Heinrich Böll

Heinrich Theodor Böll (/bɜːrl/; German:[ˈhaɪnʁɪçˈteːodoːɐ̯ˈbœl]^ⓘ; 21 December 1917 – 16 July 1985) was a German writer. Considered one of Germany's foremost post–World War II writers, Böll received the Georg Büchner Prize (1967) and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1972).^[1]

Böll was born in Cologne, Germany, to a Roman Catholic and pacifist family that later opposed the rise of Nazism. Böll refused to join the Hitler Youth during the 1930s.^[2] He was apprenticed to a bookseller before studying German studies and classics at the University of Cologne.

Conscripted into the Wehrmacht, he served in Poland, France, Romania, Hungary and the Soviet Union. In 1942, Böll married Annemarie Cech, with whom he had three sons; she later collaborated with him on a number of different translations into German of English-language literature. During his war service, Böll was wounded four times and contracted typhoid. He was captured by US Army soldiers in April 1945 and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp.^[3]

After the war, he returned to Cologne and began working in his family's cabinet shop and, for one year, worked in a municipal statistical bureau, a job he did not enjoy and which he left in order to take the risk of becoming a writer instead.^[4]

Böll became a full-time writer at the age of 30. His first novel, Der Zug war pünktlich (The Train Was on Time), was published in 1949. He was invited to the 1949 meeting of the Group 47 circle of German authors and his work was deemed to be the best presented in 1951.^[5] Many other novels, short stories, radio plays, and essay collections followed.

Böll tuvo un éxito rotundo y fue aclamado en numerosas ocasiones. En 1953 recibió el Premio de Cultura de la Industria Alemana, el Premio de la Radio del Sur de Alemania y el Premio de la Crítica Alemana. En 1954 obtuvo el premio de la Tribuna de París. En 1955 se le otorgó el premio francés a la mejor novela extranjera. En 1958 ganó el premio Eduard von der Heydt de la ciudad de Wuppertal y el premio de la Academia Bávara de Bellas Artes. En 1959 recibió el Gran Premio de Arte del Estado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia y el Premio de Literatura de la ciudad de Colonia, y fue elegido miembro de la Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Maguncia.

En 1960 se convirtió en miembro de la Academia Bávara de Bellas Artes y obtuvo el Premio Charles Veillon.

En 1967 recibió el Premio Georg Büchner . ^{[ 6 ]}

En 1972 recibió el Premio Nobel de Literatura «por su obra que, mediante la combinación de una amplia perspectiva de su tiempo y una sensible habilidad en la caracterización, ha contribuido a una renovación de la literatura alemana». ^{[ 7 ]}

Recibió varios premios honoríficos hasta su muerte, como la membresía en la Academia Estadounidense de Artes y Letras en 1974 y la Medalla Ossietzky de 1974 (esta última por su defensa y contribución a los derechos humanos a nivel mundial).

Böll fue presidente de PEN International , la asociación mundial de escritores, de 1971 a 1973. ^{[ 8 ]}

Böll fue elegido miembro de la Sociedad Filosófica Estadounidense en 1983 y de la Academia Estadounidense de Artes y Ciencias en 1984. ^{[ 9 ] [ 10 ]}

Su obra ha sido traducida a más de 30 idiomas y sigue siendo uno de los autores más leídos de Alemania. Sus obras más conocidas son Billar a las nueve y media (1959), Y nunca dije una palabra (1953), El pan de aquellos primeros años (1955), El payaso (1963), Retrato de grupo con dama (1971), El honor perdido de Katharina Blum (1974) y La red de seguridad (1979).

A pesar de la variedad de temas y contenidos de su obra, se repiten ciertos patrones: gran parte de ella describe la vida íntima y personal luchando por subsistir en el contexto más amplio de la guerra, el terrorismo, las divisiones políticas y una profunda transición económica y social. Muchos de sus libros presentan protagonistas obstinados y excéntricamente individualistas que se oponen a los mecanismos del Estado o de las instituciones públicas. ^{[ 11 ]}

Böll era un pacifista convencido debido a sus experiencias bélicas. Todos sus escritos y novelas durante la posguerra giraban en torno a la guerra y a la necesidad de que nunca volviera a ocurrir. Lo resumió en la frase «nunca más la guerra». ^{[ 12 ]}

En su autobiografía, Böll escribió que en el instituto al que asistió durante su juventud bajo el régimen nazi, un profesor antinazi prestó especial atención al satírico romano Juvenal: «El señor Bauer se dio cuenta de la actualidad de Juvenal, de cómo abordaba extensamente fenómenos como el gobierno arbitrario, la tiranía, la corrupción, la degradación de la moral pública, el declive del ideal republicano y los actos aterrorizantes de la Guardia Pretoriana. [...] En una librería de segunda mano encontré una traducción de Juvenal de 1838 con un extenso comentario, del doble de la extensión del texto traducido, escrito en pleno apogeo del Romanticismo. Aunque su precio era superior a mis posibilidades, lo compré. Lo leí con gran intensidad, como si fuera una novela policíaca. Fue uno de los pocos libros a los que me aferré persistentemente durante la guerra [Segunda Guerra Mundial] y después, incluso cuando la mayoría de mis otros libros se perdieron o se vendieron en el mercado negro». ^{[ 13 ]}

La publicación de El Payaso en 1963 generó polémica en la prensa por su retrato negativo de la Iglesia Católica y del partido CDU . ^{[ 14 ]} Böll era devoto del catolicismo, pero también profundamente crítico con algunos aspectos del mismo, especialmente en sus encarnaciones más conservadoras. En particular, no podía olvidar el Concordato de julio de 1933 entre el Vaticano y los nazis, firmado por el futuro Papa Pío XII , que contribuyó a otorgar legitimidad internacional al régimen en sus inicios. ^{[ 15 ]}

Böll's liberal views on religion and social issues elicited German conservatives' wrath.^[14][16] When constitutional reforms were passed in 1968 that cracked down on freedom, Böll spoke out against them. His 1972 article Soviel Liebe auf einmal (So much love at once), which accused the tabloid Bild of falsified journalism, was in turn retitled, at the time of publishing and against Böll's wishes, by Der Spiegel, and the new title was used as a pretext to accuse Böll of sympathy with terrorism.^[17] This particular criticism was driven in large part by his repeated insistence on the importance of due process and the correct and fair application of the law in the case of the Baader-Meinhof Group.^[18] In his article for Der Spiegel titled Sixty Million against Six, he asked for a safeguard for Ulrike Meinhof in order to open a dialogue and prevent a major press campaign and police campaign. Böll was heavily criticized for this and dubbed "the spiritual father of the violence" by one journalist in the Springer press.^[12]

The conservative press even attacked Böll's 1972 Nobel Prize, arguing that it was awarded only to "liberals and left-wing radicals".^[14]

On 7 February 1974, the BZ, Berlin's most widely read newspaper at the time, reported that Böll's home had been searched. In fact, his home was searched only later that day, after the newspaper had already been circulated.^[19]

In 1977, after the abduction of Hanns Martin Schleyer, 40 police searched Böll's house based on an anonymous tip they received that named Böll's son as an accomplice to the kidnappers. This claim turned out to be unfounded. The Christian Democrats placed Böll on a blacklist after this incident.^[19]

Böll was deeply rooted in his hometown of Cologne, with its strong Roman Catholicism and rather rough and drastic sense of humour. In the immediate postwar period, he was preoccupied with memories of the war and its effect—materially and psychologically—on ordinary people's lives. They are the heroes of his writing. His Catholicism was important to his work in ways that can be compared to writers such as Graham Greene and Georges Bernanos, though, as noted earlier, his perspective on Catholicism was critical and challenging, not passive.^[20]

Böll was deeply affected by the Nazi takeover of Cologne, as the Nazis essentially exiled him in his own town. Additionally, Cologne's destruction in the Allied bombing during World War II scarred him for life; he described the bombing's aftermath in The Silent Angel. Architecturally, the rebuilt Cologne, prosperous once more, left him indifferent. (Böll seems to have been an admirer of William Morris; he let it be known that he would have preferred that Cologne Cathedral be left unfinished, with the 14th-century wooden crane at the top, as it had stood in 1848). Throughout his life, he remained in close contact with Cologne's citizens, rich and poor. When he was in hospital, the nurses often complained about the "low-life" people who came to see their friend Böll.

Böll had a great fondness for Ireland, holidaying with his wife at their second home there, on the west coast.^[21] Their home in Ireland later became an artist's retreat.^[22]

Böll's work has been dubbed Trümmerliteratur (the literature of the rubble). He was a leader of the German writers who tried to come to grips with the memory of World War II, the Nazis, the Holocaust, and the guilt that came with them. Because of his refusal to avoid writing about the complexities and problems of the past, some called him the Gewissen der Nation ("conscience of the nation"), a catalyst and conduit for memorialization and discussion in opposition to the tendency toward silence and taboo. This was a label Böll was keen to jettison, because he felt that it occluded a fair audit of the institutions truly responsible for what had happened.^[23]

Böll lived with his wife in Cologne and in the Eifel region. He also spent time on Achill Island, off Ireland's west coast. His cottage there is now used as a guesthouse for international and Irish artists. He recorded some of his experiences in Ireland in his book Irish Journal; later, the people of Achill curated a festival in his honour. The Irish connection also influenced the translations into German by his wife Annemarie, which included works by Brendan Behan, J. M. Synge, G. B. Shaw, Flann O'Brien, and Tomás Ó Criomhthain.^[24]

Böll was president of the then West German P.E.N. and subsequently of the International P.E.N. organizations. He often traveled as a representative of the new, democratic Germany. His appearance and attitude completely contrasted with the boastful, aggressive type of German who had become infamous during Adolf Hitler's rule. Böll was particularly successful in Eastern Europe, as he seemed to portray the dark side of capitalism in his books, which sold by the millions in the Soviet Union alone.^[25]

When Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Union, he first took refuge in Böll's Eifel cottage. This was in part the result of Böll's visit to the Soviet Union in 1962 with a cultural delegation, the first of several trips he made there, during which he made friendships with writers and connections with producers of dissident literature. With Solzhenitsyn's meeting, Böll responded to the criticism from both sides that branded him an instrument of anti-socialist propaganda or a stooge for the East Germans with the following statement: "perhaps many Germans do not read The Gulag Archipelago to experience the suffering of those to whom this monument is dedicated, but rather to forget the horror of their own history."^[19] As president of the West German P.E.N., Böll had recommended Solzhenitsyn for the Nobel Prize for Literature. When Solzhenitsyn received the prize in 1970, he quoted Böll's works to the reception committee.^[26]

In 1976, Böll publicly left the Catholic Church, "without falling away from the faith".^[27] He died in 1985 at the age of 67.

Böll's memory lives on, among other places, at the Heinrich Böll Foundation. The Cologne Library set up the Heinrich Böll Archive to house his personal papers, bought from his family, but much of the material was damaged, possibly irreparably, when the building collapsed in 2009.^[28]

His cottage in Ireland has been used as a residency for writers since 1992.^[29]

Eric Andersen wrote a set of musical compositions based on Böll's books: Silent Angel: Fire and Ashes of Heinrich Böll (2017, Meyer Records).

• (1949) Der Zug war pünktlich (The Train Was on Time) – novel
• (1950) Wanderer, kommst du nach Spa… – short story
• (1951) Die schwarzen Schafe (Black Sheep) – short story
• (1951) Wo warst du, Adam? (Adam, Where Art Thou?; And Where Were You, Adam?) – novel
• (1952) Nicht nur zur Weihnachtszeit (Christmas Not Just Once a Year) – short story
• (1952) Die Waage der Baleks (The Balek Scales) – short story
• (1953) Und sagte kein einziges Wort (And Never Said a Word) – novel
• (1954) Haus ohne Hüter (The Unguarded House; Tomorrow and Yesterday) – novel
• (1955) Das Brot der frühen Jahre (The Bread of Those Early Years) – novel
• (1957) Irisches Tagebuch (Irish Journal) – travel writing
• (1957) Die Spurlosen (Missing Persons) – essays
• (1958) Doktor Murkes gesammeltes Schweigen (Murke's Collected Silences, 1963) – short story
• (1959) Billard um halb zehn (Billiards at Half-past Nine) – novel
• (1962) Ein Schluck Erde (A Mouthful of Earth) – play
• (1963) Ansichten eines Clowns (The Clown) – novel
• (1963) Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral (Anecdote Concerning the Lowering of Productivity) – short story
• (1964) Entfernung von der Truppe (Absent Without Leave) – two novellas
• (1966) Ende einer Dienstfahrt (The End of a Mission) – novel
• (1971) Gruppenbild mit Dame (Group Portrait with Lady) – novel
• (1974) Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum) – novel
• (1979) Du fährst zu oft nach Heidelberg und andere Erzählungen (You Go to Heidelberg Too Often) – short stories
• (1979) Fürsorgliche Belagerung (The Safety Net) – novel
• (1981) Was soll aus dem Jungen bloß werden? Oder: Irgendwas mit Büchern (What's to Become of the Boy?) – autobiography of Böll's school years 1933–1937
• (1982) Vermintes Gelände
• (1982, written 1948) Das Vermächtnis (A Soldier's Legacy) – novel
• (1983) Die Verwundung und andere frühe Erzählungen (The Casualty) – unpublished stories from 1947–1952

• (1985) Frauen vor Flusslandschaft (Women in a River Landscape)
• (1986) The Stories of Heinrich Böll – U.S. release
• (1992, written 1949/50) Der Engel schwieg (The Silent Angel) – novel
• (1995) Der blasse Hund – unpublished stories from 1937 & 1946–1952
• (2002, written 1946–1947) Kreuz ohne Liebe
• (2004, written 1938) Am Rande der Kirche
• (2011) The Collected Stories – reissues of translations, U.S. release

More than 70 translations of Annemarie and Heinrich Böll are in the bibliography published in 1995 by Werner Bellmann: works of Brendan Behan, Eilis Dillon, O. Henry, Paul Horgan, Bernard Malamud, J. D. Salinger, George Bernard Shaw et al.

• Das harte Leben (The Hard Life, Brian O'Nolan), translated by Heinrich Böll, Hamburg, Nannen, 1966, 79. Illustrations by Patrick Swift.

• German literature
• List of German-language authors

Reviews

• Murdoch, Brian, (1982), Sisyphean Labours, which includes a review of The Safety Net, in Cencrastus No. 9, Summer 1982, p. 46, ISSN 0264-0856

• Heinrich Böll official websiteArchived 30 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• The Heinrich Böll Page.
• Heinrich Böll on Nobelprize.org
• A. Leslie Wilson (Spring 1983). "Heinrich Böll, The Art of Fiction No. 74". Paris Review. Spring 1983 (87).
• Werner Bellmann, ed. (1995). Das Werk Heinrich Bölls. Bibliographie mit Studien zum Frühwerk. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.
• Werner Bellmann, ed. (2000). Heinrich Böll, Romane und Erzählungen. Interpretationen. Stuttgart: Reclam.
• Documental Lost Honor of Heinrich Böll con Volker Schlöndorff y Margarethe von Trotta