Lista de monarcas de Corea

Esta es una lista de los monarcas de Corea , ordenados por dinastía. Los nombres están romanizados según la Romanización revisada de Corea del Sur . Las romanizaciones de McCune-Reischauer se pueden encontrar en los artículos sobre los monarcas individuales.

Gojoseon

Gojoseon (2333 a. C. – 108 a. C.) fue el primer reino coreano . Según la leyenda, fue fundado por Dangun en el año 2333 a. C. ^[1]

En el norte de Corea y Liaoning se han encontrado evidencias arqueológicas de la Edad de Bronce de la cultura de Gojoseon . Entre los siglos IX y IV a. C., diversas evidencias históricas y arqueológicas muestran que Gojoseon era un estado floreciente y un reino autoproclamado.

Se cree que tanto Dangun como Gija son figuras mitológicas, pero hallazgos recientes sugieren y teorizan que, dado que Gojoseon era un reino con artefactos que datan del cuarto milenio a. C., Dangun y Gija pueden haber sido títulos reales o imperiales utilizados para los monarcas de Gojoseon, de ahí el uso de Dangun durante 1900 años. ^[2]

Los primeros gobernantes mitológicos

Gobernantes históricos

Buyeo

Buyeo (c. siglo II a. C. – 494 d. C.) gobernó en lo que hoy es el noreste de China . Aunque los registros son escasos y contradictorios, se especula que en el siglo I a. C., Buyeo Oriental se ramificó, tras lo cual a veces se hace referencia al Buyeo original como Buyeo del Norte. Sus restos fueron absorbidos por el reino vecino y hermano de Goguryeo en 494.

TempranoBuyeo oriental

Galsa Buyeo

Buyeo del Norte posterior

Goguryeo

Goguryeo (37 a. C. – 668 d. C.) fue uno de los Tres Reinos de Corea . Es posible que los gobernantes de Goguryeo utilizaran el título de Taewang (太王, "Gran Rey").

Baekje

Baekje (18 a. C. – 660 d. C.) fue uno de los Tres Reinos de Corea . Los nombres de los templos eran los mismos que los nombres personales, a menos que se indicara lo contrario.

Silla

Silla (57 a. C. – 935 d. C.) fue uno de los Tres Reinos de Corea . En sus inicios, Silla estuvo gobernada por las familias Pak , Seok y Kim . Los gobernantes de Silla tenían varios títulos, entre ellos Isageum, Maripgan y Daewang . Al igual que algunos reyes de Baekje, algunos se declararon emperadores.

Hyeokgeose Geoseogan 혁거세 거서간 赫居世居西干 (57 a. C. - 4 d. C.)
Namhae Chachaung 남해 차차웅 南解次次雄 (4–24)
Yuri Isageum 유리이사금 儒理尼師今 (24–57) (Los reyes Yuri a Heurhae llevaban el título coreano Isageum , una antigua palabra para "gobernante")
Talhae Isageum 탈해이사금 脫解尼師今 (57–80)
Pasa Isageum 파사이사금 婆娑尼師今 (80–112)
Jima Isageum 지마이사금 祇摩尼師今 (112-134)
Ilseong Isageum 일성이사금 逸聖尼師今 (134-154)
Adalla Isageum 아달라이사금 阿達羅尼師今 (154–184)
Beolhyu Isageum 벌휴이사금 伐休尼師今 (184-196)
Naehae Isageum 내해이사금 奈解尼師今 (196–230)
Jobun Isageum 조분이사금 助賁尼師今 (230–247)
Cheomhae Isageum 첨해이사금 沾解尼師今 (247–261)
Michu Isageum 미추이사금 味鄒尼師今 (262–284)
Yurye Isageum 유례이사금 儒禮尼師今 (284–298)
Girim Isageum 기림이사금 基臨尼師今 (298–310)
Heulhae Isageum 흘해이사금 訖解尼師今 (310–356)
Naemul Maripgan 내물마립간 奈勿麻立干 (356–402) (Los reyes Naemul a Soji llevaban el título coreano Maripgan , una antigua palabra para "gobernante")
Silseong Maripgan 실성마립간 實聖麻立干 (402–417)
Nulji Maripgan 눌지마립간 訥祇麻立干 (417–458)
Jabi Maripgan 자비마립간 慈悲麻立干 (458–479)
Soji Maripgan 소지마립간 炤知麻立干 (479–500)
Rey Jijeung 지증왕 智證王 (500–514) (Los reyes de Jijeung a Gyeongsun llevaban el título de Wang (la palabra coreana moderna para "rey"), con las excepciones que se indican a continuación)
Rey Beopheung 법흥왕 法興王 (514–540)
Rey Jinheung 진흥왕 眞興王 (540–576)
Rey Jinji 진지왕 眞智王 (576–579)
Rey Jinpyeong 진평왕 眞平王 (579–632)
Reina Seondeok 선덕여왕 善德王 (632–647)
Reina Jindeok 진덕여왕 眞德王 (647–654)
Rey Taejong Muyeol 태종무열왕 太宗武烈王 (654–661)
Rey Munmu 문무왕 文武王 (661–681)
Rey Sinmun 신문왕 神文王 (681–692)
Rey Hyoso 효소왕 孝昭王 (692–702)
Rey Seongdeok 성덕왕 聖德王 (702–737)
Rey Hyoseong 효성왕 孝成王 (737–742)
Rey Gyeongdeok 경덕왕 景德王 (742–765)
Rey Hyegong 혜공왕 惠恭王 (765–780)
Rey Seondeok 선덕왕 宣德王 (780–785)
Rey Wonseong 원성왕 元聖王 (785–798)
Rey Soseong 소성왕 昭聖王 (798–800)
Rey Aejang 애장왕 哀莊王 (800–809)
Rey Heondeok 헌덕왕 憲德王 (809–826)
Rey Heungdeok 흥덕왕 興德王 (826–836)
Rey Huigang 희강왕 僖康王 (836–838)
Rey Minae 민애왕 閔哀王 (838–839)
Rey Sinmu 신무왕 神武王 (839)
Rey Munseong 문성왕 文聖王 (839–857)
Rey Heonan 헌안왕 憲安王 (857–861)
Rey Gyeongmun 경문왕 景文王 (861–875)
Rey Heongang 헌강왕 憲康王 (875–886)
Rey Jeonggang 정강왕 定康王 (886–887)
Reina Jinseong 진성여왕 眞聖王 (887–897)
Rey Hyogong 효공왕 孝恭王 (897–912)
Rey Sindeok 신덕왕 神德王 (912–917)
Rey Gyeongmyeong 경명왕 景明王 (917–924)
Rey Gyeongae 경애왕 景哀王 (924–927)
Rey Gyeongsun 경순왕 敬順王 (927–935)

Confederación de Gaya

La confederación de Gaya (42-562) estaba formada por varios pequeños estados. Todos los gobernantes de Gaya llevaban el título de Wang ("rey").

Geumgwan Gaya

Geumgwan Gaya (42–532) fue uno de los miembros de la confederación Gaya .

Daegaya

Daegaya (42–562) fue uno de los miembros de la confederación Gaya .

Tama

Tamna (2337 a. C.(?)–938 d. C.) fue un antiguo reino local en la isla de Jeju .

Balhae

Balhae (698–926) fue un antiguo reino coreano establecido después de la caída de Goguryeo . Balhae ocupó partes del sur del noreste de China , el krai de Primorie y la parte norte de la península de Corea .

Later Baekje

Later Baekje (900–936) was founded by Kyŏn Hwŏn, who was a general during Later Silla's period of decline. Thus began the Later Three Kingdoms period. Later Baekje met its downfall at the hands of Kyŏn Hwŏn himself, who later led the Goryeo armies alongside Taejo of Goryeo to capture Kyŏn Sin-gŏm, who had betrayed his father, Kyŏn Hwŏn, and usurped the throne.

Later Goguryeo

Taebong (901–918), also known as Majin or Later Goguryeo, was established by Gung-ye, an outcast prince of Silla. Gung-Ye joined General Yang Gil's rebellion, and rose through the ranks. He eventually assassinated Yang-Gil and established a new kingdom, naming it Later Goguryeo. Gung-Ye turned out to be a tyrant, and was overthrown by his generals, opening the way for General Wang Geon, who established Goryeo.

Goryeo dynasty

Goryeo (918–1392) was ruled by the Wang Dynasty. The first ruler had the temple name Taejo, which means "great progenitor", and was applied to the first kings of both Goryeo and Joseon, as they were also the founders of the Wang and Yi Dynasties respectively. Starting with Gwangjong, rulers of Goryeo styled themselves emperors, with the first three rulers elevated to that title posthumously. With the Mongol conquest, however, the title of the ruler was demoted to a king, or "Wang."

The next twenty-three kings (until Wonjong) are also referred to by their temple names, ending in jong. Beginning with Chungnyeol (the twenty-fifth king), all the remaining kings of Goryeo had the title Wang ("King") as part of their temple names. Era names are in bracket where available.

Joseon dynasty

Joseon (1392–1910) followed Goryeo. In 1897, when Joseon became the Korean Empire, some of the Joseon kings were posthumously raised to the rank of emperors.

Joseon monarchs had temple names ending in jo or jong. Jo was given to the first kings/emperors of new lines within the dynasty, with the first king/emperor having the special name (Taejo), which means "great progenitor" (see also Goryeo). Jong was given to all other kings/emperors.

Two kings, Yeonsangun and Gwanghaegun, were not given temple names after their reigns ended.

Each monarch had a posthumous name that included either the title Wang ("King"), Hwangje ("Emperor"), Daewang ("King X the Great"), or Daeje ("Emperor X the Great"). For the sake of consistency, the title "King/Emperor" has been added to each monarch's temple name in the list below.

* see Korean Empire section

Korean Empire

In 1897, King Gojong proclaimed Joseon to be the Korean Empire, which lasted until 1910. Technically, the emperors can be referred to by their era names rather than their temple names, but the latter are commonly used.

Notes

^ Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second Yuri through fifth Mobon, whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.
^ The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, and sometimes other records mention "other names," "birth names," "childhood names," or "personal names."
^ The king names generally derive from the location of the king's burial, and do not necessarily correspond to the Chinese concept of Posthumous name.
^ The Jolbon line names and dates are from the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu History of the Wei dynasty gives the following names: 朱蒙 Jumong, 閭達 Yeodal, 始閭諧 Shiryeohae, 如栗 Yeoyul, and 莫來 Mangnae. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when king Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contact with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Chumo, 儒留 Yuryu, and 大朱留 Daejuryu. The connections between those names are not clear.
^ Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second (Yuri) through fifth (Mobon), whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.
^ According to the Book of the Later Han, Taejo died in 121, and his son Chadae stepped up.

References

^ Hyung Il Pai (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 89–92. ISBN 978-0-674-00244-9.
^
- Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.
"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
- Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.
"Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
- Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4.
"Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."
- Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
- Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4.
"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
^ Book of later Han,桓帝延熹四年, 遣使朝賀貢獻. 永康元年,王夫台將二萬餘人寇玄菟, 玄菟太守公孫域擊破之, 斬首千餘級. 至靈帝熹平三年, 復奉章貢獻. 夫餘本屬玄菟, 獻帝時, 其王求屬遼東云.
^ Record of three kingdoms,時句麗·鮮卑彊度以夫餘在二虜之間妻以宗女。尉仇台死簡位居立。
^ Registro de tres reinos,尉仇台死簡位居立無適子有孽子麻餘位居死諸加共立麻餘
^ Registro de tres reinos
^ "의려". Enciclopedia de la cultura coreana .
^ "의라". Enciclopedia de la cultura coreana .
^ Il-yeon : Samguk Yusa: Leyendas e historia de los tres reinos de la antigua Corea , traducido por Tae-Hung Ha y Grafton K. Mintz. Epílogo, página 354. Pagoda de la Seda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5 - nota: las fechas del reinado de Geojilmi van hasta el año 344.

Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999).韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Resumen de la historia de Corea), 4ª ed . ISBN 978-89-445-9101-3.
Cumings, Bruce (1997). El lugar de Corea bajo el sol . Nueva York: WW Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31681-0.
Kim, Jung Bae (1997). "Formación de la nación étnica coreana y el surgimiento de sus antiguos reinos". Historia de Corea: descubrimiento de sus características y desarrollos . Seúl: Hollym. págs. 27–36. ISBN 978-1-56591-177-2.
Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). Corea: tradición y transformación: una historia del pueblo coreano . Hollym International. ISBN 978-0-930878-56-6.
https://web.archive.org/web/20031006023320/http://www.rootsinfo.co.kr/index_sub02.html (sólo en coreano)
http://www.rulers.org

[9] Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second Yuri through fifth Mobon, whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.

[10] The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, and sometimes other records mention "other names," "birth names," "childhood names," or "personal names."

[11] The king names generally derive from the location of the king's burial, and do not necessarily correspond to the Chinese concept of Posthumous name.

[12] The Jolbon line names and dates are from the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu History of the Wei dynasty gives the following names: 朱蒙 Jumong, 閭達 Yeodal, 始閭諧 Shiryeohae, 如栗 Yeoyul, and 莫來 Mangnae. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when king Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contact with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Chumo, 儒留 Yuryu, and 大朱留 Daejuryu. The connections between those names are not clear.

[13] Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second (Yuri) through fifth (Mobon), whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.

[14] According to the Book of the Later Han, Taejo died in 121, and his son Chadae stepped up.

[Pai2000-1] Hyung Il Pai (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 89–92. ISBN 978-0-674-00244-9.

[Gojoseon-2] 
Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.

"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."

Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.

"Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."

Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4.

"Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."

Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.

"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."

Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4.

"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."

[9] Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.

[10] Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.

[11] Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4.

[12] Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.

[13] Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4.

[3] Book of later Han,桓帝延熹四年, 遣使朝賀貢獻. 永康元年,王夫台將二萬餘人寇玄菟, 玄菟太守公孫域擊破之, 斬首千餘級. 至靈帝熹平三年, 復奉章貢獻. 夫餘本屬玄菟, 獻帝時, 其王求屬遼東云.

[4] Record of three kingdoms,時句麗·鮮卑彊度以夫餘在二虜之間妻以宗女。尉仇台死簡位居立。

[5] Registro de tres reinos,尉仇台死簡位居立無適子有孽子麻餘位居死諸加共立麻餘

[6] Registro de tres reinos

[7] "의려". Enciclopedia de la cultura coreana .

[8] "의라". Enciclopedia de la cultura coreana .

[15] Il-yeon : Samguk Yusa: Leyendas e historia de los tres reinos de la antigua Corea , traducido por Tae-Hung Ha y Grafton K. Mintz. Epílogo, página 354. Pagoda de la Seda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5 - nota: las fechas del reinado de Geojilmi van hasta el año 344.