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Mannar District

Coordinates : 08°52′N 80°04′E / 8.867°N 80.067°E / 8.867; 80.067 Mannar District ( Tamil : மன்னார் மாவட்டம் Maṉṉār Māvaṭṭam ; Sinhala : මන්නාරම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය ) is one of the 25 ...

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Coordinates: 08°52′N80°04′E / 8.867°N 80.067°E / 8.867; 80.067

Mannar District (Tamil: மன்னார் மாவட்டம்Maṉṉār Māvaṭṭam; Sinhala: මන්නාරම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is Mannar, which is located on Mannar Island.

History

Between the 5th century BC and 13th century AD, what is now Mannar District was part of Rajarata. Parts of Mannar District were thereafter part of the pre-colonial Jaffna kingdom.[4] The district then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The district was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[5] Mannar District, together with Jaffna District and Vanni District, formed the new Northern Province.[6]

At the time that Ceylon gained independence, Mannar was one of the three districts located in the Northern Province. Manthai East division was transferred to newly created Mullaitivu District in September 1978.

Much of Mannar District was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The entire district was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2008.

Geography

Mannar District is located in the north west of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an area of 1,996 square kilometres (771 sq mi).[1]

Geology, soil and water

Murunkan (que significa "tierra agrietada" en español), debido a la superficie de arcilla negra que se agrieta al secarse, es el lugar donde se encuentra el Estanque del Gigante . Contiene arcilla montmorillonita y es el único lugar de Sri Lanka donde se puede obtener este tipo de arcilla. Esta arcilla se utiliza en la fabricación de cemento.

El Aruvi Aru es el segundo río más largo de Sri Lanka y atraviesa los distritos de Mannar y Anuradhapura .

Mannar posee manantiales artesianos y acuíferos . Este suministro de agua proviene de las zonas centrales de Sri Lanka. La Provincia del Norte cuenta con agua dulce proveniente de acuíferos, la cual se utilizaba para el cultivo. Este tipo de acuíferos solo se encuentra en las zonas con suelo latosol rojo amarillento . No existen acuíferos de este tipo en las zonas con suelo marrón rojizo . El resto de la región de Vanni carece de un suministro perenne de agua dulce.

Flora y fauna

Cola de pato norteña en el distrito de Mannar

El distrito de Mannar es único por su vegetación y fauna, lo que contrasta con el resto de Sri Lanka.

La isla de Mannar es uno de los pocos lugares de Sri Lanka donde crecen los baobabs . A los monos les encanta su fruto, por lo que a veces se le conoce como el árbol del pan de mono.

El dugongo es un mamífero marino de tamaño mediano que se encuentra en la bahía de Mannar, Nachchikuda, la isla de Jaffna y cerca del puente de Adán . Su estado de conservación según la UICN es vulnerable debido a la caza excesiva para consumo y a la captura accidental en redes de pesca .

Una especie de tarántula en peligro crítico de extinción conocida como Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica fue encontrada por primera vez en Sri Lanka, en la región de Mannar. Esta fue la primera vez que se registró la araña fuera de la India [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ].

El santuario de aves de Vankalai, reconocido internacionalmente como un área importante para las aves acuáticas en virtud del Convenio de Ramsar , se encuentra en tierra firme, justo al sur de la isla de Mannar.

Unidades administrativas

El distrito de Mannar está dividido en 5 Divisiones de Secretario Divisional (Divisiones DS), cada una encabezada por un Secretario Divisional (anteriormente conocido como Agente Gubernamental Auxiliar). [ 10 ] Las Divisiones DS se subdividen a su vez en 153 Divisiones Grama Niladhari (Divisiones GN). [ 10 ]

Demographics

Population

Mannar District's population was 99,051 in 2012.[2] The population of the district is mostly Sri Lankan Tamil.

The population of the district, like the rest of the north and east of Sri Lanka, has been heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[13] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to the West during the war.[14] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. Most of the Sri Lankan Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the district fled to other parts of Sri Lanka or were forcibly expelled by the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, though most of them have returned to the district since the end of the civil war.

Ethnicity

Religion

Catholicism

Mannar is a predominantly Catholic Christian area. There was equal amount of Muslim population and a few Sinhalase before 1990. Portuguese rule introduced Christianity and Hindu temples were simply changed into Catholic Churches and Forts. The whole of southern coastal India and western coast of Sri Lanka is a Catholic stronghold from the time of Portuguese colonisation. Now, Sri Lanka's western coast is predominantly Buddhist while most coastal regions of India practise Hinduism except Goa. Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam may be present in small patches.

Christian churches

Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu

Mannar is part of the 'Catholic Belt' extending from Negombo to Jaffna. Portuguese first arrived in Colombo and established Catholicism in areas around Chilaw and further expanded their rule into Nagar Kovil, Kanyakumari and Tuticorin area. Thus the whole of Gulf of Mannar could be called a Catholic Belt.

The ancient Madu Church is one of the ancient churches in Asia and located near Murunkan. An ancient Kali Temple was demolished by Portuguese to construct the Catholic Church on the same location.

Pesalai Catholic Church is one of the largest church in Sri Lanka, which was rebuilt after year-2000. Alleged recent human rights violations by Sri Lanka Army and the LTTE attacks have brought it to the media attention internationally. (see 2006 Mannar massacres)

Vidathaltheevu St James Church also one of the big church in Mannar Diocese . It has a history of more than 400 years. Now also there are some ancient materials inside the church boundary which were protected and maintained by the very people who live in the suburb. Now the Church is being reconstructed by the village people.

There are also few Protestant/Christian Churches in Mannar. Methodist is one of a Senior church started in Mannar in the history and the Ceylon Pentecostal Mission is second to it. The Gospel Grace Church was started in 1984. My Saviour's Church, Philedephiya Full Gospel Church, Assemble of God & Christian Fellowship Church are also old churches in Mannar more than 10 years.

Hinduism

Two great Sivan temples in Mannar were demolished by Portuguese. The new Thiruketheeswaram is built after the independence and it houses all the archeological finds of Hindu artefacts unearthed in the area. Several Hindu celebereties have visited Thiruketheeswaram including Appar, Sundarar and Sambanthar.

Islam

Mannar had a large Moor population for a long time before the forced expulsion of Muslims by the LTTE in 1990. Muslims did not support a separate Tamil Eelam.

In 1503, Vasco Da Gama expelled all the Muslims during his rule of Indian Portuguese Territory as part of the war against Turkey and its allies. At that time Hindu kings were ruling Jaffna Kingdom and Muslim refugees who fled from Portuguese rule were accepted in Mannar as a safe haven. Mukkuvars who were at war with Portuguese also came from Kerala and Cochin to escape the ethnic cleansing by Portuguese. Mannar also had a Muslim Member of Parliament. Human tragedy of 1990 involved in the expulsion resulted in Muslims walking 50 kilometers to the safety of Puttalam through Wilpattu National Park.

Politics and government

Local government

DS Divisions of Mannar District, 2006

Mannar District has 5 local authorities of which one is an Urban Council and the remaining 4 are Divisional Councils (Pradesha Sabhai or Pradeshiya Sabha).[10]

Economy

Mannar Harbour

Rama's Bridge

Mannar has an ancient port which needs to be expanded into a large harbour like Rameshwaram Harbour. The present 'Sethusamudram Project' by the Indian Government will bring 90% of the shipping traffic very near to the Mannar Harbour.

Las ventajas estratégicas se derivan de la obtención de una ruta marítima navegable cerca de la costa, con una reducción de la distancia de viaje de más de 350 millas náuticas (650  km) (para buques de mayor tamaño). Se espera que el proyecto impulse el desarrollo económico e industrial de la costa de Tamil Nadu. El proyecto será de particular importancia para Jaffna, Kankesanthurai, Mannar, Point Pedro y el puerto de Tuticorin. Tuticorin tiene el potencial de transformarse en un puerto nodal. El Gobierno de Tamil Nadu ha anunciado su propuesta para desarrollar 13 puertos menores, incluidos Ennore, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thondi, Valinokam, Kolachel y Kanyakumari.

Se prevé que el desarrollo del canal y los puertos también proporcione una mayor seguridad marítima para Tamil Nadu y Sri Lanka.

Los demás puertos de Sri Lanka quedarán desatendidos por los barcos, y los puertos indios se encargarán del tráfico marítimo. Por lo tanto, es necesario iniciar un proyecto de cien millones de dólares para construir un puerto moderno en Mannar y así poder competir. Dicho puerto podría ubicarse en el lado norte o sur de Mannar, ya que ambas zonas pueden atender a buques de alta mar.

El proyecto ha sido criticado por algunos ecologistas. [ 18 ]

Notas

  1. ↑ Tamil de Sri Lanka y tamil de la India .
  2. ↑ Moros de Sri Lanka y moros de la India.
  3. ↑ El censo de 2001 no se realizó en el distrito de Mannar.
  4. ↑ Católicos romanos y otros cristianos.
  5. ↑ Incluye TULF .

Referencias

  1. 1 2 "Superficie de Sri Lanka por provincia y distrito" (PDF) . Resumen estadístico 2011. Departamento de Censos y Estadísticas de Sri Lanka. Archivado del original (PDF) el 13 de noviembre de 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "A2 : Población por grupo étnico según distritos, 2012" . Censo de Población y Vivienda, 2011. Departamento de Censos y Estadísticas, Sri Lanka. Archivado del original el 28 de abril de 2017. Recuperado el 4 de noviembre de 2012 . 
  3. 1 2 "A3 : Población por religión según distritos, 2012" . Censo de Población y Vivienda, 2011. Departamento de Censos y Estadísticas, Sri Lanka. Archivado del original el 24 de diciembre de 2018. Recuperado el 4 de noviembre de 2012 . 
  4. ^ de Silva, KM (1981). Una historia de Sri Lanka . Nueva Delhi : Oxford University Press . págs. xvii. 
  5. ↑Mills, Lennox A. (1933). Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
  6. ↑Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. pp. 39–40.
  7. ↑Nanayakkara, Ranil P.; Ganehiarachchi, G.A.S. Mangala; Vishvanath, Nilantha; Kusuminda, Thambiliya Godage Tharaka (2015-03-30). "Discovery of the Critically Endangered Tarantula Species of the Genus Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, From Sri Lanka". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 8 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2015.01.002.
  8. ↑"Critically Endangered Tarantula Links India and Sri Lanka".
  9. ↑"Discovery of the Critically Endangered Tarantula Species of the Genus Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, from Sri Lanka".
  10. 123456"Statistical Information 2012". Northern Provincial Council.
  11. ↑"Land area by province, district and divisional secretariat division"(PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  12. ↑"A6 : Population by ethnicity and district according to Divisional Secretary's Division, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original on 2016-11-01. Retrieved 2012-11-04.
  13. ↑"Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News (Australia). 20 May 2009. Archived from the original on May 24, 2009.
  14. ↑Harrison, Frances (23 July 2003). "Twenty years on - riots that led to war". BBC News.
  15. ↑"Statistical Information 2010"(PDF). Northern Provincial Council.
  16. 12"Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 - Northern Province"(PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-03-28.
  17. ↑ "Población por religión y distrito, Censo de 1981, 2001" (PDF) . Resumen estadístico 2011. Departamento de Censos y Estadísticas, Sri Lanka. Archivado del original (PDF) el 13 de noviembre de 2012.
  18. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20221007185134/http://www.mannar.com/documents/MANNAR.COM.pdf
  • Secretaría del distrito de Mannar. Archivado el 6 de febrero de 2015 en Wayback Machine.