en Nicosia , Chipre.

Mientras la isla de Chipre avanzaba hacia la independencia del Reino Unido, las comunidades griega (82%) y turca (18%) se vieron envueltas en una feroz lucha intercomunitaria, en parte patrocinada por las dos "madres patrias". EOKA-B y la Organización de Resistencia Turca (TMT) fueron responsables de numerosas atrocidades que afianzaron las tensiones y llevaron al aislamiento total de las comunidades, con los turcochipriotas recluidos en enclaves .

En 1974, la junta militar griega, respaldada por Estados Unidos —que había tomado el poder en noviembre de 1973 tras derrocar a la anterior—, intentó, en parte para desviar la atención de la inestabilidad interna y en parte por su descontento con la política de Makarios en Chipre, dar un golpe de Estado el 15 de julio para sustituirlo por Nikos Sampson y declarar la unión con Grecia. Siete días después, Turquía lanzó una invasión de Chipre, supuestamente para restablecer la constitución, pero que derivó en un sangriento conflicto, la partición de la isla y una limpieza étnica masiva. La abrumadora superioridad terrestre, naval y aérea turca frente a las débiles defensas de la isla llevó a que Turquía se apoderara del 37% del territorio.

En el norte, 170.000 grecochipriotas fueron desalojados de sus hogares, mientras que 50.000 turcos siguieron el camino opuesto, culminando así la división de facto de Chipre. En 1983, los turcochipriotas proclamaron unilateralmente su independencia, siendo Turquía el único país que los reconoció. Actualmente, el norte se encuentra bajo un embargo como medida contra la partición ilegal de la isla.

Desde entonces, ambos países, junto con las dos comunidades de la isla, se encuentran inmersos en un círculo vicioso de negociaciones que han dado pocos resultados. En 2004, el Plan Annan para Chipre fue sometido a votación, pero si bien fue aceptado por el norte, fue rechazado por los grecochipriotas, ya que, a su juicio, significaba respaldar un estado confederal con un gobierno central débil y una considerable autonomía local. La República de Chipre es una democracia constitucional que ha alcanzado altos niveles de prosperidad, con una economía en auge y buenas infraestructuras, y forma parte de las Naciones Unidas, la Unión Europea y otras organizaciones que la reconocen como el único gobierno legítimo de toda la isla.

Grecia exige la retirada de las tropas turcas de Chipre y el restablecimiento de un Estado unificado. La República de Chipre recibe un fuerte apoyo de Grecia en foros internacionales, país que mantiene un contingente militar en la isla y cuenta con oficiales griegos en puestos clave de la Guardia Nacional chipriota .

Turquía reclama territorios en el Egeo.

Otros asuntos que dividen a Grecia y Turquía incluyen la delimitación de la plataforma continental en el mar Egeo, las aguas territoriales y el espacio aéreo. En marzo de 1987, una disputa sobre los derechos de perforación petrolífera estuvo a punto de desembocar en una guerra entre ambos países, ya que Grecia abogó por que la Corte Internacional de Justicia la resolviera . A principios de 1988, los primeros ministros de Turquía y Grecia se reunieron en Davos, Suiza , y posteriormente en Bruselas . Acordaron diversas medidas para reducir las tensiones bilaterales y fomentar la cooperación.

Las tensiones en torno al mar Egeo resurgieron en noviembre de 1994, cuando Grecia reclamó, amparándose en el Tratado sobre el Derecho del Mar , que Turquía no ha firmado, el derecho a declarar una ampliación de su plataforma continental de 6 a 12 millas náuticas (11-22 km; 7-14 millas) alrededor de sus islas egeas. Turquía, que también ha ampliado su plataforma continental en la costa del mar Negro , declaró que consideraría cualquier acción de este tipo como motivo de guerra. En 1994 se iniciaron nuevas conversaciones bilaterales de nivel técnico, pero pronto se estancaron.   

En enero de 1996, Grecia y Turquía estuvieron a punto de enfrentarse armadas por la cuestión de la soberanía sobre un islote en el mar Egeo . En julio de 1997, en el marco de la cumbre de la OTAN en Madrid, los líderes griegos y turcos acordaron seis principios para regir sus relaciones bilaterales. Sin embargo, pocos meses después, ambos países volvieron a discrepar sobre el espacio aéreo del Egeo y cuestiones de soberanía. Las tensiones se mantuvieron elevadas durante meses, a pesar de que, bajo los auspicios del Secretario General de la OTAN, se debatieron diversas medidas de fomento de la confianza para reducir el riesgo de accidentes militares o conflictos en el Egeo.

Turquía y la UE

Grecia ha manifestado su apoyo a la candidatura de Turquía para ingresar en la Unión Europea [ 2 ] y respalda su plena integración en la Unión cuando se cumplan las condiciones para su aceptación. El 6 de mayo de 2004, el primer ministro turco, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, se convirtió en el primer líder turco en visitar Grecia en cincuenta años [ 3 ] . El 24 de enero de 2008, el primer ministro griego, Costas Karamanlis, visitó Turquía 48 años después de que el último primer ministro griego y tío suyo, Constantine Karamanlis, visitara el país vecino.

Admisión del gobierno turco sobre el incendio provocado

El lunes 23 de diciembre de 2011, en una entrevista concedida al periódico turco BirGün, en la que se hablaba de presupuestos secretos, el ex primer ministro turco Mesut Yılmaz admitió que agentes secretos turcos provocaron intencionadamente incendios forestales en Grecia entre 1995 y 1997, durante el mandato de Tansu Çiller como primer ministro , como parte de un sabotaje patrocinado por el Estado, lo que causó enormes daños por los grandes incendios forestales en las islas del Egeo oriental y en Macedonia . La admisión de Mesut Yılmaz desató una gran indignación política en Grecia ese mismo día, lo que llevó al portavoz del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores griego, Grigoris Delavekouras, a afirmar que las acusaciones eran «graves y debían investigarse», añadiendo que Atenas esperaba un informe de Ankara. El portavoz de Asuntos Exteriores del partido conservador Nueva Democracia , Panos Panayiotopoulos, declaró que las revelaciones «ensombrecían gravemente las relaciones greco-turcas » y pidió a Turquía que indemnizara a Grecia por las pérdidas sufridas. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

Tras una queja oficial de Grecia el 24 de diciembre solicitando aclaraciones sobre los comentarios del ex primer ministro Mesut Yılmaz en relación con los incendios forestales en Grecia a mediados de la década de 1990, los ministros de Asuntos Exteriores griego y turco, Stavros Dimas y Ahmet Davutoğlu , hablaron el miércoles 28 de diciembre. Dimas subrayó la importancia de que Ankara investigara las acusaciones de que, en el pasado, los servicios de inteligencia turcos pagaron a pirómanos para incendiar bosques en Grecia. Además de las reuniones del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores griego con funcionarios turcos, el fiscal del Tribunal Supremo griego, Yiannis Tentes, inició una investigación de urgencia el 27 de diciembre, ordenando la reapertura de las investigaciones sobre los incendios forestales de mediados de la década de 1990, atribuidos a incendios provocados, en relación con las acusaciones iniciales supuestamente hechas por Yılmaz. [ 6 ]

El exjefe del servicio de inteligencia griego, Leonidas Vasilikopoulos, dijo que habían recibido información de sus agentes en Turquía de que agentes turcos u otros estaban involucrados en los incendios forestales en las islas griegas. [ 7 ] Después de hacer comentarios en el diario turco BirGün , Yilmaz dijo que sus palabras habían sido distorsionadas y que se refería a agentes griegos causando incendios en Turquía. [ 8 ] Sin embargo, el jueves 29, el diario turco Milliyet publicó un artículo que hacía referencia a un informe secreto que parecía respaldar las afirmaciones hechas en la entrevista de Mesut Yılmaz de que agentes secretos habían causado incendios forestales en Grecia en la década de 1990. Según Milliyet , un asociado de Yılmaz, Kutlu Savas, compiló un informe de 12 páginas que detallaba las acciones de agentes turcos en Grecia. Describía cómo la Organización Nacional de Inteligencia de Turquía (MIT) había formado dos equipos: uno que llevó a cabo bombardeos en sitios turísticos en Creta y otras partes de Grecia y otro que fue responsable de iniciar los incendios forestales. También se menciona un ataque a un campamento militar en Lamia , Grecia central. [ 9 ]

Relaciones diplomáticas

Lista de países con los que Grecia mantiene relaciones diplomáticas:

Relaciones bilaterales

África

Grecia mantiene estrechas relaciones históricas con muchos miembros de la Unión Africana , como Sudáfrica, Sudán y Etiopía.

América

Asia

Grecia tiene un interés especial en Oriente Medio y el Norte de África debido a su posición geográfica y a sus vínculos económicos e históricos con la región. El país cooperó con las fuerzas aliadas durante la Guerra del Golfo de 1990-1991 . Desde 1994, Grecia ha firmado acuerdos de cooperación en materia de defensa con Israel y Egipto, y en los últimos años, los líderes griegos han realizado numerosos viajes a la región para fortalecer los lazos bilaterales e impulsar el proceso de paz en Oriente Medio. En julio y diciembre de 1997, y en julio de 1998, Grecia acogió reuniones de políticos israelíes y palestinos para contribuir al proceso de paz. Grecia también mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con la Delegación General Palestina y goza de relaciones cordiales con Siria.

Europa

Australia y Oceanía

Terms

North Macedonia

Greece rejected the use of the term Macedonia or "Republic of Macedonia" to refer to its northern neighbour after its independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991.[357] The Greek government opposed the use of the name without any qualification such as 'Republic of Northern Macedonia' to the post-1991 constitutional name of its northern neighbour,[357] citing historical and territorial concerns resulting from the ambiguity between the terms Republic of Macedonia, the Greek region of Macedonia and the ancient kingdom of Macedon,[357] which falls within Greek Macedonia.

Greece also objected to the use of the terms "Macedonian" to denote ethnic Macedonians and the Macedonian language,[357] as these terms have a different meaning in Greece (inhabitants of the Greek region of Macedonia and the Macedonian dialect of Greek). The dispute has escalated to the highest level of international mediation, involving numerous attempts to achieve a resolution, notably by the United Nations.

The provisional reference the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)[322] was used in relations involving states which do not recognise the constitutional name, Republic of Macedonia. Nevertheless, all the United Nations member-states have agreed to accept any final agreement resulting from negotiations between the two countries. The dispute has not prevented the two countries from enjoying close trade links and investment levels (especially from Greece), but it has generated a great deal of political and academic debate on both sides.

On 13 September 1995 the two countries signed the Interim Accord,[322] whereby Greece recognized the Republic of Macedonia under its provisional reference.[322] As of August 2011 negotiations aimed at resolving the dispute are ongoing. Under Greek pressure, the European Union and NATO agreed that for the Republic of Macedonia to receive an invitation to join these institutions the name dispute must be resolved first.[358][359][360] This resulted in a case at the International Court of Justice against Greece for violation of the Interim Accord.[361] The Court deemed Greece was wrong to block its neighbour's bid to join NATO.[362] No penalties were imposed[363] but the result made it politically more difficult for Greece to object to any of its neighbour's future applications to either NATO or the EU.

On 12 June 2018 the Prespes agreement was signed between the two countries which changed the constitutional name of "Macedonia" to Republic of North Macedonia. Opposition arose in both countries but in the end the agreement was mutually ratified. The Prespes agreement went into force 12 February 2019. Greece officially endorsed North Macedonia's accession to NATO on 15 February 2019, being the first country in the defense alliance to do so.[364]

Northern Epirus

Northern Epirus is the name used generally by Greeks to refer to the southern part of Albania, home to a Greek minority[365] which after 1989 keeps reducing due to immigration to Greece. The Greek minority was subject to oppression and harassment during Enver Hoxha's communist rule and along with the rest of Albanians was hit hardly by the isolation that the regime imposed and from the economic hardship that followed the fall of communism as well. The treatment of the minority by the Albanian government is strongly linked with the status of Greco-Albanian relations.

The Greek minority is organized under the Unity for Human Rights Party which is the continuation of the former banned party called "Omonoia" (Unity in Greek) and has since 1997 joined the Socialist coalition. At the 1996 Albanian election the Greek minority party received 4.1% of the vote and two seats in parliament. The party leader is Vangjel Dule, while party member Vasilis Bolanos is former mayor of the town of Himara. The party is represented in the ELDR group in the Council of Europe. Strong Greek presence exists in Gjirokastër, Korçë, Sarandë, Himara and the nearby areas. The former CIA director George J. Tenet, Pyrros Dimas, Sotiris Ninis and former Greek president Kostis Stefanopoulos have ancestral links to the Greek minority.

The situation of the Greeks in Albania is closely tied to the socio-political ties of the two countries. At times differences between Athens and Tirana regarding the rights and position of the minority has led to tense relations. The community, alongside the Albanian communities in Greece are hailed as a bridge of friendship between the two countries.[366]

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

The entrance of the Patriarchal Cathedral of St. George in the Phanar district.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, protected under the treaty of Lausanne is a point of controversy between Greece and Turkey as the latter refuses to recognize the Ecumenical character of the Patriarchate thus requiring the Patriarch himself to be a Turkish citizen. Moreover, the biggest part of the Patriarchate's property – known as Vakoufia – had been confiscated by Turkish authorities and the Theological school of Halki, the traditional school out of which the Eastern Orthodox Church draws its clergy, has been closed since 1971. To no avail numerous Greek, European Union and USA officials have criticized Turkey's attitude and even president Bill Clinton during his visit in Greece asked for the theological school to open. During Greek prime-minister's Kostas Karamanlis historic visit to Turkey in 2007, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised to reconsider his country's stance on the matter.

Black Sea

The Black Sea is a region heavily colonized by Greeks throughout history. It used to have a significant presence of Greeks up until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. Nowadays there remains Greek presence on the shores of Black Sea mainly in Mariupol (Ukraine), Crimea, Russia and Georgia despite emigration to Greece during and after the dissolution of Soviet Union. Today Greeks in the region are estimated to be around 215,000 according to official Greek diaspora figures. Greece is a founding member of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation.

International organization participation

Greece is a major participant in most large-scale international bodies, with the geographic significance of the region proving advantageous for diplomatic, trade and political crossroads.

In 1967, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the Netherlands brought the Greek Case against the Greek junta regime for human rights violations. As a result, Greece left the Council of Europe in 1969, returning in 1976. It was the only country to have left the Council of Europe up until 2022 when Russia also left.[367][368][369]

BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, NATO, OECD, OSCE, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, WEU, WHO, WIPO, Craiova GroupWMO.

Greece was elected by the United Nations General Assembly to the United Nations Security Council, on 15 October 2004, as a non-permanent member for 2005 and 2006.

See also

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Lecturas adicionales

  • Economides, Spyros (marzo de 2005). "La europeización de la política exterior griega". West European Politics . 28 (2): 471– 491. doi : 10.1080/01402380500060528 . S2CID 154004940 . 
  • Política exterior de Grecia. Archivado el 28 de septiembre de 2007 en Wayback Machine , a través del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Grecia.
  • Grupos étnicos en Albania , vía CIA – The World Factbook
  • Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Grecia