Articulo de referencia

Informe de Mueller

La versión redactada del Informe sobre la investigación de la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 fue publicada por el Departamento de Justicia el 18 de ...

La versión redactada del Informe sobre la investigación de la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 fue publicada por el Departamento de Justicia el 18 de abril de 2019.

El informe de Mueller , oficialmente titulado Informe sobre la investigación sobre la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 , es el informe oficial que documenta los hallazgos y conclusiones de la investigación del ex fiscal especial Robert Mueller sobre los esfuerzos rusos para interferir en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2016 , las acusaciones de conspiración o coordinación entre la campaña presidencial de Donald Trump y Rusia , y las acusaciones de obstrucción de la justicia . El informe fue presentado al fiscal general William Barr el 22 de marzo de 2019, [1] y el Departamento de Justicia (DOJ) publicó una versión redactada del informe de 448 páginas el 18 de abril de 2019. Está dividido en dos volúmenes. Las redacciones del informe y su material de apoyo fueron colocadas bajo una "afirmación protectora" temporal del privilegio ejecutivo por el entonces presidente Trump el 8 de mayo de 2019, impidiendo que el material se pasara al Congreso , [2] a pesar de la garantía previa de Barr de que Trump no ejercería el privilegio. [3]

Aunque el informe concluye que la investigación "no estableció que miembros de la campaña de Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso en sus actividades de interferencia electoral", [4] [5] [6] los investigadores tenían una imagen incompleta de lo que sucedió debido en parte a algunas comunicaciones que fueron cifradas, eliminadas o no guardadas, así como a testimonios que eran falsos, incompletos o rechazados. [7] [8] [9] El informe afirma que la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 fue ilegal y ocurrió "de manera generalizada y sistemática", [10] [11] [12] y fue bien recibida por la campaña de Trump, ya que esperaba beneficiarse de tales esfuerzos. [13] [14] [15] También identificó múltiples vínculos entre asociados de Trump y funcionarios y espías rusos , [16] sobre los cuales varias personas relacionadas con la campaña hicieron declaraciones falsas y obstruyeron las investigaciones. [4] Mueller declaró más tarde que los hallazgos de su investigación sobre la interferencia rusa "merecen la atención de todos los estadounidenses". [17]

El volumen II del informe aborda la obstrucción de la justicia. La investigación adoptó intencionalmente un enfoque que no podía dar lugar a un juicio de que Trump cometió un delito. [18] [19] [20] Esta decisión se basó en una opinión de la Oficina del Asesor Jurídico (OLC) de que un presidente en funciones es inmune al procesamiento penal , [21] [22] [23] y la creencia de Mueller de que sería injusto acusar al presidente de un delito incluso sin acusarlo porque no tendría oportunidad de limpiar su nombre en la corte; además, socavaría la capacidad de Trump para gobernar y evitar el impeachment . [19] [22] [24] [21] [25] Como tal, la investigación "no concluye que el presidente cometió un delito"; sin embargo, "tampoco lo exonera", [26] [27] y los investigadores no confían en la inocencia de Trump. [28] [29] [30] [31] El informe describe diez episodios en los que Trump puede haber obstruido la justicia mientras era presidente y uno antes de ser elegido, [32] [33] señalando que trató en privado de "controlar la investigación". [34] [35] [36] El informe afirma además que el Congreso puede decidir si Trump obstruyó la justicia y tomar medidas en consecuencia, [19] [37] [38] haciendo referencia al impeachment. [39] [40]

Incluso antes de ver el informe de Mueller, Barr ya había decidido no acusar a Trump de obstrucción a la justicia. [41] [42] [43] Con este fin, al recibir el informe, encargó a la Oficina de Asesoría Jurídica (OLC) que escribiera un memorando interno que proporcionara una justificación pretextual para su decisión. [44] La carta de cuatro páginas de Barr fue escrita en el transcurso de dos días junto con un memorando legal en el que aparentemente se basaba la carta [43] y fue enviada al Congreso el 24 de marzo, pretendiendo detallar las conclusiones del informe de Mueller y anunciando la decisión de Barr de no acusar a Trump. [45] El 27 de marzo, Mueller le escribió en privado a Barr, afirmando que la carta de Barr del 24 de marzo "no capturaba completamente el contexto, la naturaleza y la sustancia del trabajo y las conclusiones de esta oficina" y que esto condujo a una "confusión pública". [46] Barr rechazó la solicitud de Mueller de publicar la introducción y los resúmenes ejecutivos del informe antes del informe completo. [47] El 18 de abril, Barr celebró una conferencia de prensa de 90 minutos en la que él y altos funcionarios del Departamento de Justicia defendieron a Trump [3] [48] [49] y su decisión de no acusarlo de obstrucción, [50] inmediatamente antes de la publicación pública del informe de Mueller. [51] Tras la publicación del informe de Mueller, la carta de Barr fue ampliamente criticada como un esfuerzo intencionalmente engañoso para moldear las percepciones públicas a favor de Trump, [45] y los comentaristas identificaron discrepancias fácticas significativas. El 1 de mayo, Barr testificó que "no exoneró" a Trump por obstrucción porque "eso no es lo que hace el Departamento de Justicia" [52] y que ni él ni Rosenstein habían revisado la evidencia subyacente en el informe. [53] En julio de 2019, Mueller testificó ante el Congreso que un presidente podría ser acusado de delitos que incluyen obstrucción de la justicia después de dejar el cargo. [54]

Fondo

Impulso a la investigación

El 9 de mayo de 2017, el presidente Donald Trump despidió al exdirector del Buró Federal de Investigaciones , James Comey , quien había estado liderando una investigación en curso del Buró Federal de Investigaciones (FBI) sobre los vínculos entre los asociados de Trump y los funcionarios y espías rusos . [56] [57] Esta investigación, llamada en código Crossfire Hurricane , comenzó en julio de 2016 después de que el gobierno australiano informara a las autoridades estadounidenses que George Papadopoulos , un asesor de política exterior en la campaña de Trump, se había reunido con uno de sus diplomáticos en mayo de 2016 y "sugirió que el equipo de Trump había recibido algún tipo de sugerencia de Rusia" de que Rusia podría divulgar información que sería perjudicial para Hillary Clinton. [58] [59] Papadopoulos había recibido esta sugerencia en abril de 2016, mucho antes de que se informara públicamente que Rusia tenía información perjudicial sobre Clinton (el Comité Nacional Demócrata había anunciado en junio de 2016 que ocurrió un hackeo ruso). [60] [61] Papadopoulos testificó más tarde que esta "información dañina" estaba en forma de correos electrónicos pirateados que fueron robados del Partido Demócrata. [62]

Más de 130 legisladores demócratas del Congreso de los Estados Unidos pidieron que se designara un fiscal especial en reacción al despido de Comey. [63] CNN informó que dentro de los ocho días posteriores al despido de Comey, el director interino del FBI en ese momento, Andrew McCabe , abrió una investigación del FBI sobre Trump por obstrucción de la justicia , quien citó múltiples razones, incluido el despido de Comey. [64] Después de que McCabe fuera despedido más tarde del FBI, confirmó que había abierto la investigación por obstrucción y dio razones adicionales para su lanzamiento. [65]

El entonces fiscal general Jeff Sessions anuncia su recusación de las investigaciones sobre la campaña de Trump en marzo de 2017

Ocho días después del despido de Comey, el entonces fiscal general adjunto Rod Rosenstein nombró a Robert Mueller , bajo el 28 CFR § 600.1 , como fiscal especial para hacerse cargo y ampliar una investigación de contrainteligencia existente del FBI sobre la posible interferencia rusa en las elecciones de Estados Unidos de 2016 , así como la investigación del FBI sobre los vínculos entre los asociados de Trump y los funcionarios y espías rusos que Comey estaba liderando. [57] [66] [67] El fiscal especial también se hizo cargo de la investigación del FBI sobre si el presidente Trump obstruyó la justicia con Comey. [64] La autoridad de Rosenstein para nombrar a Mueller surgió debido a la recusación de marzo de 2017 del fiscal general Jeff Sessions de las investigaciones sobre la campaña de Trump. [57] [67] [68]

Alcance y mandato

Según su documento de autorización, [55] que fue firmado por el entonces fiscal general adjunto Rod Rosenstein el 17 de mayo de 2017, el alcance de la investigación incluía acusaciones de que existían vínculos o coordinación entre la campaña presidencial del presidente Donald Trump y el gobierno ruso [69] [70] así como "cualquier asunto que surgiera o pudiera surgir directamente de la investigación". [55] El documento de autorización también incluía "cualquier otro asunto dentro del alcance de 28 CFR § 600.4(a) "; [55] permitiendo al fiscal especial "investigar y procesar" cualquier intento de interferir con su investigación, "como perjurio , obstrucción de la justicia, destrucción de evidencia e intimidación de testigos ". [71]

Actas de investigación

La investigación del fiscal especial se desarrolló entre el 17 de mayo de 2017 y el 22 de marzo de 2019 y dio como resultado treinta y cuatro acusaciones formales , incluidas contra varios exmiembros de la campaña de Trump , y muchos de los cuales aún están siendo juzgados. La investigación emitió más de 2.800 citaciones , ejecutó casi 500 órdenes de allanamiento y entrevistó a aproximadamente 500 testigos. [72]

El informe de Mueller incluía referencias a 14 investigaciones criminales que fueron remitidas a otras oficinas, 12 de las cuales fueron completamente censuradas en la publicación del 18 de abril. Las otras dos estaban relacionadas con Michael Cohen y Gregory Craig , casos que ya eran públicos. [73]

Recomendaciones

Volumen I

El volumen I comienza en la página 1 del informe y se centra en la interferencia rusa y las acusaciones de “conspiración” o “coordinación” entre la campaña presidencial de Trump y Rusia, “no en el concepto de ‘colusión’”. [74]

Interferencia rusa

El informe de Mueller concluyó que el gobierno ruso “interfirió en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 de manera generalizada y sistemática” y “violó el derecho penal estadounidense”. [11] [12] [75] El informe relató dos métodos por los cuales Rusia intentó influir en las elecciones. [76] [77]

Campaña en redes sociales

El primer método de interferencia rusa se llevó a cabo a través de la Agencia de Investigación de Internet (IRA), que llevó a cabo "una campaña en las redes sociales que favorecía al candidato presidencial Donald J. Trump y menospreciaba a la candidata presidencial Hillary Clinton ". [26] La IRA también buscó "provocar y amplificar la discordia política y social en los Estados Unidos". [78] [79]

En febrero de 2016, documentos internos del IRA mostraron una orden para apoyar las candidaturas de Donald Trump y Bernie Sanders , mientras que los miembros del IRA debían "aprovechar cualquier oportunidad para criticar" a Hillary Clinton y al resto de los candidatos. [80] Desde junio de 2016, el IRA organizó mítines electorales en los EE. UU. "a menudo promoviendo" la campaña de Trump mientras se "oponían" a la campaña de Clinton. [81] El IRA se hizo pasar por estadounidenses, ocultando su origen ruso, mientras pedía a los miembros de la campaña de Trump botones de campaña, volantes y carteles para los mítines. El informe de Mueller detalló que el IRA gastó $100,000 en más de 3,500 anuncios de Facebook , que incluían anuncios anti-Clinton y pro-Trump. [82]

El informe enumera los grupos creados por el IRA en Facebook , incluidos "supuestos grupos conservadores" (por ejemplo, "Tea Party News"), "supuestos grupos de justicia social negros" (por ejemplo, "Blacktivist"), "grupos LGBTQ" (por ejemplo, "LGBT United") y "grupos religiosos" (por ejemplo, "United Muslims of America"). [82] Las cuentas de Twitter del IRA incluían a @TEN_GOP (que afirmaba estar relacionada con el Partido Republicano de Tennessee ), @jenn_abrams y @Pamela_Moore13 (ambas afirmaban ser partidarias de Trump y ambas tenían 70.000 seguidores). [83] Varios miembros de la campaña de Trump ( Donald J. Trump Jr. , Eric Trump , Kellyanne Conway , Brad Parscale y Michael Flynn ) vincularon o republicaron material de la cuenta de Twitter @TEN_GOP del IRA mencionada anteriormente. Otras personas que respondieron a las cuentas de redes sociales del IRA incluyen a Michael McFaul , Sean Hannity , Roger Stone y Michael G. Flynn (hijo de Michael Flynn). [84]

Hackeo y liberación de material

El segundo método de interferencia rusa fue el de la agencia de inteligencia militar rusa GRU, que pirateó cuentas de correo electrónico propiedad de voluntarios y empleados de la campaña presidencial de Clinton, incluida la del presidente de la campaña, John Podesta , y también pirateó "las redes informáticas del Comité de Campaña del Congreso Demócrata (DCCC) y el Comité Nacional Demócrata (DNC)". Como resultado, el GRU obtuvo cientos de miles de documentos pirateados y procedió a organizar la liberación de material pirateado dañino a través de la organización WikiLeaks y también de las falsas personalidades del GRU " DCLeaks " y " Guccifer 2.0 ". [85] [86] [87]

Conspiración o coordinación versus colusión

La investigación encontró que hubo al menos 140 contactos entre Trump o 18 de sus asociados con ciudadanos rusos y WikiLeaks, o sus intermediarios, aunque los contactos fueron insuficientes para demostrar una conspiración ilegal. [88] Para establecer si un delito fue cometido por miembros de la campaña de Trump con respecto a la interferencia rusa, los investigadores "aplicaron el marco de la ley de conspiración", y no el concepto de "colusión", porque la colusión "no es un delito específico o teoría de responsabilidad que se encuentre en el Código de los Estados Unidos, ni es un término técnico en el derecho penal federal". [89] [90] También investigaron si los miembros de la campaña de Trump "coordinaron" con Rusia, utilizando la definición de "coordinación" como tener "un acuerdo -tácito o expreso- entre la campaña de Trump y el gobierno ruso sobre la interferencia electoral". Los investigadores explicaron además que simplemente tener "dos partes que toman acciones que fueron informadas por o respondieron a las acciones o intereses del otro" no era suficiente para establecer la coordinación. [91] [92]

El fiscal especial identificó dos métodos que el gobierno ruso utilizó para comunicarse con la campaña de Trump. “La investigación identificó dos formas diferentes de conexiones entre el IRA y los miembros de la campaña de Trump. [...] En primer lugar, en múltiples ocasiones, los miembros y representantes de la campaña de Trump promovieron –normalmente mediante enlaces, retuits o métodos similares de reenvío– contenido pro-Trump o anti-Clinton publicado por el IRA a través de cuentas de redes sociales controladas por el IRA. Además, en algunos casos, los empleados del IRA se hicieron pasar por ciudadanos estadounidenses para comunicarse con miembros de la campaña de Trump en un esfuerzo por buscar asistencia y coordinación en los mítines políticos organizados por el IRA dentro de los Estados Unidos”, afirma el informe. [75]

En segundo lugar, el informe detalla una reunión en la Torre Trump en junio de 2016. La intención de la reunión era intercambiar "información sucia" sobre la campaña de Clinton . Se especuló que Trump Jr. se lo contó a su padre. Sin embargo, el fiscal especial no pudo encontrar ninguna prueba de que lo hiciera. [75] La oficina se negó a presentar cargos por dos razones: la oficina "no obtuvo evidencia admisible" que cumpliera con el principio de carga de la prueba más allá de una duda razonable de que los funcionarios de la campaña actuaron con conocimiento general sobre la ilegalidad de su conducta; en segundo lugar, la oficina esperaba dificultades para valorar la información prometida que "excedía el umbral para una infracción penal" de $ 2,000 para una infracción penal y $ 25,000 para una pena por delito grave . [93]

El informe citó varios impedimentos a la capacidad de los investigadores para obtener información, incluidos los testigos que invocaron su derecho de la Quinta Enmienda contra la autoincriminación, los testigos que eliminaron comunicaciones electrónicas o usaron aplicaciones de mensajería cifradas o autodestructivas, las limitaciones para entrevistar a abogados o personas que afirmaron ser miembros de los medios de comunicación, la información obtenida a través de citaciones que fue filtrada a los investigadores debido al privilegio legal y el testimonio falso o incompleto proporcionado por los testigos. [7] [8] [94] [9] [95]

Si bien no se demostró que hubiera una “conspiración” o “coordinación”, el informe de Mueller dejó muchas preguntas sin respuesta, como por ejemplo si los innumerables contactos secretos entre los asociados de Trump y los rusos, sobre los que mintieron, constituían, en palabras de Mueller, “una tercera vía de intento de interferencia o influencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016”. Benjamin Wittes ha escrito sobre esto:

Dicho de otro modo, ¿qué historia cuentan estos contactos si no es la de una coordinación activa? Seguramente no son, en conjunto, inocentes. No son una práctica comercial normal para una campaña presidencial. Cuando Mueller pregunta si constituyeron una especie de tercera vía para la interferencia rusa, en realidad está preguntando, en el lenguaje fiscal de que dispone, qué hacer con ellos... En mi opinión, de todos modos, esa es la historia que Mueller contó en esta sección. Puede que no sea un delito, pero es una traición muy profunda. [96]

George Croner, del Foreign Policy Research Institute, también ha expresado su preocupación por lo que describe como un enfoque "curiosamente flácido" adoptado por Mueller al abordar lo que el público normalmente interpretaría como "coordinación". Considera que la dependencia de Mueller de un enfoque formal de "acuerdo tácito" es "una construcción demasiado cautelosa" y "legalista":

Para la mayoría de las personas, en algún momento, la conducta paralela persistente junto con "múltiples vínculos" entre los participantes sugiere cada vez más que la conducta está coordinada, no es coincidentemente paralela... [N]o es sorprendente que muchos estén confundidos por la incapacidad, o la negativa, del Fiscal Especial de llegar a una conclusión sobre lo que se percibe públicamente como la razón de ser de la investigación. [97]

Ryan Goodman ha examinado las conclusiones del informe de Mueller sobre la colusión. Describió las conclusiones como "una serie de actividades que muestran pruebas contundentes de colusión. O, más precisamente, proporciona pruebas significativas de que los asociados de la campaña de Trump coordinaron, cooperaron, alentaron o apoyaron las actividades de interferencia electoral de Rusia/WikiLeaks". El informe de Mueller documentó 14 formas diferentes de colusión entre la campaña de Trump y los rusos que Goodman analiza. [98]

Falsas afirmaciones de "no colusión"

Trump [99] y muchos de sus partidarios han afirmado falsamente que "no hubo colusión", a pesar de que Mueller no llegó a ninguna conclusión sobre "colusión", solo sobre "conspiración" o "coordinación", y Mueller rechazó tales afirmaciones. [100] El senador Lindsey Graham declaró falsamente que "el Sr. Mueller y su equipo concluyeron que no hubo colusión". [101] El líder de la minoría de la Cámara de Representantes, Kevin McCarthy, declaró que "nada de lo que vimos hoy cambia los resultados subyacentes de la investigación de Mueller de 22 meses de duración que finalmente no encontró colusión". [102] En una conferencia de prensa del 18 de abril de 2019, el fiscal general William Barr "señaló que, como el presidente 'dijo desde el principio, de hecho no hubo colusión' con los intentos de Moscú de interferir en las elecciones". [103] El representante Matt Gaetz tuiteó una foto que lo mostraba sosteniendo la portada del conservador Washington Times salpicada con una gran foto de Barr y el titular: "No hay conspiración de Rusia, no hay colusión". [104] La Asociación Americana de Abogados tituló un artículo con el título "Mueller no encuentra colusión con Rusia...", que reflejaba una cita de Trump en el artículo: "'Se acaba de anunciar que no hubo colusión con Rusia', dijo Trump el domingo. 'Fue una exoneración completa y total'". [105]

En una entrevista de enero de 2019 con Chris Cuomo de CNN , el abogado de Trump, Rudy Giuliani, socavó la afirmación de Trump cuando "afirmó el miércoles por la noche que 'nunca dijo que no hubo colusión' entre la campaña del presidente Trump y Rusia antes de las elecciones presidenciales de 2016". [106]

Giuliani: [se quejó de] "falsedad en la información" sobre la investigación de Rusia.
Cuomo: "Señor alcalde, la información falsa es decir que nadie en la campaña tuvo contacto con Rusia. La información falsa es decir que no ha habido ningún tipo de sugerencia de colusión entre la campaña y ningún ruso".
Giuliani: "Usted acaba de expresar erróneamente mi posición. Nunca dije que no hubo colusión entre la campaña, o entre personas en la campaña".
Cuomo: "Sí, lo ha dicho". [106]

Después de sus comentarios en CNN, Giuliani hizo declaraciones que NPR describió como un "aparente cambio de rumbo" con respecto a su entrevista televisiva: dijo que "'no hubo colusión por parte del presidente Trump de ninguna manera, forma o modo' y que no tenía 'conocimiento de ninguna colusión por parte de ninguna de las miles de personas que trabajaron en la campaña'". [107]

Randall Eliason ha cuestionado si la colusión no es un delito: "Decir que el presidente está libre de responsabilidades porque no existe un delito llamado 'colusión' es como afirmar que el presidente podría dispararle a alguien en la Quinta Avenida y evitar ser procesado porque los estatutos penales prohíben el 'homicidio' y no los 'disparos'". [108]

Volumen II

El Volumen II comienza en la página 208 del archivo PDF oficial del informe y detalla posibles casos de obstrucción de la justicia. [109] [51] [110] [111] La numeración de páginas en el archivo se reinicia con el Volumen II. [111]

La reacción de Trump al nombramiento de Mueller

Según el informe, al enterarse de que Mueller había sido designado como fiscal especial, Trump le dijo a Jeff Sessions: "Oh, Dios mío. Esto es terrible. Este es el fin de mi presidencia. Estoy jodido", cuando estaban teniendo una reunión en la Oficina Oval . [112] [113] "Se suponía que debías protegerme", recordó Sessions que le dijo Trump. "Todo el mundo me dice que si consigues uno de estos fiscales independientes arruinarás tu presidencia. Lleva años y años y no podré hacer nada. Esto es lo peor que me ha pasado", dijo Trump más tarde, según Sessions y Jody Hunt , el entonces jefe de gabinete de Sessions. [113]

Obstrucción de la justicia

En cuanto a la obstrucción de la justicia, el informe afirmó que la investigación "no estableció que el presidente estuviera involucrado en un delito subyacente relacionado con la interferencia rusa en las elecciones", pero los investigadores escribieron que la obstrucción de la justicia aún podría ocurrir "independientemente de si una persona cometió un delito subyacente". [114] [115] Trump, Barr, Rudy Giuliani y otros han mantenido de manera persistente e incorrecta que una persona no puede obstruir la justicia a menos que haya cometido un delito subyacente. [ se necesita más explicación ] [116] [117] [118] [119]

En cuanto a la obstrucción de la justicia, el informe "no concluye que el presidente cometió un delito, [y] tampoco lo exonera". Dado que la oficina del fiscal especial había decidido "no hacer un juicio procesal tradicional", "no sacaron conclusiones definitivas sobre la conducta del presidente". El informe "no concluye que el presidente cometió un delito", [26] ya que los investigadores decidieron "no aplicar un enfoque que potencialmente pudiera resultar en un juicio de que el presidente cometió delitos". [18] [37] [19] Los investigadores no emitieron un juicio sobre si acusar a Trump de un delito, por dos razones principales: en primer lugar, la investigación se atuvo a la opinión de la Oficina del Asesor Jurídico (OLC) del Departamento de Justicia escrita en 2000 de que un presidente en funciones no puede ser acusado federalmente , una postura adoptada desde el inicio de la investigación. [21] [22] [120] En segundo lugar, los investigadores no querían acusar a Trump porque un cargo penal federal obstaculizaría la "capacidad de gobernar de un presidente en funciones y potencialmente impediría el proceso constitucional para abordar la mala conducta presidencial", [121] con una referencia a pie de página al juicio político . [122] Incluso si los cargos se recomendaran en un memorando secreto o un documento de acusación sellado hasta que terminara la presidencia de Trump, la información aún podría filtrarse. [19] [22] [75] Además, la oficina del fiscal especial rechazó la opción alternativa de acusar a Trump de cometer un delito sin presentar cargos. Los investigadores sintieron que esta opción alternativa sería injusta para Trump, ya que no habría un juicio en el que Trump pudiera limpiar su propio nombre. [21] [22] [34]

La oficina del fiscal especial no exoneró a Trump por obstrucción de la justicia porque no estaban seguros de que Trump fuera claramente inocente, después de examinar "la evidencia que [obtuvieron] sobre las acciones e intenciones del presidente". [28] [29] [30] [39] La "investigación encontró múltiples actos del presidente que fueron capaces de ejercer una influencia indebida sobre las investigaciones policiales, incluidas las investigaciones sobre la interferencia y obstrucción rusa". [123] El informe señaló que una vez que Trump se dio cuenta de que estaba siendo investigado personalmente por obstrucción de la justicia, comenzó a "atacar públicamente la investigación y las personas involucradas en ella que podrían poseer evidencia adversa al presidente, mientras que en privado, el presidente participó en una serie de esfuerzos dirigidos a controlar la investigación". [34] Sin embargo, los "esfuerzos del presidente Trump para influir en la investigación fueron en su mayoría infructuosos, pero eso se debe en gran medida a que las personas que rodeaban al presidente se negaron a cumplir órdenes o acceder a sus solicitudes". Esto evitó más cargos de obstrucción de la justicia "contra los ayudantes y asociados del presidente más allá de los ya presentados". [34] [35] [124] [125]

El informe señala que el Congreso tiene la autoridad de decidir si Trump obstruyó la justicia y luego tomar medidas adicionales si se produjo la obstrucción, y los investigadores escribieron: "La conclusión de que el Congreso puede aplicar las leyes de obstrucción al ejercicio corrupto de los poderes del cargo por parte del presidente concuerda con nuestro sistema constitucional de controles y equilibrios y el principio de que nadie está por encima de la ley". Esta frase fue interpretada como una posible referencia a que el Congreso podría iniciar un proceso de juicio político contra el presidente Trump. [19] [34] [37] [39] [126]

Episodios de presunta obstrucción

Algunas fuentes como FactCheck.org , PBS NewsHour y The New York Times describen el informe como un informe que detalla once episodios en los que Trump podría haber obstruido la justicia; un episodio como candidato presidencial o presidente electo, y diez episodios mientras Trump era presidente: [32] [33] [127]

El fiscal general William Barr afirmó que hay diez episodios de obstrucción potencial. [128] Otras fuentes como The Washington Post y The Hill también informan de diez episodios; ambos omiten el episodio en el que Trump era candidato presidencial o presidente electo. [28] [129] CBS News cuenta diez episodios, omitiendo el que involucra a Corey Lewandowski . [130]

Quinta Jurecic, editora en jefe de Lawfare , creó un cuadro para simplificar y resumir el análisis de Mueller de estos episodios en el informe. Jurecic no analiza el episodio que ocurrió cuando Trump era candidato presidencial o presidente electo. [131]

La respuesta de la campaña de Trump al apoyo ruso

La sección A del volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El informe afirma que el primer caso posible de obstrucción fue durante la campaña presidencial de 2016, cuando surgieron preguntas "sobre el aparente apoyo del gobierno ruso al candidato Trump". El informe afirma que, si bien Trump se mostró públicamente escéptico de que Rusia hubiera publicado correos electrónicos de funcionarios demócratas, Trump y sus ayudantes también estaban tratando de obtener información sobre "cualquier otra publicación planeada de WikiLeaks". [132] [130] Según el informe, poco después de una publicación de WikiLeaks, [ ¿cuál? ] Rick Gates , entonces vicepresidente de campaña, se dirigía al aeropuerto LaGuardia con Trump cuando Trump recibió una llamada telefónica. Después de la llamada, "el candidato Trump le dijo a Gates que vendrían más publicaciones de información perjudicial". [133] [32] El informe también señala que Trump dijo constantemente que no tenía conexiones comerciales con Rusia, a pesar de que su empresa estaba tratando de construir una Torre Trump en Moscú . "Después de la elección, el presidente expresó su preocupación a los asesores de que los informes de la interferencia electoral de Rusia podrían llevar al público a cuestionar la legitimidad de su elección". [134] [130] [135]

La conducta del presidente en la investigación de Michael Flynn

La sección B del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El informe describe el contacto de Michael Flynn , el primer asesor de seguridad nacional de Trump, con el embajador ruso Sergey Kislyak , poco después de que la administración Obama impusiera sanciones contra Rusia el 29 de diciembre de 2016. [136] [137] Más tarde ese día, KT McFarland , "que estaba programado para convertirse en el asesor adjunto de seguridad nacional ... habló por teléfono sobre lo que, si había algo, Flynn debería comunicar a Kislyak sobre las sanciones". [138] El informe detalla que, en base a esas conversaciones, "McFarland informó a Flynn que los funcionarios entrantes de la administración en Mar-a-Lago no querían que Rusia intensificara la situación". El exjefe de gabinete Reince Priebus "recordó que McFarland puede haber mencionado en la reunión que la situación de las sanciones podría 'enfriarse' y no intensificarse". [139] [140] Priebus recuerda que el presidente electo Trump vio las sanciones "como un intento de la administración Obama de avergonzarlo deslegitimando su elección". [141] [140] Más tarde esa noche, Flynn llamó a Kislyak y le preguntó cómo debería responder Rusia a las nuevas sanciones estadounidenses: "solo de manera recíproca, sin escalar la situación". [142] [143] [144] Después, Flynn informó a McFarland sobre la llamada. Flynn dijo que la respuesta rusa a las sanciones "no iba a ser una escalada porque Rusia quería una buena relación con la administración Trump ". [145] [144] El 30 de diciembre, el presidente ruso Vladimir Putin anunció que Rusia "no tomaría medidas de represalia en respuesta a las sanciones en ese momento y, en cambio, 'planificaría... más pasos para restablecer las relaciones ruso-estadounidenses basadas en las políticas de la administración Trump '". [146] Trump respondió a la noticia tuiteando: "Gran decisión de demorar el asunto (por parte de V. Putin). ¡Siempre supe que era muy inteligente!". [146] [147] El informe detalla que Don McGahn y Priebus advirtieron a Trump que no discutiera la investigación rusa con Comey, pero Trump lo hizo de todos modos. [148]

El informe de Mueller describió un mensaje de voz de noviembre de 2017 que los abogados de Flynn recibieron del "abogado personal" de Trump, supuestamente John Dowd , [149] quien declaró: "[S]i... hay información que implica al presidente, entonces tenemos un problema de seguridad nacional... así que, ya sabes, ... necesitamos algún tipo de aviso", [150] reiterando los "sentimientos del presidente hacia Flynn y eso todavía permanece". [151] Los abogados de Flynn llamaron al abogado de Trump para reiterar que ya no podían compartir información con él porque su acuerdo de defensa conjunta fue cancelado tras la declaración de culpabilidad de Flynn, momento en el que el abogado se mostró "indignado y vocal en su desacuerdo", indicando que se le informaría a Trump que esto representaba "hostilidad" hacia él. [152] [153] [154] El New York Times informó el 9 de junio de 2019 que la oficina de Mueller optó por no interrogar a Dowd sobre el mensaje de voz como una posible obstrucción de la justicia, lo que posiblemente condujo a Trump, porque la ambigüedad del mensaje de voz planteaba preocupaciones de violación del privilegio abogado-cliente y litigios prolongados. [155]

La reacción del presidente ante la publicación de la investigación del FBI sobre Rusia

La sección C del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

Después de que Trump se enteró de que el entonces fiscal general Jeff Sessions planeaba recusarse de la investigación del fiscal especial, Trump trató de evitar la medida de Sessions. "Después de que Sessions anunció su recusación el 2 de marzo, el presidente expresó su enojo con Sessions por la decisión y luego le pidió en privado a Sessions que "se recusara". [156] [28] [157] El 20 de marzo, Comey reveló públicamente la investigación del FBI sobre Rusia . [158] "En los días siguientes, el presidente se puso en contacto con Comey y otros líderes de agencias de inteligencia y les pidió que rechazaran públicamente la sugerencia de que el presidente tenía alguna conexión con el esfuerzo de interferencia electoral de Rusia para 'levantar la nube' de la investigación en curso", dice el informe. [159] [160]

Despido de James Comey

La sección D del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

"En la semana previa al testimonio de Comey ante el Comité Judicial del Senado el 3 de mayo de 2017, el Presidente le dijo a Don McGahn que sería la gota que colmaría el vaso si Comey no dejaba las cosas claras y anunciaba públicamente que el Presidente no estaba bajo investigación, a pesar de las reiteradas solicitudes de que Comey hiciera tal anuncio", afirma el informe. [161] [162] Trump les dijo a sus ayudantes que iba a despedir a Comey el 5 de mayo, y lo hizo el 9 de mayo. El informe señala que Trump despidió a Comey antes de recibir una recomendación del Departamento de Justicia. "Hay pruebas sustanciales que indican que el catalizador de la decisión del Presidente de despedir a Comey fue la falta de voluntad de Comey de declarar públicamente que el Presidente no estaba personalmente bajo investigación, a pesar de las reiteradas solicitudes del Presidente de que Comey hiciera tal anuncio", se lee en el informe. [161] [163] Trump se jactó del despido de Comey ante el ministro de Asuntos Exteriores ruso y el embajador de Estados Unidos en Rusia en una reunión en la Oficina Oval en mayo de 2017, diciendo: "Acabo de despedir al jefe del FBI. Estaba loco, un verdadero chiflado. Enfrenté una gran presión debido a Rusia. Eso se ha solucionado". [164]

Los esfuerzos del Presidente para destituir al Fiscal Especial

La sección E del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

Cuando Jeff Sessions se recusó de la investigación del fiscal especial, el informe señala que Trump dijo algo como: "que era el final de su presidencia y que el fiscal general Sessions no lo había protegido y debía renunciar. Sessions presentó su renuncia, que el presidente finalmente no aceptó". [165] [166] El informe señala que el 14 de junio de 2017, "la prensa informó que el presidente estaba siendo investigado personalmente por obstrucción de la justicia y el presidente respondió con una serie de tuits criticando la investigación del fiscal especial". [167] [163] El fin de semana siguiente, Trump llamó a McGahn y "le ordenó que destituyera al fiscal especial debido a supuestos conflictos de intereses". [168] McGahn no actuó ante la solicitud "por temor a ser visto como el desencadenante de otra masacre del sábado por la noche y, en cambio, se preparó para renunciar". [169] [168] McGahn abandonó formalmente la administración Trump el 17 de octubre de 2018. [170]

Los esfuerzos del Presidente para limitar la investigación del Fiscal Especial

La sección F del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El 19 de junio de 2017, dos días después de que Trump intentara que Don McGahn despidiera al fiscal especial, Trump fue a ver a Sessions. Trump tuvo una reunión individual en la Oficina Oval con Corey Lewandowski , exdirector de campaña de Trump que no trabajaba para el gobierno. Trump quería que Lewandowski le entregara un mensaje a Sessions que "hubiera tenido el efecto de limitar la investigación de Rusia a la interferencia electoral futura únicamente". [171] [172] El informe relata que Trump le dijo a Lewandowski "que Sessions era débil y que si el presidente hubiera sabido de antemano sobre la probabilidad de recusación, no habría designado a Sessions". [173] [174] Trump dictó el siguiente mensaje destinado a Sessions, y Lewandowski lo anotó: "Sé que me recusé de ciertas cosas que tenían que ver con áreas específicas. Pero nuestro POTUS... está siendo tratado muy injustamente. No debería tener un Fiscal/Abogado Especial porque no ha hecho nada malo. Estuve en la campaña con él durante nueve meses, no había rusos involucrados con él. Lo sé a ciencia cierta porque estuve allí. No hizo nada malo excepto que dirigió la mejor campaña en la historia estadounidense". [175] [176] El mensaje continúa en el que Sessions se reuniría con el Fiscal Especial y limitaría su jurisdicción a futuras interferencias electorales. "Ahora un grupo de personas quiere subvertir la Constitución de los Estados Unidos ... Me reuniré con el Fiscal Especial para explicarle que esto es muy injusto y dejar que el Fiscal Especial avance con la investigación de la intromisión electoral para futuras elecciones para que nada pueda pasar en futuras elecciones". [177] [176] Trump habría dicho que "si Sessions hiciera esa declaración sería el 'tipo más popular del país ' " . [178] Lewandowski organizó una reunión con Sessions, pero fue cancelada "debido a un conflicto de último momento". [179]

El 19 de julio de 2017, Trump se reunió nuevamente con Lewandowski en la Oficina Oval y le preguntó si Lewandowski le había pasado el mensaje a Sessions. Lewandowski respondió que lo haría pronto. El informe continúa: "Lewandowski recordó que el presidente le dijo que si Sessions no se reunía con él, Lewandowski debería decirle a Sessions que estaba despedido". [180] [181] Inmediatamente después de esta segunda reunión, Lewandowski le pasó el mensaje al funcionario de la Casa Blanca, Rick Dearborn , para que se lo transmitiera a Sessions. Dearborn se sintió incómodo con la tarea y decidió no pasarle el mensaje, aunque el informe cita a Dearborn diciéndole a Lewandowski que había "manejado la situación". [182] [32] [39] [183]

Los esfuerzos del presidente para evitar revelaciones sobre la reunión en la Torre Trump

La sección G del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El informe cita tres ocasiones diferentes entre el 29 de junio y el 9 de julio de 2017, cuando Trump ordenó a Hope Hicks , exdirectora de comunicaciones de la Casa Blanca, y a otros que no revelaran información sobre la reunión en la Torre Trump el 9 de junio de 2016. Estas solicitudes estaban dirigidas a la prensa y podrían haber constituido una obstrucción solo si Trump "intentó retener información o engañar a las investigaciones del Congreso o al Fiscal Especial". [172] [184] El Fiscal Especial no pudo encontrar ninguna evidencia para establecer que Trump tenía la intención de evitar que el Fiscal Especial o el Congreso obtuvieran los correos electrónicos o la información referente a la reunión. [185] [186] Rick Gates , entonces vicepresidente de campaña, recordó que Donald Trump Jr. , Eric Trump , Jared Kushner , Ivanka Trump , Paul Manafort y la abogada rusa Natalia Veselnitskaya se estaban reuniendo. [187] El propósito ostensible de la reunión era recibir "suciedad" sobre la campaña presidencial de Clinton . Gates testificó que Trump Jr. anunció en una reunión regular planificada que "tenía una pista sobre información negativa sobre la Fundación Clinton". [188] [189] [190] Gates recordó que Manafort dijo en la reunión que la reunión en la Torre Trump "probablemente no arrojaría información vital y que deberían tener cuidado". [187] [191] El fiscal especial encontró que Manafort estaba en lo cierto, ya que la "suciedad" era información sobre los hermanos Ziff que evadían impuestos y lavaban dinero en Rusia y "donaban las ganancias ilegales al DNC o a la campaña de Clinton". [192] [172] Hubo especulaciones de que Trump Jr. se lo contó a su padre. Sin embargo, el fiscal especial no pudo encontrar ninguna evidencia de que lo hiciera. [75] [190]

La oficina se negó a presentar cargos por dos razones: la oficina "no obtuvo evidencia admisible" que cumpliera con el principio de carga de la prueba más allá de una duda razonable de que los funcionarios de la campaña actuaron con conocimiento general sobre la ilegalidad de su conducta; en segundo lugar, la oficina esperaba dificultades para valorar la información prometida que "excedía el umbral para una violación criminal" de $2,000 para una violación criminal y $25,000 para una pena por delito grave . [193] [93]

Los esfuerzos del Presidente para que el Fiscal General controle la investigación

La sección H del volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El informe señala que entre 2017 y 2018, Trump intentó convencer a Jeff Sessions de que revocara su recusación sobre la investigación del fiscal especial. Trump también intentó convencer a Sessions de que iniciara una investigación sobre Hillary Clinton y la procesara. [172] "En múltiples ocasiones en 2017, el presidente habló con Sessions sobre revocar su recusación para que pudiera hacerse cargo de la investigación de Rusia y comenzar una investigación sobre Hillary Clinton ... Hay evidencia de que al menos un propósito de la conducta del presidente hacia Sessions fue que Sessions asumiera el control sobre la investigación de Rusia y la supervisara de una manera que pudiera restringir su alcance. [...] Una inferencia razonable de esas declaraciones y la acción del presidente es que un fiscal general no recusado desempeñaría un papel protector y podría proteger al presidente de la investigación en curso sobre Rusia". [160] [194] [172]

El presidente ordena a McGahn que desmienta los informes

La Sección I del Volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

Después de que a fines de enero de 2018 se conociera la noticia de que Trump había ordenado a Don McGahn que despidiera a Robert Mueller en junio de 2017, Trump presionó a McGahn para que negara los informes. "Después de que se conoció la historia, el presidente, a través de su abogado personal y dos asistentes, intentó que McGahn negara que se le había ordenado destituir al fiscal especial", se lee en el informe. [195] [163] Trump le dijo al entonces secretario de personal de la Casa Blanca, Rob Porter, que le dijera a McGahn que creara un registro que dejara en claro que Trump nunca le ordenó a McGahn que despidiera al fiscal especial. "Porter pensó que el asunto debería ser manejado por la oficina de comunicaciones de la Casa Blanca, pero el presidente dijo que quería que McGahn escribiera una carta al archivo 'para nuestros registros' y quería algo más que un comunicado de prensa para demostrar que el informe era inexacto. El presidente se refirió a McGahn como un 'bastardo mentiroso' y dijo que quería un registro de él". [196] [172] Porter recordó que Trump "dijo algo como 'Si no escribe una carta, entonces tal vez tenga que deshacerme de él'". [197] [172] Trump no despidió a McGahn, quien se fue el 17 de octubre de 2018. [170]

La conducta del presidente hacia Flynn, Manafort y el "nombre tachado"

La sección J del volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El informe detalla que Trump tomó medidas "dirigidas a posibles testigos en la investigación del fiscal especial". [198] [163] El informe señala que las acciones tomadas por Trump y su abogado "podrían haber tenido el potencial de afectar la decisión de Flynn de cooperar, así como el alcance de esa cooperación. Sin embargo, debido a cuestiones de privilegio, no pudimos determinar si el presidente estuvo personalmente involucrado o sabía sobre el mensaje específico que su abogado le entregó al abogado de Flynn". [199] [200] En cuanto a Manafort, el informe detalla lo siguiente: "Con respecto a Manafort, hay evidencia de que las acciones del presidente tenían el potencial de influir en la decisión de Manafort de cooperar con el gobierno". [201] [200]

En enero de 2019, los abogados de Manafort presentaron un expediente ante el tribunal en respuesta a una acusación del fiscal especial de que Manafort había mentido a los investigadores. [202] A través de un error en la redacción, el documento reveló accidentalmente que mientras era presidente de campaña, Manafort se reunió con Konstantin Kilimnik , quien se cree que es un oficial de inteligencia ruso. El expediente dice que Manafort le dio datos de encuestas relacionados con la campaña de 2016 y discutió un plan de paz ucraniano con él. La mayoría de los datos de las encuestas eran supuestamente públicos, aunque algunos eran datos privados de las encuestas de la campaña de Trump. [203] Manafort le pidió a Kilimnik que pasara los datos a los ucranianos Serhiy Lyovochkin y Rinat Akhmetov . En agosto de 2020, el Comité de Inteligencia del Senado, controlado por los republicanos, concluyó que los contactos de Manafort con Kilimnik y otros afiliados de la inteligencia rusa "representaban una grave amenaza de contrainteligencia" porque su "presencia en la campaña y su proximidad a Trump crearon oportunidades para que los servicios de inteligencia rusos ejercieran influencia y adquirieran información confidencial sobre la campaña de Trump". [204] [203] [205]

La conducta del presidente en relación con Michael Cohen

La sección K del volumen II del informe describe los acontecimientos de este episodio. [111]

El último caso de obstrucción potencial se refiere a Michael Cohen , ex abogado personal de Trump. "Hay pruebas que podrían respaldar la inferencia de que el presidente tenía la intención de disuadir a Cohen de cooperar con el gobierno porque la información de Cohen arrojaría una luz adversa sobre la conducta y las declaraciones del presidente durante el período de campaña", afirma el informe. [206] [207] El informe continúa detallando que Trump alentó a Cohen a "mantenerse fuerte": "Después de que el FBI registró la casa y la oficina de Cohen en abril de 2018, el presidente afirmó públicamente que Cohen no "cambiaría de postura" y le transmite mensajes de apoyo en privado". [208] [130] Sin embargo, el informe señala que cuando Cohen comenzó a cooperar con el gobierno en el verano de 2018, Trump lo criticó públicamente: "Cohen también discutió los indultos con el abogado personal del presidente y creía que si se mantenía fiel a su mensaje, obtendría un indulto o el presidente haría 'algo más' para que la investigación terminara. Pero después de que Cohen comenzó a cooperar con el gobierno en el verano de 2018, el presidente lo criticó públicamente, lo llamó 'rata' y sugirió que los miembros de su familia habían cometido delitos". [208] [209]

Apéndices

El informe incluye cuatro apéndices:

  • Apéndice A: Orden 3915-2017 del Fiscal General Adjunto Rod Rosenstein que nombra un fiscal especial para investigar la interferencia rusa en las elecciones de Estados Unidos de 2016. [210] [55]
  • Apéndice B: Glosario de términos utilizados en el informe que contiene “nombres y breves descripciones de personas y entidades a las que se hace referencia en los dos volúmenes del informe”. [211]
  • Apéndice C: Respuestas escritas del presidente Trump al fiscal especial. [212]
  • Apéndice D: La oficina del fiscal especial transfirió, remitió y completó casos. [213]

Eventos previos al lanzamiento público

Barr asumió la supervisión de la investigación el 14 de febrero de 2019, después de ser aprobado por el Senado y juramentado como Fiscal General. [214] [215] Barr había sido previamente crítico de la investigación antes de que Trump anunciara su intención de nominar a Barr como Fiscal General el 7 de diciembre de 2018. [216] [217] [218] El predecesor de Barr, Jeff Sessions , renunció el 7 de noviembre de 2018, escribiendo que fue a pedido de Trump. [219] [220] [221]

El memorando de la OLC del 24 de marzo de 2019 que justifica la decisión de Barr de absolver a Trump y que fue escrito junto con la carta de Barr.

El informe fue presentado por el asesor especial al Fiscal General William Barr el 22 de marzo de 2019. [1] Barr encargó a la Oficina de Asesoría Jurídica (OLC) del Departamento de Justicia la redacción de un memorando que justificara la decisión que Barr ya había tomado de exonerar a Trump de obstrucción. [41] [42] [43] [44] El grupo redactó tanto el memorando como la carta de Barr en tándem en el transcurso de dos días; [45] el memorando final fue firmado por Steven Engel y Ed O'Callaghan . [42] [43] [222] Tras un litigio en virtud de la Ley de Libertad de Información , el Departamento de Justicia publicó el texto completo del memorando interno de la OLC en agosto de 2022. [41]

Carta de Barr

La carta del Fiscal General William Barr (conocida como la carta Barr ) del 24 de marzo de 2019 a los líderes de los comités judiciales de la Cámara y el Senado , en la que se describen las principales conclusiones de la investigación del fiscal especial [76]

El 24 de marzo de 2019, el Fiscal General Barr envió al Congreso una carta de cuatro páginas que supuestamente describía las conclusiones del fiscal especial sobre la interferencia rusa en las elecciones presidenciales de 2016 y la obstrucción de la justicia. [76] Barr relató dos formas en las que Rusia interfirió en las elecciones: en primer lugar, " desinformación y operaciones en las redes sociales en los Estados Unidos diseñadas para sembrar discordia social"; y en segundo lugar, pirateando computadoras para obtener correos electrónicos de la campaña presidencial de Clinton de 2016 y de las organizaciones del Partido Demócrata. [76] [77] Barr también citó el informe de que "la investigación no estableció que los miembros de la Campaña Trump conspiraran o coordinaran con el gobierno ruso en sus actividades de interferencia electoral". [223]

En cuanto a la obstrucción de la justicia, Barr escribió que el fiscal especial "no llegó a ninguna conclusión" sobre la obstrucción [224] [225] y que "la decisión del fiscal especial de describir los hechos de su investigación sobre obstrucción sin llegar a ninguna conclusión legal deja en manos del Fiscal General la tarea de determinar si la conducta descrita en el informe constituye un delito". [77] Barr continuó: "El fiscal general adjunto Rod Rosenstein y yo hemos llegado a la conclusión de que las pruebas desarrolladas durante la investigación del fiscal especial no son suficientes para establecer que el Presidente cometió un delito de obstrucción de la justicia". [226] [105]

Sobre la decisión de Barr de absolverle del cargo de obstrucción, Trump dijo a fines de abril de 2019 que Barr leyó el informe de Mueller "y tomó una decisión en el momento. No hubo obstrucción". [227] [228]

Tras la publicación de la Carta de Barr, los comentaristas de los medios señalaron que en junio de 2018, antes de unirse a la administración Trump, Barr envió un memorando no solicitado de 19 páginas al Departamento de Justicia y a los abogados de la Casa Blanca afirmando que la investigación de Mueller al presidente Trump por obstrucción es "legalmente insostenible", [229] [230] [231] [232] y "fatalmente errónea". [233] [234] [235] Barr también discutió el memorando con algunos de los abogados de Trump. [229]

La reacción de Mueller

El 27 de marzo de 2019, Mueller supuestamente le escribió a Barr en una carta, como se indica en el New York Times, "expresando sus preocupaciones y las de su equipo de que el fiscal general había retratado inadecuadamente sus conclusiones". [236] Esto se informó por primera vez el 30 de abril de 2019. Mueller pensó que la carta de Barr "no captó completamente el contexto, la naturaleza y la sustancia" de los hallazgos de la investigación del fiscal especial que dirigió. [237] "Ahora hay confusión pública sobre aspectos críticos de los resultados de nuestra investigación". Mueller también solicitó a Barr que publicara las introducciones y los resúmenes ejecutivos del informe de Mueller. [46] [238] La carta de Mueller del 27 de marzo no mencionó la cobertura de los medios. [238] [239]

El 28 de marzo de 2019, según funcionarios anónimos del Departamento de Justicia, Mueller, en una llamada a Barr, supuestamente expresó su preocupación por los malentendidos públicos sobre la investigación de obstrucción debido a la cobertura de los medios. [46] El 30 de abril de 2019, una portavoz del Departamento de Justicia describió la llamada del 28 de marzo entre Mueller y Barr: "el fiscal especial enfatizó que nada en la carta del Fiscal General del 24 de marzo era inexacto o engañoso. Pero, expresó su frustración por la falta de contexto y la cobertura mediática resultante con respecto al análisis de obstrucción del fiscal especial". Aunque discutieron si se podría proporcionar más contexto a través de la publicación por parte de Barr de más partes del informe, Barr "finalmente determinó que no sería productivo publicar el informe de manera fragmentada". [46] [240]

El 29 de marzo de 2019, Barr envió una carta posterior al Congreso en la que decía que su carta del 24 de marzo no era un resumen del informe de Mueller, [241] sino que simplemente presentaba las conclusiones principales del informe. Barr también escribió que se ofrecería voluntariamente a testificar ante el Congreso a principios de mayo, lo que hizo. [46]

Testimonio de Barr del 9 y 10 de abril

El 9 de abril, el Fiscal General Barr compareció en una audiencia ante la Cámara de Representantes. Allí, el representante Charlie Crist describió los informes de los medios de comunicación que decían que "los miembros del equipo del fiscal especial están frustrados en cierto nivel con la información limitada incluida en su carta del 24 de marzo, que no describe de manera adecuada o precisa las conclusiones del informe [de Mueller]". Crist le preguntó a Barr: "¿Sabe a qué se refieren con eso?", Barr respondió: "No, no lo sé. Creo -creo- sospecho que probablemente querían que se publicara más, pero en mi opinión, no estaba interesado en publicar resúmenes". [242] [243]

El 10 de abril, el Fiscal General Barr compareció ante el Comité de Asignaciones Presupuestarias del Senado . El senador Chris Van Hollen le preguntó a Barr sobre la obstrucción: "¿Bob Mueller apoyó su conclusión?" Barr respondió: "No sé si Bob Mueller apoyó mi conclusión". [242] [243]

Conferencia de prensa de Barr

El fiscal general William Barr , acompañado por el ex fiscal general adjunto Rod Rosenstein y Ed O'Callaghan realizaron una conferencia de prensa para discutir el informe de Mueller y asuntos relacionados 90 minutos antes de su publicación pública.

El 18 de abril, el Fiscal General Barr celebró una conferencia de prensa para analizar el informe 90 minutos antes de que fuera presentado al Congreso y al público. [104] [49] En la conferencia de prensa se analizaron partes censuradas y "diez episodios que involucran al Presidente y se discuten posibles teorías legales para vincular estas acciones con elementos de un delito de obstrucción". [103] [105] [50]

Barr explicó en detalle su decisión de que las pruebas eran insuficientes para justificar un cargo de obstrucción de la justicia contra Trump: "Aunque el fiscal general adjunto [Rod Rosenstein] y yo no estábamos de acuerdo con algunas de las teorías jurídicas del fiscal especial y pensábamos que algunos de los episodios examinados no constituían una obstrucción como cuestión de derecho, no nos basamos únicamente en eso para tomar nuestra decisión. En cambio, aceptamos el marco jurídico del fiscal especial para los fines de nuestro análisis y evaluamos las pruebas presentadas por el fiscal especial para llegar a nuestra conclusión". [129]

Barr también mencionó que el equipo legal de Trump recibió la versión redactada del informe a principios de semana, y agregó que a los abogados del presidente "no se les permitió hacer, y no solicitaron, ninguna redacción". [105] [244] Barr dijo que el "presidente confirmó que, en aras de la transparencia y la divulgación completa al pueblo estadounidense, no invocaría el privilegio sobre el informe del fiscal especial". [3]

En la conferencia de prensa, Barr pidió que la gente analizara el contexto, afirmando que el presidente Trump "enfrentó una situación sin precedentes [...] los agentes federales y los fiscales estaban examinando su conducta antes y después de asumir el cargo y la conducta de algunos de sus asociados. [...] Hubo especulaciones incesantes en los medios de comunicación sobre la culpabilidad personal del presidente", aunque no hubo, según Barr, "colusión". Barr continuó diciendo que había "pruebas sustanciales que mostraban que el presidente estaba frustrado y enojado por una creencia sincera de que la investigación estaba socavando su presidencia, impulsada por sus oponentes políticos y alimentada por filtraciones ilegales". [99] [245] [246] También en la conferencia de prensa, Barr dijo que le preguntó a Mueller "si [Mueller] estaba o no tomando la posición de que habría encontrado un delito si no fuera por la existencia de la opinión de la OLC" de que un presidente en funciones no puede ser acusado. Barr continuó diciendo que Mueller "dejó muy claro, varias veces, que no estaba tomando una posición; no estaba diciendo que si no fuera por la opinión de la OLC habría encontrado un delito". [247]

Algunos comentaristas políticos, incluido Chris Wallace de Fox News , observaron que Barr parecía comportarse más como el abogado defensor de Trump que como un fiscal general durante la conferencia de prensa. [ ¿Cómo? ] [248] [249] [250] [251]

Tras la conferencia de prensa de Barr, The New York Times observó similitudes con el memorando de 19 páginas que Barr envió al Departamento de Justicia cuando no trabajaba para el gobierno, en el que criticaba esta investigación por "proponer una expansión sin precedentes de las leyes de obstrucción" que resultaría en "graves consecuencias" para la institución de la presidencia. The New York Times continuó diciendo que Barr tenía una "visión sin trabas del poder ejecutivo", y que el memorando de Barr de 2018 "resultó ser una hoja de ruta precisa para el manejo del informe de Mueller por parte del Sr. Barr". [48]

Difusión pública del informe redactado

Detalle de la portada del informe, redactado en 2019, reproducido en Lego por el artista disidente chino Ai Weiwei

El 18 de abril de 2019, se dio a conocer al Congreso y al público una versión censurada del informe del fiscal especial. Aproximadamente una octava parte de las líneas están censuradas. [103] [252] [253] El informe tiene 448 páginas repartidas en dos volúmenes y cuatro apéndices. Contiene alrededor de 200.000 palabras y más de 1.100 notas a pie de página. Aproximadamente el 11% del texto está censurado. [254] El 40% de las páginas tenían al menos una censura, [255] y había más de 900 bloques de texto censurados en total. [256] [257]

Barr describió los cuatro tipos de redacciones en el informe publicado: "daño a la materia en curso" (HOM) en blanco , "privacidad personal" (PP) en verde , "técnica investigativa" (IT) en amarillo y material del " gran jurado " en rojo . [258] De ellos, solo las redacciones del gran jurado son requeridas por ley debido al artículo 6(e) del procedimiento penal de los Estados Unidos . [259] [260] [261] Barr caracterizó el informe como "ligeramente redactado". [51]

Comparación de los hallazgos del informe redactado con la carta de Barr

Después de la publicación del informe redactado, la carta de Barr fue criticada como una caracterización errónea deliberada del informe de Mueller y sus conclusiones. [91] [262] [40] [263] Numerosos analistas legales acusaron a Barr de pasar por alto el informe, identificando discrepancias significativas entre las caracterizaciones de Barr de su contenido y los hallazgos reales del informe, mientras que otros pidieron la renuncia de Barr. [264] [265] [266] [267] El New York Times informó casos en los que la carta de Barr omitió información y citó fragmentos de oraciones fuera de contexto de maneras que alteraron significativamente los hallazgos del informe, incluyendo: [91]

  • Omisión de lenguaje que indicaba que Trump podría ser objeto de acusación después de dejar el cargo. [268] [269] [270]
  • Un fragmento de oración describió sólo un posible motivo para que Trump obstruyera la justicia, mientras que el informe de Mueller enumeró múltiples motivos posibles.
  • Omisión de palabras y una oración completa que sugería dos veces que hubo un comportamiento consciente y cómplice entre la campaña de Trump y los rusos que no llegó a ser una coordinación directa, lo que puede constituir una conspiración.

CNN escribió que si bien Barr en su carta se tomó la responsabilidad de emitir un dictamen sobre si Trump había cometido obstrucción, el informe redactado indica que Mueller pretendía que esa decisión la tomara el Congreso, no Barr. [271]

Numerosos analistas políticos y legales, entre ellos Bob Woodward [272] y Brian Williams [273] , observaron diferencias significativas entre lo que dijo Barr sobre las conclusiones de Mueller en su carta de resumen del 24 de marzo y en su conferencia de prensa del 18 de abril, en comparación con lo que el informe de Mueller realmente encontró. Este comentario incluía una comparación de Barr con Bagdad Bob , llamándolo "Baghdad Bill". [273] [264] [274] [275]

Barr escribió que su carta contenía "las conclusiones principales" del informe de Mueller. Ryan Goodman , profesor de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Nueva York y coeditor de Just Security , observó que en 1989 Barr también escribió una carta que, según él, contenía "las conclusiones principales" de una controvertida opinión jurídica en la que trabajó como director de la OLC . Barr se negó a proporcionar la opinión completa al Congreso, pero más tarde fue citada y publicada, lo que demuestra que la carta resumida no revelaba en su totalidad las conclusiones principales. [276] [277]

Comparación de los resultados del informe redactado con la conferencia de prensa de Barr

En la conferencia de prensa de Barr del 18 de abril, antes de la publicación del informe censurado, Barr dijo que "la Casa Blanca cooperó plenamente con la investigación del fiscal especial". Sin embargo, Factcheck.org describe que esto fue "contradicho en el informe", que afirmó que Trump había atacado la investigación en público, trató de controlar la investigación en privado y alentó a los testigos a no cooperar tanto en público como en privado. Factcheck.org también describe el informe como diciendo que el presidente Trump no cooperó plenamente con las solicitudes de entrevistas de los investigadores, luego en respuestas escritas respondió que no recordaba más de 30 preguntas, mientras que otras respuestas fueron "incompletas o imprecisas". Los investigadores protestaron porque las respuestas escritas les negaban la oportunidad de hacer preguntas de seguimiento, pero Trump rechazó otra solicitud de entrevista. [32]

En la conferencia de prensa de Barr del 18 de abril, Barr dijo que "el fiscal especial Mueller no indicó que su propósito fuera dejar la decisión [sobre la obstrucción por parte de Trump] en manos del Congreso". El Washington Post describió que "el informe no dice que Mueller tenía la intención de dejar las decisiones relacionadas con la obstrucción en manos de Barr", y en cambio "usa un lenguaje sugerente sobre el papel del Congreso", que el Congreso puede someter al presidente Trump a leyes de obstrucción e hizo una referencia a que no quería adelantarse al impeachment. [40]

Análisis de redacciones

Los atributos del texto del informe, y sus redacciones en particular, recibieron una importante cobertura periodística y fueron un destacado tema de discusión . [254] Las redacciones se concentraron en áreas sobre la interferencia del gobierno ruso en las elecciones. [255] Los cuatro tipos de redacciones tuvieron las siguientes estadísticas:

  • “Daños a la materia en curso”: más de 400 redacciones y aproximadamente el 45% del texto redactado en general. [257] [256]
  • “Privacidad personal”: se estima que representa entre el 5 y el 7 % de las redacciones. [256]
  • "Técnica de investigación": se estima que entre el 8 y el 10% de las redacciones. [256] [257]
  • "Gran jurado": más de 300 redacciones y aproximadamente el 38% del texto redactado en general. [256]

Cobertura de prensa de la investigación

Associated Press y Slate observaron que el informe de Mueller corroboró en gran medida la cobertura de prensa de la investigación. Kyle Pope, editor de Columbia Journalism Review , comentó que "los medios de comunicación se ven mucho más fuertes hoy que antes de la publicación de este informe", afirmando que el informe de Mueller absolvió a los medios de comunicación de su cobertura de la investigación, cuya imparcialidad, precisión y objetividad fue ridiculizada repetidamente por el presidente Trump y sus aliados como "noticias falsas" y parte de una "cacería de brujas" concertada. [278] [279] El Washington Post afirmó que el informe "ofrecía un rico retrato de los esfuerzos de Trump como presidente para socavar la investigación y engañar al público". [280]

El Washington Post informó que, si bien algunos informes de prensa sobre la investigación resultaron ser erróneos, o al menos no fueron confirmados por el informe de Mueller, "el informe de Mueller fue en general una confirmación de los informes de investigación de los principales medios de comunicación. Casi todas las grandes historias fueron confirmadas en el informe". Entre los informes notables cuya veracidad no fue confirmada por el informe se encuentran los siguientes: [281]

Declaraciones públicas falsas y engañosas de la administración Trump

Politifact publicó una lista de ocho afirmaciones públicas notables que Trump y su administración hicieron y que el informe de Mueller demostró que eran falsas o engañosas: [282]

  • Mueller tenía conflictos de intereses y fue rechazado para convertirse en director del FBI. [283]
  • Trump afirmó que no había pensado en despedir a Mueller. [284]
  • La secretaria de prensa , Sarah Sanders, afirmó que Trump despidió a James Comey porque "innumerables" agentes del FBI le dijeron que habían perdido la fe en él. [285]
  • Sanders afirmó que una revisión interna del Departamento de Justicia había motivado el despido de Comey. [286]
  • Sanders afirmó que Trump "ciertamente no dictó" una declaración de Donald Trump Jr. sobre la reunión en la Torre Trump. [287]
  • Trump afirmó que el expediente Steele desencadenó la investigación inicial del FBI y que la investigación "fue un plan de quienes perdieron las elecciones". [282] [288]
  • Trump afirmó repetidamente, durante 2016 y 2017, que no tenía ninguna relación comercial con Rusia. [289]
  • Trump afirmó que Comey había pedido una cena con él cuando en realidad Trump lo había invitado a cenar. [290]

Vox informó que el informe de Mueller mostró que Sanders y su predecesor, Sean Spicer , hicieron declaraciones falsas sobre las circunstancias que rodearon los despidos de Comey y Michael Flynn . [291]

El informe de Mueller mostró que a pesar de las afirmaciones de Hope Hicks y Jason Miller en septiembre de 2016 de que Carter Page nunca tuvo ninguna participación en la campaña, Page en realidad produjo trabajo para la campaña, viajó con Trump a un discurso de campaña y "el asesor principal de políticas Sam Clovis expresó su agradecimiento por el trabajo de Page y elogió su trabajo ante otros funcionarios de la campaña". [292] [293] [294]

Otros hallazgos

El informe de Mueller dedicó más de una docena de páginas a refutar un argumento presentado por los abogados de Trump, y por Barr antes de unirse a la administración Trump, de que era imposible para Trump obstruir la investigación, independientemente de sus intenciones, debido a su autoridad presidencial para supervisar la aplicación de la ley federal, una interpretación que algunos académicos legales caracterizaron como dudosa porque sugiere que un presidente está por encima de la ley. [34] [295] [296]

El informe confirmó aspectos significativos de los informes , principalmente de The Wall Street Journal , sobre los esfuerzos del activista republicano Peter Smith para localizar los correos electrónicos eliminados de Clinton , incluidas sus comunicaciones al respecto con Michael Flynn y el copresidente de la campaña Sam Clovis , así como las acciones de Flynn para encabezar el esfuerzo a pedido repetido de Trump. En al menos un correo electrónico a una lista no revelada de destinatarios, Smith afirmó conocer el cronograma de WikiLeaks sobre la publicación de los correos electrónicos de Clinton, escribiendo que había un "tira y afloja dentro de WikiLeaks sobre sus publicaciones planeadas en los próximos días", y que WikiLeaks "ha mantenido que guardará sus mejores revelaciones para el final, bajo la teoría de que esto deja poco tiempo para una respuesta antes de las elecciones estadounidenses del 8 de noviembre". [297] [298]

El informe confirmó partes significativas de los informes sobre una reunión de enero de 2017 en Seychelles entre Erik Prince , George Nader y el confidente de Putin Kirill Dmitriev , entre otros. A pesar del testimonio previo de Prince ante el Congreso de que no tuvo ningún papel en la campaña o la transición de Trump, el informe encontró que Nader había representado a Prince ante Dmitriev como "designado por Steve [Bannon] para reunirse con usted. Lo conozco y está muy bien conectado y es de confianza para el Nuevo Equipo". [299] [300] El Informe de Mueller declaró: "Según Nader, Prince le había hecho creer que Bannon estaba al tanto de la próxima reunión de Prince con Dmitriev, y Prince reconoció que era justo que Nader pensara que Prince pasaría información al Equipo de Transición. Bannon, sin embargo, le dijo a la Oficina que Prince no le dijo con anticipación sobre su reunión con Dmitriev". [301] [300] Prince testificó ante el Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes que "no volé allí para encontrarme con ningún ruso", [302] aunque el Informe Mueller encontró que él y Nader hicieron preparativos importantes para reunirse con Dmitriev. [303] [304] Aunque Prince había caracterizado previamente una segunda reunión entre él y Dmitriev en un bar como un encuentro casual sin importancia, [302] el informe Mueller encontró que la reunión en realidad fue organizada previamente después de que Prince se enterara por comunicaciones en su país de que Rusia había posicionado un portaaviones frente a Libia y quería transmitir que Estados Unidos no aceptaría ninguna participación rusa en Libia. [300] El presidente del Comité de Inteligencia de la Cámara de Representantes, Adam Schiff , anunció el 30 de abril de 2019 que estaba enviando una remisión criminal al Departamento de Justicia alegando que Prince había proporcionado falso testimonio al comité. [305] [306]

El fiscal especial intentó entrevistar a Trump durante más de un año, advirtiendo a sus abogados que "es en interés de la Presidencia y del público que se lleve a cabo una entrevista" y ofreciendo "numerosas adaptaciones para ayudar a la preparación del Presidente y evitar sorpresas". [307] [308] Los abogados de Trump se resistieron a estas solicitudes, por lo que el fiscal especial aceptó respuestas escritas a las preguntas. [309] El informe de Mueller afirmó que Trump afirmó más de treinta veces que no podía recordar la información que se le había preguntado, y que otras respuestas eran "incompletas o imprecisas". [310] [311] Trump no proporcionó respuestas escritas a las preguntas relacionadas con la obstrucción de la justicia o los eventos durante la transición. [312] [313] El fiscal especial consideró citar a Trump para que testificara, pero decidió no hacerlo porque probablemente resultaría en un litigio constitucional prolongado que retrasaría la conclusión de la investigación, y porque los investigadores para entonces habían adquirido la información que buscaban por otros medios. [314] [315]

El informe de Mueller elaboró ​​informes anteriores sobre las comunicaciones entre Felix Sater y Michael Cohen durante 2015-2016 para impulsar la construcción de la Torre Trump en Moscú , en un momento en que Trump negó cualquier participación comercial en Rusia. [130] El informe encontró que Sater, un ex socio comercial de Trump, afirmó a Cohen que tenía contactos rusos que podrían obtener el apoyo de Vladimir Putin para el proyecto, y agregó: "Creo que puedo lograr que Putin [elogie la perspicacia comercial de Trump] en la conferencia de prensa de Trump en Moscú", y "Podemos ser dueños de esta elección. Michael, mis próximos pasos son muy sensibles con la gente muy cercana a Putin, podemos lograrlo". [316] [317] El informe también encontró que Cohen había discutido los detalles del proyecto con Ivanka Trump y Donald Trump Jr. [318] [319] El informe afirma: "Según Cohen, no consideró la importancia política del proyecto Trump Moscú para las elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses de 2016 en ese momento. Cohen tampoco recordó que el candidato Trump o alguien afiliado a la Campaña Trump discutiera las implicaciones políticas del proyecto Trump Tower Moscú con él. Sin embargo, Cohen recordó conversaciones con Trump en las que el candidato sugirió que su campaña sería un ' infomercial ' significativo para las propiedades de la marca Trump ". [320] [6]

El informe de Mueller no investigó ni concluyó que Cohen hubiera estado en Praga, como se había alegado en el expediente Steele y como informó la McClatchy Company . Sólo citó la negación de Cohen a los investigadores. [321] [281]

Ediciones de libros

El informe fue publicado como libro impreso por tres editoriales y recopiló un total de 357 000 ventas hasta junio de 2019 [update], lo que lo convirtió en un éxito de ventas del New York Times . [322]

Reacciones

Presidente Donald Trump

Trump ha vacilado en su opinión sobre el informe, diciendo inicialmente: "El informe de Mueller fue excelente. No podría haber sido mejor", para luego, un mes después, caracterizarlo como un "trabajo desastroso total " , y un mes después como "un informe hermoso". [323]

El informe de Mueller señaló que el personal de campaña de Donald Trump, funcionarios de la administración y miembros de su familia, sus partidarios republicanos y sus asociados mintieron o hicieron afirmaciones falsas, intencionales o no, al público, al Congreso y a las autoridades. [324]

La reacción del presidente Trump al informe de Mueller

Tras la publicación del informe redactado el 18 de abril, Trump comentó:

Se titulaba: "No hay colusión. No hay obstrucción". Estoy teniendo un buen día. Nunca la hubo, por cierto, y nunca la habrá. Y tenemos que llegar al fondo de estas cosas, debo decir. [...] Esto no debería volver a sucederle a ningún otro presidente, este engaño. [a] [325] [326]

El presidente Trump envió varios tuits sobre la noticia, incluido uno que imitaba el material promocional de la serie de televisión Game of Thrones , en el que aparecía Trump dándole la espalda, rodeado de niebla, y con las palabras superpuestas "Sin colusión. Sin obstrucción. Para los que odian y los demócratas radicales de izquierda: Game Over ". [327] HBO , dueños de los derechos de la serie, comentaron que "prefieren que nuestra propiedad intelectual no se use con fines políticos". Trump había publicado imágenes similares en Twitter e Instagram en ocasiones anteriores, lo que HBO había reprendido. [328] [329] [330]

El 19 de abril, Trump calificó el informe de "loco", diciendo que algunas de las afirmaciones del informe sobre él eran "una completa tontería" y "inventadas y totalmente falsas". Pidiendo una nueva contrainvestigación, tuiteó: "Ahora finalmente es el momento de dar vuelta la situación y hacer justicia a algunas personas muy enfermas y peligrosas que han cometido delitos muy graves, tal vez incluso espionaje o traición". [b] [331] [332] [333] Publicó tuits similares en los días siguientes. [334] [335]

El 23 de abril, Trump dijo sobre la investigación: "No creo que nuestro país deba permitir que esto vuelva a suceder. Esto nunca volverá a suceder. No podemos permitir que vuelva a suceder". Continuó insinuando que se llevaron a cabo "actos traicioneros" en su contra desde "altos cargos" en la administración Obama. [c] [336]

El 24 de abril, Trump atacó a los autores del informe como "demócratas enojados y enemigos de Trump", tuiteando: "Si los demócratas partidistas alguna vez intentaran un juicio político, primero me dirigiría a la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos". Los expertos legales respondieron que Trump había entendido mal la Constitución , ya que el juicio político está constitucionalmente dentro de las capacidades y responsabilidades del Congreso y no dentro de las de los tribunales. [d] [337]

El 25 de abril, Trump negó la afirmación del informe de que había ordenado al ex abogado de la Casa Blanca Don McGahn que despidiera a Mueller. Tuiteó:

Como ha sido informado incorrectamente por los medios de noticias falsas, nunca le dije al entonces abogado de la Casa Blanca, Don McGahn, que despidiera a Robert Mueller, a pesar de que tenía el derecho legal de hacerlo. Si hubiera querido despedir a Mueller, no necesitaba que McGahn lo hiciera, podría haberlo hecho yo mismo. Sin embargo, Mueller NO fue despedido y se le permitió respetuosamente terminar su trabajo en lo que yo, y muchos otros, decimos que fue una investigación ilegal (no hubo delito), encabezada por un enemigo de Trump que estaba muy conflictivo, y un grupo de 18 demócratas MUY ENOJADOS. ¡DRENEN EL PANTANO! [338] [339]

El 26 de abril, hablando ante la Asociación Nacional del Rifle de Estados Unidos (NRA), Trump dijo: "Intentaron un golpe de Estado; no salió tan bien. Y no necesitaba un arma para eso, ¿verdad? Todo estaba sucediendo en los niveles más altos de Washington, DC […] Corrupción al más alto nivel. Una vergüenza. Espionaje, vigilancia, intentos de derrocamiento, y los atrapamos, los atrapamos. ¿Quién lo hubiera pensado en nuestro país? Pero a eso se le llama […] 'drenar el pantano'". [e] [340] [341]

On May 29, Trump said regarding the report "The Mueller report came out: no obstruction, no collusion, no nothing. It's a beautiful report."[342] The next day Trump made a similar remark about Mueller's report saying "There's no obstruction, there's no collusion, there's no nothing. It's nothing but a witch hunt. A witch hunt by the media and the Democrats, they're partners."[343]

With Mueller set to testify to Congress about his report in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed in June 2019 that Mueller had illegally deleted communication records between Peter Strzok and Lisa Page (there were lost records which were later retrieved, but there is no indication Mueller was involved in processes on this matter).[344][345] Trump declared in early July 2019 that Mueller "must" restrict his testimony to "the report".[346] In late July 2019, Trump said that Mueller's testifying would be "bad" for Mueller.[347] With Mueller's aide Aaron Zebley also about to testify to Congress, Trump criticized Zebley, characterizing him as a "Never Trumper lawyer" (Zebley has never donated to any political party). Trump also criticized Zebley for his role in private law practice representing Bill Cooper, who had connections to Bill and Hillary Clinton regarding her emails.[348]

White House interaction with Don McGahn

The Wall Street Journal reported on May 10, 2019, that within a day of the release of the Mueller report, Trump sought to have McGahn declare that he didn't think the president's directive to have Mueller fired constituted obstruction of justice, but McGahn refused.[349]

On May 10, 2019, The New York Times reported that the White House, in April and/or May, asked McGahn twice to declare that Trump never obstructed justice.[350] "His reluctance angered the president, who believed that Mr. McGahn showed disloyalty by telling investigators for the special counsel, Robert S. Mueller III, about Mr. Trump's attempts to maintain control over the Russia investigation," the New York Times notes. One request was sent to McGahn's lawyer, William A. Burck, before the report was made public but after Trump's lawyers received a copy. Trump's lawyers noticed that Mueller left out McGahn's belief that Trump never obstructed justice. Responding to the first request; "We did not perceive it as any kind of threat or something sinister," Burck replied in a statement. "It was a request, professionally and cordially made."[350] After the Mueller report was released, McGahn passed on the opportunity on putting out the statement. The White House tried once more and asked McGahn to publish the statement. McGahn declined.[350]

September 2019

On September 30, 2019, The New York Times reported that two American officials stated that President Trump told Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, to help Attorney General William Barr in a Justice Department inquiry, that, according to The New York Times, Trump hopes will discredit the Mueller investigation and validate his 2016 victory.[351] The White House curbed access to the transcript of the phone call, allegedly done by the request of Barr, however only allowing a small group of aides access.[351] The White House responded by dismissing the reports, claiming that it was part of a routine request to grant Australian authorities access to Department of Justice resources to facilitate an investigation that had been open for several months.[352]

Trump's personal lawyers

Trump's lawyers said in a statement: "After a 17-month investigation, testimony from some 500 witnesses, the issuance of 2,800 subpoenas, the execution of nearly 500 search warrants, early morning raids, the examination of more than 1.4 million pages of documents, and the unprecedented cooperation of the President, it is clear there was no criminal wrongdoing...This vindication of the President is an important step forward for the country and a strong reminder that this type of abuse must never be permitted to occur again."[353][354]

It has been reported since July 2018, that Trump's personal lawyers are creating a "counter report" to contest the special counsel's findings on obstruction of justice.[355] As of April 2019[update], according to Rudy Giuliani, they are finalizing the report and putting finishing touches.[356] Giuliani has said that the counter report is about 45 pages long and consists of two sections.[357] Giuliani told The Daily Beast in an interview that the contents were: the legitimacy of the Special Counsel investigation due to alleged conflict of interests surrounding Mueller, and alleged coordination between the Trump Campaign and Russia including obstruction of justice.[358] Originally, according to Trump, the counter report was 87 pages long: "It has been incorrectly reported that Rudy Giuliani and others will not be doing a counter to the Mueller report. That is Fake News.[f] Already 87 pages done, but obviously cannot complete until we see the final Witch Hunt Report".[360][361]

Since the public release of the Mueller report, Giuliani has suggested that they might not release the report for now: "There's probably a point at which we will use it. Right now we think the public debate is playing out about as well as it can. Why confuse it – it raises a lot of issues that maybe we didn't have to respond to", Giuliani said.[357]

On April 21, Giuliani said the special counsel's team "came close to torturing people", and described a lawyer on the special counsel's team as a "hitman". Giuliani also stated: "There's nothing wrong with taking information from Russians. It depends on where it came from".[362] Also on April 21, Giuliani falsely stated that "nothing was denied" by the Trump administration to investigators (FactCheck.org notes that the report stated Trump refused interviews). Giuliani additionally falsely stated that "you read that" Don McGahn "gave three different versions" of his conversation with Trump regarding firing Mueller (FactCheck.org also notes that the report stated McGahn only gave one version, and that Trump gave another version).[363]

Trump attorney Emmet Flood mocked the Mueller report as "part 'truth commission' report and part law school exam paper".[364]

Former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein

Former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein

On April 11, 2019, in his first interview since the conclusion of the Special Counsel he appointed, with The Wall Street Journal, Rosenstein defended Attorney General Barr's handling of the conclusions of the Special Counsel investigation.[365] "He's being as forthcoming as he can, and so this notion that he's trying to mislead people, I think is just completely bizarre", Rosenstein said.[366] Rosenstein also supported Barr's four-page letter by saying: "It would be one thing if you put out a letter and said, 'I'm not going to give you the report.'" What he said is, 'Look, it's going to take a while to process the report. In the meantime, people really want to know what's in it. I'm going to give you the top-line conclusions.' That's all he was trying to do".[367]

On April 25, 2019, Rosenstein spoke at the Armenian Bar Association's Public Servants Dinner in New York City.[368] Rosenstein said that as a result of the investigation, there was now "overwhelming evidence that Russian operatives hacked American computers and defrauded American citizens, and that is only the tip of the iceberg of a comprehensive Russian strategy to influence elections, promote social discord, and undermine America, just like they do in many other countries [...] our nation is safer, elections are more secure, and citizens are better informed about covert foreign influence schemes."[369][370]

Rosenstein discussed the result of the special counsel investigation, saying that he did agree to oversee it correctly and to its completion, but: "I did not promise to report all results to the public, because grand jury investigations are ex parte proceedings. It is not our job to render conclusive factual findings. We just decide whether it is appropriate to file criminal charges".[370] However, according to Rosenstein, "not everybody was happy with [his] decision", as he went on to cite politicians who "need to evaluate everything in terms of the immediate political impact", and the media.[371][372] Rosenstein reserved particular criticism for the media as "mercenary critics" who "launch ad hominem attacks unrestricted by truth or morality. They make threats, spread fake stories, and even attack your relatives. [...] A republic that endures is not governed by the news cycle. Some of the nonsense that passes for breaking news today would not be worth the paper was printed on, if anybody bothered to print it."[368][78] Rosenstein further said: "In politics – as in journalism – the rules of evidence do not apply."[373]

Rosenstein criticized the Obama administration for failing to "publicize the full story" about the methods and the "broader strategy" of Russian interference in the American elections.[368][374] Rosenstein also criticized members of the FBI for disclosing classified material, and criticized James Comey's conduct for announcing the counterintelligence investigation while Comey was still FBI Director and alleging that "the president pressured [Comey] to close the investigation" after Comey was fired.[368][375][373]

On April 4, 2021, Rod Rosenstein was interviewed on Kim Wehle's podcast #SimplePolitics. Rosenstein pushed back on the idea that the investigation was a "witch hunt": "From my perspective, it was not a witch hunt. It was never a witch hunt. Bob Mueller doesn't do witch hunts," he said. "That was the criticism that came from the Right during the investigation, but I don't believe that's fair in the way the investigation was conducted."[376]

Former Special Counsel Robert Mueller

After the Special Counsel concluded its investigation on March 22, Barr sent Congress a four-page letter about the Special Counsel's conclusions on March 24. On April 30, it was reported Mueller sent a letter to Barr on March 27, that expressed concerns about his four-page letter to Congress.[377][378] Barr called Mueller to discuss about the letter and its contents.[379]

"The summary letter the Department sent to Congress and released to the public late in the afternoon of March 24 did not fully capture the context, nature, and substance of this office's work and conclusions", Mueller said in his letter to Barr. "There is now public confusion about critical aspects of the results of our investigation. This threatens to undermine a central purpose for which the Department appointed the Special Counsel: to assure full public confidence in the outcome of the investigations".[46]

Barr's response to Mueller remarks

On May 30, 2019, CBS This Morning tweeted a clip[380] from an interview with Attorney General William Barr discussing his thoughts on Mueller's remarks on May 29. "The opinion says you cannot indict a president while he's in office. But he [Mueller] could've reached a decision as to whether it was criminal activity."[381][382][383] Barr explained why the Mueller report did not determine whether Trump committed obstruction of justice: "the Deputy attorney General, Rod Rosenstein, and I felt it was necessary for us, as the heads of the department, to reach that decision."[381] When asked about whether Mueller was insinuating that Congress could be the other venue for reaching a conclusion on obstruction of justice, Barr replied by saying "Well, I'm not sure what he was suggesting, but, you know, the Department of Justice doesn't use our powers of investigating crimes as an adjunct to Congress."[381]

Mueller's statement on May 29

On May 29, 2019, Robert Mueller made statements before the public on his work as special counsel and the contents of his former office's report.

Upon announcing the formal closure of the Office of the Special Counsel and his resignation from the Justice Department on May 29, 2019, Mueller said "the report is my testimony" and indicated he would have nothing to say that wasn't already in the report. He commented, "If we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so. We did not, however, make a determination as to whether the president did commit a crime".[384][385][386][387] "The introduction to the volume two of our report explains that decision. It explains that under longstanding department policy, a present president cannot be charged with a federal crime while he is in office".[384] Also, "it would be unfair to potentially accuse somebody of a crime when there can be no court resolution of the actual charge".[384] He said that, according to the Constitution, any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a "process other than the criminal justice system".[386] This hinted that Congress could now pick up the investigation or start impeachment proceedings.[385][388][389][387] Additionally, Mueller stressed that the central conclusion of his investigation was "that there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election. That allegation deserves the attention of every American".[17]

Mueller's testimony on July 24

Mueller testified before Congress on July 24, 2019, answering questions asked by Representatives. Democrat Ted Lieu asked Mueller whether the reason he did not indict Trump was that Department of Justice policy prohibits the indictment of sitting presidents. Mueller originally confirmed that this was the reason. However, later that day, Mueller corrected his comments, stating that his team did not determine whether Trump committed a crime.[390][391] Additionally, Mueller answered Republican Ken Buck that a president could be charged with obstruction of justice (or other crimes) after the president left office.[54]

Mueller testified that Trump's written responses to questions from investigators were "generally" untruthful and incomplete.[392]

Stephan Roh, who says he represents Joseph Mifsud, told The Washington Post that Mifsud was actually a "Western intelligence element".[393] Papadopoulos and some critics of the Russia investigation have asserted Mifsud was instructed to entrap Papadopoulos in order to justify the investigation.[394][393] During Mueller's testimony, Republicans Jim Jordan and Devin Nunes sought to portray Mifsud as a central figure in what they asserted was an investigation initiated on false and politically motivated premises, while Democrats characterized their assertion as a diversion and conspiracy theory.[394] Mueller declined to address the matter as the origin of the investigation was then the subject of a DOJ inquiry.[395]

Other Justice Department officials

On April 25, The Washington Post published a report quoting an anonymous "senior Justice Department official". The official said that the "special counsel never decided whether [obstruction of justice] is a prosecutable case [against Trump], so there's no conflict between the attorney general's decision that it's not [prosecutable] and the special counsel's report". Regarding obstruction of justice, the official said: "All the attorney general was deciding was whether this was a prosecutable offense, and we don't bring criminal charges at the department unless we believe we can prove them beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury". Regarding the President's efforts to curtail the Special Counsel investigation in the episode involving Corey Lewandowski, the official said it would be hard to justify a prosecution because the obstruction relies on multiple people in a chain all doing something" and that it was "a very attenuated chain", exacerbated "given that the note isn't even an order". The official alluded to the belief that prosecutors would not be able to prove that Trump had wanted to shut down the investigation with corrupt intent, because according to the official, there was no underlying crime to cover up.[396]

James Comey

Former FBI Director James Comey

On May 1, 2019, James Comey wrote an opinion piece for The New York Times, in which he wrote about his thoughts on President Trump, Attorney General William Barr, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, among others:[397]

Amoral leaders have a way of revealing the character of those around them. Sometimes what they reveal is inspiring. For example, James Mattis, the former secretary of defense, resigned over principle, a concept so alien to Mr. Trump that it took days for the president to realize what had happened, before he could start lying about the man. But more often, proximity to an amoral leader reveals something depressing. I think that's at least part of what we've seen with Bill Barr and Rod Rosenstein. Accomplished people lacking inner strength can't resist the compromises necessary to survive Mr. Trump and that adds up to something they will never recover from. It takes character like Mr. Mattis's to avoid the damage, because Mr. Trump eats your soul in small bites.

On May 8, 2019, in an interview with CBS This Morning, James Comey called Attorney General William Barr's four-page-letter to Congress summarizing the report "misleading" and "inadequate".[398] "It certainly gave the impression that Bob Mueller had decided that he was not going to rule on this question of obstruction of justice when that's not what Mueller did. Mueller laid it out and signaled to a future prosecutor after this individual is out of office you ought to take a serious look at charging him," Comey said. Comey also talked about the ten episodes of alleged obstruction of justice detailed within the report "deeply concerning" to him.[398]

On May 10, 2019, Comey participated in a CNN town hall event with Anderson Cooper. Cooper asked about Comey's thoughts on Barr's handling of the report and related matters. "I think he acted in a way that's less than honorable in the way he described it in writing and described it during a press conference, and continues to talk as if he's the president's lawyer. That is not the attorney general's job," Comey said.[399] "It doesn't make me happy to say this, but I think he has lost most of his reputation with the way he's conducted himself," Comey continued.[400] Comey also commented about Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. Comey called Rosenstein "a man of accomplishment but not of strong character," reports CNN. Comey also slammed Rosenstein's comments about Trump's respect for the rule of law.[401] Comey also said that if Trump were not president, he would be charged.[402]

Rosenstein's response to Comey comments

On May 13, 2019, Rod Rosenstein fired back at Comey's remarks in front of the Greater Baltimore Committee (GBC).[403][404] "Now, the former director is a partisan pundit, selling books and earning speaking fees while speculating about the strength of my character and the fate of my immortal soul," Rosenstein said. "That is disappointing. Speculating about souls is not a job for police and prosecutors. Generally, we base our opinions on eyewitness testimony."[403] Rosenstein also commented on why Comey deserved to be fired and Comey's handling of the Hillary Clinton email investigation in 2016. Gregg Re of Fox News reported Rosenstein's remarks: "'The clearest mistake was the director's decision to hold a press conference about an open case, reveal his recommendation and discuss details about the investigation, without the consent of the prosecutors and the attorney general,' Rosenstein said. 'Then, he chose to send a letter to the Congress on the eve of the election stating that one of the candidates was under criminal investigation, expecting it to be released immediately to the public.' Rosenstein added 'Those actions were not within the range of reasonable decisions. They were inconsistent with our goal of communicating to all FBI employees that they should respect the attorney general's role, refrain from disclosing information about criminal investigations, avoid disparaging uncharged persons, and above all, not take unnecessary steps that could influence an election.'"[403]

Democrats

Congressional Democratic leaders called on Mueller to publicly testify before Congress, renewing demands for the entire report to be released and raising concern over the President's conduct detailed in the report. House Judiciary Committee chairman Jerry Nadler announced he would issue a subpoena for the full report after the Justice Department released a redacted version. Democrats also criticized what they say were "orchestrated attempts" by the Trump administration to control the narrative surrounding the report's April 18 release.[405] Nadler issued the subpoena on April 19.[406] A DOJ spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary", citing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had already made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version with fewer redactions.[407][408]

On the May 1 deadline of the subpoena, the DOJ rejected it as "not legitimate oversight" and that "the requests in the subpoena are overbroad and extraordinarily burdensome", adding that grand jury material cannot be released without a court order.[409] The House Intelligence Committee subpoenaed the full report on May 8.[410] Some Democrats suggested the possibility that refusing to comply with subpoenas could result in the Democratic-controlled House declaring inherent contempt to garnish the incomes of or even jail individuals who did not comply.[411][412] On May 22, 2019, the Justice Department agreed to share some counterintelligence and foreign intelligence with the Intelligence Committee, causing chairman Schiff to cancel a scheduled meeting for Democrats to vote on "enforcement action" against the Justice department.[413]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer released a joint statement saying "Special Counsel Mueller's report paints a disturbing picture of a president who has been weaving a web of deceit, lies, and improper behavior and acting as if the law doesn't apply to him". Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin stated "The Special Counsel's findings paint a very different picture than what the President and his Attorney General would have the American people believe", and called the details of the Russian contacts with the Trump campaign and Trump's efforts to impede the investigation "troubling".[414]

Massachusetts Senator and former 2020 United States presidential election candidate Elizabeth Warren, citing the "severity" of the "misconduct" detailed in the report, called for the House to initiate impeachment proceedings against Trump, the first 2020 election candidate to do so post-report.[415] New Jersey Senator Cory Booker, also a former 2020 presidential candidate, called for the full release of the report, stating in an earlier tweet: "The American people deserve the truth. Not spin from a Trump appointee. Release Mueller's full report now".[416]

Republicans

Most Republican lawmakers had no immediate comments on the report due to the report coming out during Congress' spring recess.[417] House Republican leaders viewed the report as vindication of President Trump and signaled that lawmakers should move on. On April 18, House Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy stated "Nothing we saw today changes the underlying results of the 22-month-long Mueller investigation that ultimately found no collusion".[102] House Minority Whip Steve Scalise tweeted "Democrats owe the American people an apology", along with a statement declaring the probe to be dead. Ohio Representative Jim Jordan, the Ranking Member on the House Oversight Committee, stated "They do want people who launched this investigation, on a false premise, they do want them held accountable", referring to retaliatory sentiment among Trump supporters about the origin of the Russia investigation and the Steele dossier. "You can't have the FBI using one party's opposition research document to launch an investigation and spy on the other party's campaign. We know that took place and we do need to get to the bottom of that because it's never supposed to happen in this country", Jordan added.[418] However, the House Intelligence Committee, then controlled by Republicans, released in 2017 a report that stated that the Russia investigation had not started from information in the Steele dossier, but from information that the FBI received on George Papadopoulos.[419]

On April 19, Utah Senator Mitt Romney wrote in a statement on Twitter that he was "sickened" and "appalled" by the findings in the report, and said reading the report was a "sobering revelation of how far we have strayed from the aspirations and the principles of the founders".[420] Romney later expounded on his comments in a press release by saying "It is good news that there was insufficient evidence to charge the President of the United States with having conspired with a foreign adversary or with having obstructed justice. The alternative would have taken us through a wrenching process with the potential for constitutional crisis. The business of government can move on."[421][422][423]

On April 28, Senator Lindsey Graham, head of the Senate Judiciary Committee, said on Face the Nation; "I don't care what they talked about. He didn't do anything. The point is the president did not impede Mueller from doing his investigation...I don't care what happened between him and Don McGahn", Graham continued: "Here's what I care about: Was Mueller allowed to do his job? And the answer is yes".[424] On May 1, Graham falsely stated that on "obstruction of justice, Mr. Mueller left it to Mr. Barr to decide after two years, and all this time. He said, 'Mr. Barr, you decide'". Mueller did not ask Barr to make the decision, and Barr later said that he had not talked directly to Mueller about making that decision. Graham also falsely stated that the special counsel investigation "concluded there was no collusion", when collusion was not addressed in the report but criminal conspiracy was.[101]

Republican congressman Justin Amash stated in May 2019 that he concluded from the Mueller report that Trump engaged in impeachable conduct and "it is clear that Barr intended to mislead the public about Special Counsel Robert Mueller's analysis and findings," adding, "Barr's misrepresentations are significant but often subtle, frequently taking the form of sleight-of-hand qualifications or logical fallacies, which he hopes people will not notice."[425][426]

Former federal prosecutors

In early May 2019, more than 1,000 former federal prosecutors who had served under both Republican and Democratic administrations published a statement entitled "Statement by Former Federal Prosecutors" on Medium. They declared:

Each of us believes that the conduct of President Trump described in Special Counsel Robert Mueller's report would, in the case of any other person not covered by the Office of Legal Counsel policy against indicting a sitting President, result in multiple felony charges for obstruction of justice.[427]

The former prosecutors found three types of acts described in the Mueller report which "satisfy all of the elements for an obstruction charge":

  • "The President's efforts to fire Mueller and to falsify evidence about that effort" – referencing the episodes of Volume II section E and Volume II section I
  • "The President's efforts to limit the scope of Mueller's investigation to exclude his conduct" – referencing the episodes of Volume II section H and Volume II section F
  • "The President's efforts to prevent witnesses from cooperating with investigators probing him and his campaign" – referencing the episodes of Volume II section K and Volume II section J[111][427]

The effort was organized by the nonpartisan, nonprofit organization Protect Democracy,[428] a sister organization[429] of United to Protect Democracy.[430]

On May 30, 2019, a video hosted by Robert De Niro featured 11 former federal prosecutors who endorsed the statement. "We all strongly believe that there is more than enough evidence to indict President Trump for multiple felony counts of obstruction of justice", former assistant U.S. Attorney Jennifer Rodgers said.[431][432]

In April 2019, Former Deputy Attorney General and former Acting Attorney General Sally Yates remarked, "I've personally prosecuted obstruction cases on far, far less evidence than this, and yes, I believe if [Trump] were not the president of the United States, he would likely be indicted on obstruction".[433]

Commentators

After the release of the report, media commentators again pointed out that in 2018, Barr, before rejoining government work, had authored an unsolicited memo to the Justice Department describing investigation into potential obstruction of justice by Trump was "fatally misconceived" and "overly aggressive",[271][434][435] and also noted that the Barr memo argued that a president could not be charged for acts of presidential power, such as firing officials.[436] NPR's Ron Elving, in referring to the memo, described that "we got the word on" the result on obstruction "early" because "Barr had already authored a 19-page explanation for why a president could not be charged with obstruction of justice – suggesting pointedly that Mueller should not even be thinking about it".[437]

Although generally a liberal,[438] Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz, who has been among Trump's most prominent defenders in the Russia investigation,[439] gave the report an "incomplete" on the conclusion of obstruction of justice, "C+" on legal analysis, and a "B+" on factual analysis, in an interview with Fox News.[440] Dershowitz also gave the media coverage of the report an "F"; "Even with grade inflation, I just think the media comes off awful, terrible, for the most part. I think we are seeing an elimination of the distinction between the editorial page and the news pages in some of the leading media in the country, and that's a shame. Walter Cronkite could not get a job in the media today", Dershowitz said.[441]

Fordham University law professor Jed Shugerman opined in the New York Times that: "The report's very high standard for legal conclusions for criminal charges was explicitly proof 'beyond a reasonable doubt'. So the report did not establish crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. But it did show a preponderance of conspiracy and coordination". In Shugerman's view, the preponderance of evidence standard is "relevant for counterintelligence and general parlance about facts, and closer to the proper standard for impeachment". He continues: "By the preponderance of evidence standard, the report contains ample evidence to establish conspiracy and coordination with the Russian government, sometimes through intermediaries, other times through a Russian spy". The Starr Report on President Clinton, which was organized as an "impeachment referral, not a prosecution decision", applied a lower standard of "substantial and credible information" more like the preponderance of the evidence standard. The Mueller report explained that the ability to conclude using the criminal proof beyond a reasonable doubt standard was "materially impaired" by lies by individuals associated with the Trump campaign and deletion of emails, among other factors.[442]

Polling

A public opinion poll by Reuters and Ipsos conducted between the afternoon of April 18, 2019, and the morning of April 19 found that 37 percent of adults in the United States approved of Trump's performance in office, down from 40 percent in a similar poll conducted on April 15 and matching the lowest level of the year. The approval rating was also down from 43 percent in a poll conducted shortly after the Attorney General's summary was released on March 22.[443] Among the respondents that said they were familiar with the Mueller report, 70 percent said the report had not changed their view of Trump or Russia's involvement in the U.S. presidential race and 15 percent said they had learned something that changed their view of Trump or the Russia investigation.[444]

A poll by The Washington Post and ABC News conducted between April 22–25, after the Mueller report was released, found that 51% of respondents believed the investigation was fair; 53% said that it did not clear Trump of all wrongdoing; 58% said that Trump lied about matters that were investigated; 56% said that impeachment should not proceed; and support for impeachment is at a new low of 37%.[445] A plurality of 47% said Trump tried to obstruct justice.[446]

A YouGov and Huffington Post poll of 1000 American adults conducted on May 29 and 30, 2019, found that 72% of 2016 Trump voters who were aware that Mueller had stated that he would not clear Trump of a crime, still believed that the Mueller report exonerated Trump. The figure among corresponding Hillary Clinton voters and non-voters was 07% and 24% respectively.[447]

A Fox News poll of registered voters released on June 16, 2019, found that 50% believed the Trump campaign had coordinated with the Russian government, the highest level of the eight times the poll had asked that question since June 2017.[448][449]

Subsequent actions with Congress

On April 18, Barr said: "the president confirmed that, in the interests of transparency and full disclosure to the American people, he would not assert privilege over the special counsel's report".[3]

Congressional committees had wanted more answers about the process and findings of the Special Counsel investigation. The Associated Press described Trump's response to post-Mueller congressional investigations as 'Just say no' and 'Resist on every legal front', noting that Trump on April 24 had declared: "We're fighting all the subpoenas. [...] I thought after two years we'd be finished with it. No, now the House goes and starts subpoenaing."[450]

On May 8, despite the previous statement by Barr, Trump asserted that all materials requested by Congress, including the un-redacted Mueller report, were sheltered by executive privilege.[451] This was a "protective assertion" of executive privilege to prevent Congress from receiving the un-redacted Mueller report and its underlying material for the time being, pending his decision to make a "final assertion" of executive privilege.[452]

House Judiciary Committee

Robert Mueller testimony

On April 18, House Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler sent Mueller a letter requesting his testimony before the House Judiciary Committee "as soon as possible – but, in any event, no later than May 23, 2019".[453][454] The Committee proposed that Mueller testify on May 15, but no agreement was ever reached.[455] On May 10, Nadler said that Mueller would not testify the week of May 12. Nadler did not give a reason why but said "just hasn't developed".[456]

On May 24, Nadler said that "He doesn't want to be public in what some people will regard as a political spectacle, I think," speaking about Mueller. "He's willing to make an opening statement, but he wants to testify in private," Nadler continued. "We think it's important for the American people to hear from him and to hear his answers to questions about the report."[457]

On June 25, Chairman Nadler and chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, Adam Schiff, both publicly announced that Mueller agreed to publicly testify before House Judiciary and Intelligence Committees on July 17. Both committees had subpoenaed Mueller's testimony.[458] However, the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions, bringing the total to three.[459]

On July 24, Mueller testified before the House Judiciary Committee after being subpoenaed.[460] After the hearings, it was revealed that the House Judiciary Committee is "actively considering articles of impeachment and is seeking access to redacted materials from the Mueller report in order to decide whether to move forward with the process."[461]

Don McGahn testimony

Don McGahn, former White House Counsel to President Trump

On April 22, the House Judiciary Committee subpoenaed Don McGahn to testify and to supply any documents related to the committee's investigation into obstruction of justice.[462] The subpoena calls for the documents by May 7, and for McGahn to testify by May 21.[463]

The Trump administration had been expected to claim executive privilege on parts of McGahn's testimony. Kellyanne Conway, counselor to President Trump, said on April 28: "Executive privilege is always an option, it's always on the table. But Don McGahn has already talked under oath for 30 hours. And this is just presidential harassment", Conway told Jake Tapper, adding that it is Trump's right to use executive privilege.[464] Trump stated on May 2 that he would not allow McGahn to testify,[465] and on May 7, the White House invoked executive privilege to withhold the documents that were subpoenaed.[466] McGahn is expected to testify about President Trump's efforts to obstruct the Special Counsel, which McGahn said he was told to do but refused and threatened to resign if so ordered.[467] McGahn's attorney said on May 7, that McGahn would "stand fast and do nothing – comply with neither the White House instructions nor the committee subpoena – until the legal questions surrounding the dispute have been resolved".[468] The attorney added that "Where co-equal branches of government are making contradictory demands on Mr. McGahn concerning the same set of documents, the appropriate response for Mr. McGahn is to maintain the status quo unless and until the Committee and Executive Branch can reach an accommodation."[469]

On May 20, 2019, President Trump directed McGahn to not comply with a subpoena that would make McGahn testify before the committee on May 21.[470]

William Barr testimony

On April 26, the House Judiciary Committee announced that Barr would testify on May 2, regarding the Special Counsel investigation, its findings, allegations of obstruction of justice, and allegations of spying on the Trump Campaign.[471] However, on April 28, Barr said he might not testify to the Committee because he was displeased about the format of the testimony he is expected to give.[472][473] Nadler said "The witness [Barr] is not going to tell the committee how to conduct its hearing, period". On the prospect of Barr not showing up, Nadler stated: "Then we will have to subpoena him, and we will have to use whatever means we can to enforce the subpoena".[472]

Barr did testify before the Republican-controlled Senate Judiciary Committee on the same topics on May 1.[474]

On May 2, when Barr was to testify before the committee, Barr did not show up.[475] Democrats on the House Judiciary Committee, specifically Democratic Representative of Tennessee Steve Cohen, mocked Barr for not showing up, calling him "Chicken Barr". Cohen brought a bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken and a chicken prop to mock Barr.[476]

On May 3, Nadler informed Barr that a subpoena had been issued giving him until May 6, 2019, to release the un-redacted Mueller report.[477][478] Barr did not comply with the subpoena. The House Judiciary Committee is expected to vote on whether to bring forth Contempt of Congress on May 8.[478][479][480][481][482] A law issued in 1857 gives Congress the power to issue criminal charges for this matter.[483]

On May 8, Assistant Attorney General Stephen Boyd wrote Nadler that Barr would ask Trump to invoke executive privilege to withhold the full report if the Judiciary Committee proceeded to vote on a contempt charge.[484][485] Boyd wrote in the letter to Nadler saying "We are disappointed that you have rejected the Department of Justice's request to delay the vote of the Committee on the Judiciary on a contempt finding against the Attorney General this morning ... Accordingly, this is to advise you that the President has asserted executive privilege over the entirety of the subpoenaed materials."[486] Also on May 8, Barr wrote a letter to Trump to "request that you make protective assertion of executive privilege with respect to Department of Justice documents recently subpoenaed by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives."[487] On May 8, Trump invoked executive privilege for those documents at Barr's request.[488][487] Trump's announcement of executive privilege came just hours before the House Judiciary Committee planned to vote on whether to hold Barr in contempt. The Committee voted unanimously to reject this assertion of executive privilege and approved a motion put forward by Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fl) which states that a vote to hold Barr in contempt would not "be construed as a directive for the Attorney General to violate Federal law or rules".[489][490] In a 24–16 vote, the House Judiciary Committee approved a motion of Contempt of Congress against Barr.[491][489]

Hope Hicks testimony

A day before Hope Hicks was expected to testify behind closed doors before the House Intelligence Committee on June 18, 2019, White House Counsel Pat Cipollone sent a letter to Committee chairman Jerry Nadler that President Trump instructed Hicks to not answer questions pertaining to her work at the White House.[492][493] "Ms. Hicks is absolutely immune from being compelled to testify before Congress with respect to matters occurring during her service as a senior adviser to the President," Cipollone says. "Because of this constitutional immunity, and in order to protect the prerogatives of the Office of the President, the President has directed Ms. Hicks not to answer questions before the Committee relating to the time of her service as a senior adviser to the President."[492]

In the letter, Cipollone cited various Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinions arguing that Hicks is immune from compelled testimony, including one issued by the Justice Department in May that Trump cited when instructing former White House counsel Don McGahn not to testify before the committee pursuant to a subpoena. Cipollone also indicated that the White House may try to block Hicks from answering questions about her time on the presidential transition team because of potential executive privilege concerns. "Much of Ms. Hicks's work during this period involved discussions with the President-elect and his staff relating to the decisions the President-elect would be making once he assumed office," Cipollone wrote. "Accordingly, her responses to specific questions about this period would likely implicate executive branch confidentiality interests concerning that decisionmaking process," he wrote. "In order to preserve the President's ability to assert executive privilege over such information, a member of my office will attend Ms. Hicks's testimony on June 19."[492]

During Hicks' testimony, lawyers for the Trump administration forbade Hicks from answering questions 155 times, claiming that due to "absolute immunity", Hicks "may not speak about anything that occurred during the time of her employment in the White House as a close adviser to the President".[494][495]

Senate Judiciary Committee

On May 1, Attorney General Barr testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee. Barr said he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as that was not the role of the Justice Department. Barr explained his decision that there was not enough evidence for Trump to be charged with obstruction by citing that the president did not commit an underlying crime related to Russia.[52]

Then California Democratic Senator and now Vice President Kamala Harris questioned why neither Barr nor Rosenstein reviewed the underlying evidence in the report. "We accepted the statements in the report as the factual record. We did not go underneath it to see whether or not they were accurate, we accepted it as accurate," Barr said. He asserted this approach was common DOJ practice.[53][496] Harris also asked Barr if Rosenstein had been cleared by ethics officials to be involved in the decision to not charge Trump of obstruction, given that Rosenstein was a witness to the investigation regarding James Comey's firing. Barr with the help of his aides concluded by saying "He was the acting attorney general on the Mueller investigation...I'm informed that before I arrived, he had been cleared by the ethics officials."[497][498]

On the question of whether Trump could have ended the investigation, Barr said "the situation of the President, who has constitutional authority to supervise proceedings, if in fact a proceeding was not well founded, if it was a groundless proceeding, if it was based on false allegations, the President does not have to sit there, constitutionally, and allow it to run its course." He added, "The President could terminate that proceeding, and it would not be a corrupt intent, because he was being falsely accused.[52][499] He later said that Trump "knew [the accusations against him] were false. And he felt this investigation was unfair, propelled by his political opponents and was hampering his ability to govern. That is not a corrupt motive for replacing an independent counsel".[500] Politico described these comments as "Barr's expansive view of presidential authority to meddle in investigations".[501] New York argued against Barr's "perverse conclusion" because first, "Trump could not possibly know that an investigation was unfounded"; second, "Mueller did not say Trump was innocent"; and third, "Trump's obstruction was quite possibly one of the reasons Mueller failed to establish underlying crimes".[502]

Senator Richard Blumenthal asked Barr if he or his staff took notes on his March 28 call with Mueller. Barr confirmed there "were notes taken of the call", then told the committee that he would not share the notes with them: "Why should you have them?"[503]

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi commented on Barr's testimony and accused Barr of lying before Congress. "What is deadly serious about it is the attorney general of the United States of America is not telling the truth to the Congress of the United States. That's a crime," Pelosi told reporters. "He lied to Congress. If anybody else did that, it would be considered a crime. Nobody is above the law," Pelosi said. Department of Justice spokeswoman Kerri Kupec responded to Pelosi's remarks and said that a "baseless attack on the Attorney General is reckless, irresponsible and false."[504] According to CNBC, Pelosi's remarks were talking about Barr's comments in his April 9 testimony. Representative Charlie Crist: "Reports have emerged recently, general, that members of the special counsel's team are frustrated at some level with the limited information included in your March 24 letter. ... Do you know what they are referencing with that?" Barr: "No, I don't. I think I think, I suspect that they probably wanted more put out, but in my view I was not interested in putting out summaries."[504][505]

On May 8, 2019, the Senate Judiciary Committee subpoenaed Donald Trump Jr. to answer questions surrounding abandoned developments of a Trump Tower in Moscow.[506] Trump Jr. has testified before the Committee[507] on the same topic and related matters in September 2017.[508] Trump Jr. is expected to testify sometime in June for a second closed-door interview. According to the Washington Post: "Trump Jr. will testify for up to four hours and address a limited number of questions, these people said on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive negotiations."[509]

House Intelligence Committee

The House Intelligence Committee announced on May 14, 2019, that it would investigate whether attorneys for Trump and his family members – Jay Sekulow, Alan Futerfas, Abbe Lowell and Alan Garten – "reviewed, shaped and edited" Michael Cohen's false testimony[clarification needed] to Congress.[510]

On June 25, 2019, House Intelligence Committee Chairman, Adam Schiff, and chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, Jerry Nadler, both publicly announced that Mueller agreed to publicly testify before House Judiciary and Intelligence Committees on July 17.[458]

On July 24, 2019, Mueller testified before the House Intelligence Committee after being subpoenaed.[460] When asked as to why the Special Counsel did not subpoena President Trump, Mueller stated that they did not subpoena the president "because of the necessity of expediting" the investigation. "If we did subpoena the president, he would fight the subpoena and we would be in the midst of the investigation for a substantial period of time."[511]

Possible future releases

A less-redacted version of the report "with all redactions removed except those relating to grand-jury information", which is required to be redacted by federal law,[259][260][261] is expected[needs update] to be available two weeks after the initial public release, to "a bipartisan group of leaders from several Congressional committees".[103][512][513]

On April 19, 2019, House Judiciary Committee chairman Jerry Nadler issued a subpoena for the fully unredacted report.[514] A DOJ spokesperson called Nadler's subpoena "premature and unnecessary", citing that the publicly released version of the report had "minimal redactions" and that Barr had already made arrangements for Nadler and other lawmakers to review a version with fewer redactions.[407][408] Barr offered to let twelve designated members of Congress view the less-redacted report in a secure room at the Justice Department, and forbade them from sharing the contents with other legislators. Several Republicans took advantage of the offer; the six Democrats refused, saying the conditions were too stringent.[515]

On May 8, 2019, President Trump used a "protective assertion" of executive privilege to block the subpoena by the House of Representatives. Thus, as of 8 May 2019[update], the House would not receive the unredacted Mueller Report and its underlying material, pending Trump's decision to make a "final assertion" of executive privilege after reviewing the subpoenaed material. Attorney General Barr had recommended earlier that day that Trump take this action.[2]

Review of redactions

In March 2020, federal judge Reggie Walton, appointed to his position by President George W. Bush, declared that he would personally review the redactions made in the Mueller report to ensure that the redactions were legitimate. This came during a lawsuit filed by the pro-transparency Electronic Privacy Information Center and media outlet BuzzFeed News to release the full, unredacted report under the Freedom of Information Act.[516][517] Walton cited that he had concerns on whether the redactions were legitimate, due to Attorney General William Barr having displayed a "lack of candor" regarding the report.

According to Walton, Barr's March 24 letter not only had a "hurried release", but also "distorted" the findings of the report; while Barr went on to make "misleading public statements" about the report. As such, Walton had concerns that Barr may have made a "calculated attempt to influence public discourse" in favor of President Trump by establishing "a one-sided narrative" about the report which was contrary to the report's findings. Walton questioned if the report's redactions were then in fact "self-serving" to avoid conflict with Barr's statements, and if the Justice Department used "post-hoc rationalizations" to defend Barr.[518][519] On June 19, 2020, in response to the lawsuit, the Department of Justice released a less-redacted public version of the Mueller report, revealing new information about Roger Stone and WikiLeaks. The unredacted portions contradicted public statements made by Trump and the campaign officials that they did not know anything about the WikiLeaks release beforehand, and this information was corroborated by the Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election that was released on August 2020.[520][521]

On October 6, 2020 President Trump, referencing the Mueller report, tweeted "I have fully authorized the total Declassification of any & all documents pertaining to the single greatest political CRIME in American History, the Russia Hoax."[522] Trump also said in an interview "I've fully declassified everything. Everything's been declassified."[522] In response to the President's statement, BuzzFeed requested an unredacted version of the report; however, BuzzFeed's request for an unredacted report was denied by the Department of Justice (DOJ). Someone told Walton, "... the President's statements on Twitter were not self-executing declassification orders..." To clear up the position of the President, Walton ordered a continuance until October 21, 2020, so "I can get something from White House counsel saying that they conferred with the president, and the president, in fact, did not intend to declassify the information ..."[522] On October 20, 2020, and contrary to Trump's Twitter statements, White House chief of staff Mark Meadows stated in a federal court filing that Trump's tweets were not official orders to declassify FBI Russia probe documents.[523][better source needed]

The day before the November 3, 2020, election, the Special Counsel's office released previously redacted portions of the Mueller report per the federal judge's order in the lawsuit mentioned above filed by BuzzFeed News and the Electronic Privacy Information Center, while allowing other portions to remain redacted.[524][525]

In summary, per Buzzfeed: "Although Wikileaks published emails stolen from the DNC in July and October 2016 and Stone – a close associate to Donald Trump – appeared to know in advance the materials were coming, investigators 'did not have sufficient evidence' to prove active participation in the hacks or knowledge that the electronic thefts were continuing. In addition, federal prosecutors could not establish that the hacked emails amounted to campaign contributions benefitting Trump's election chances …"[524]

The newly released material also stated: "While the investigation developed evidence that the GRU's hacking efforts in fact were continuing at least at the time of the July 2016 WikiLeaks dissemination, ... the Office did not develop sufficient admissible evidence that WikiLeaks knew of – or even was willfully blind to – that fact." As reported by Buzzfeed, "Likewise, prosecutors faced what they called factual hurdles in pursuing Stone for the hack."[524]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Full relevant remarks: "I also want to thank two great congressmen for being here, and if we had room we would've had a lot more: Phil Roe and James Baird. Thank you very much." (Applause.) "Thank you, fellas. You're welcome. And they're having a good day – I'm having a good day, too." (Laughter.) "It was called, 'No collusion. No obstruction.'" (Applause.) "I'm having a good day. There never was, by the way, and there never will be. And we do have to get to the bottom of these things, I will say. And this should never happen – I say this in front of my friends, Wounded Warriors; and I just call them 'warriors', 'cause we just shook hands, and they look great; they look so good, so beautiful. But I say it in front of my friends: This should never happen to another president again, this hoax. It should never happen to another president again. Thank you."[325][326]
  2. ^ Full tweets: "Statements are made about me by certain people in the Crazy Mueller Report, in itself written by 18 Angry Democrat Trump Haters, which are fabricated & totally untrue. Watch out for people that take so-called 'notes', when the notes never existed until needed. Because I never agreed to testify, it was not necessary for me to respond to statements made in the 'Report' about me, some of which are total bullshit & only given to make the other person look good (or me to look bad). This was an Illegally Started Hoax that never should have happened, a big, fat, [sic] waste of time, energy and money – $30,000,000 to be exact. It is now finally time to turn the tables and bring justice to some very sick and dangerous people who have committed very serious crimes, perhaps even Spying or Treason. This should never happen again!"
  3. ^ Full remarks:
    Reporter #1: "Some Democrats, sir, are still talking about impeachment. What's your response to that?"
    Trump: "I don't think they're talking about impeachment. We have the greatest economy we've ever had, our country's in incredible shape. They and others created a fraud on our country with this ridiculous witch hunt, where it was proven very strongly, 'No collusion. No obstruction. No nothing.' We are doing so well, we've never, probably, had a time of prosperity like this. It's been great." (To a reporter:) "Go ahead."
    Reporter #2: "Sir, do you think the people who launched the investigation into your campaign [are guilty] of treasonous acts?"
    Trump: "Yeah."
    Reporter #2: "How high up do you think it went?"
    Trump: "I think it went very high up. I think what happened is a disgrace. I don't believe our country should allow this ever to happen again. This will never happen again. We cannot let it ever happen again. It went very high up, and it started fairly low, but with instructions from the high-up. This should never happen to a president again. We can't allow that to take place."
    Reporter #2: "Do you think it reached the West Wing of the Obama White House?"
    Trump: "I don't want to say that, but I think you know the answer."
    Reporter #3: "Mr. President, the report says while you did not commit a crime, it says that you specifically – "
    Trump: "Who said what?"
    Reporter #3: "While the Mueller report says, according to the Barr letter, while you didn't – "
    Trump: "The Mueller report was great. It could not have been better. It said, 'No obstruction. No collusion.' It could not have been better."[336]
  4. ^ Full tweet: "The Mueller Report, despite being written by Angry Democrats and Trump Haters, and with unlimited money behind it ($35,000,000), didn't lay a glove on me. I DID NOTHING WRONG. If the partisan Dems ever tried to Impeach, I would first head to the U.S. Supreme Court. Not only are there no 'High Crimes and Misdemeanors', there are no Crimes by me at all. All of the Crimes were committed by Crooked Hillary, the Dems, the DNC and Dirty Cops – and we caught them in the act! We waited for Mueller and WON, so now the Dems look to Congress as last hope!"
  5. ^ Full relevant remarks: "Every day of my administration we are taking power out of Washington, D.C., and returning it to the American people where it belongs. And you see it now better than ever with all of the resignations of bad apples – they're bad apples! They tried for a coup; didn't work out so well. And I didn't need a gun for that one, did I? All was taking place at the highest levels in Washington, D.C. You've been watching, you've been seeing, you've been looking at things that you wouldn't've believed possible in our country. Corruption at the highest level. A disgrace. Spying, surveillance, trying for an overthrow – and we caught 'em, we caught 'em. Who would have thought in our country? But it's called – what we all together have done; it started two and a half years ago on that great November 8th. That was a great day! Remember that day? Great day. And in a year and a half we have one called 'November 3rd'. It's November 3rd this time. Get ready to vote! You'd better. You'd better get ready to vote. But it's all called 'draining the swamp'. And we are doing it faster than anyone ever thought possible. Very proud of it."[340][341]
  6. ^ President Trump was referring to an article in The Atlantic, titled "The White House Has No Plan for Confronting the Mueller Report", published on December 6, 2018.[359]

References

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  2. ^ a b Mangan, Dan (May 8, 2019). "Trump asserts 'executive privilege' over Mueller report in fight with House Democrats". CNBC. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (April 18, 2019). "Barr defends Trump, saying he faced an 'unprecedented situation' during Mueller probe". CBS News. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 180: "the Office's investigation uncovered evidence of numerous links (i.e., contacts) between Trump Campaign officials and individuals having or claiming to have ties to the Russian government. The Office evaluated the contacts under several sets of federal laws, including conspiracy laws and statutes governing foreign agents who operate in the United States. After considering the available evidence, the Office did not pursue charges under these statutes against any of the individuals discussed in Section IV above – with the exception of FARA charges against Paul Manafort and Richard Gates based on their activities on behalf of Ukraine.... several U.S. persons connected to the Campaign made false statements about those contacts and took other steps to obstruct the Office's investigation and those of Congress. This Office has therefore charged some of those individuals with making false statements and obstructing justice."
  5. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 173: "Ultimately, the investigation did not establish that the Campaign coordinated or conspired with the Russian government in its election-interference activities."
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  7. ^ a b Mueller Report, Vol. 1, p.10: The investigation did not always yield admissible information or testimony, or a complete picture of the activities undertaken by subjects of the investigation. Some individuals invoked their Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination and were not, in the Office's judgment, appropriate candidates for grants of immunity. The Office limited its pursuit of other witnesses and information-such as information known to attorneys or individuals claiming to be members of the media-in light of internal Department of Justice policies. See, e.g., Justice Manual §§ 9-13.400, 13.410. Some of the information obtained via court process, moreover, was presumptively covered by legal privilege and was screened from investigators by a filter (or "taint") team. Even when individuals testified or agreed to be interviewed, they sometimes provided information that was false or incomplete, leading to some of the false-statements charges described above. And the Office faced practical limits on its ability to access relevant evidence as well-numerous witnesses and subjects lived abroad, and documents were held outside the United States. Further, the Office learned that some of the individuals we interviewed or whose conduct we investigated-including some associated with the Trump Campaign – deleted relevant communications or communicated during the relevant period using applications that feature encryption or that do not provide for long-term retention of data or communications records. In such cases, the Office was not able to corroborate witness statements through comparison to contemporaneous communications or fully question witnesses about statements that appeared inconsistent with other known facts.
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  17. ^ a b Vesoulis, Abby (May 29, 2019). "How Mueller's Farewell Subtly Rebuked Trump". Time. Retrieved May 29, 2019.
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  24. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 1–2: "[...] apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduct. Footnote: See U.S. CONST. Art. I § 2, cl. 5; § 3, cl. 6; cf. OLC Op. at 257–258 (discussing relationship between impeachment and criminal prosecution of a sitting President). [...] Even if an indictment were sealed during the President's term, OLC reasoned, 'it would be very difficult to preserve [an indictment's] secrecy', and if an indictment became public, '[t]he stigma and opprobrium' could imperil the President's ability to govern."
  25. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 2: "[...] a prosecutor's judgment that crimes were committed, but that no charges will be brought, affords no such adversarial opportunity for public name-clearing before an impartial adjudicator. The concerns about the fairness of such a determination would be heightened in the case of a sitting President, where a federal prosecutor's accusation of a crime, even in an internal report, could carry consequences that extend beyond the realm of criminal justice. OLC noted similar concerns about sealed indictments."
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  121. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 1: "Given the role of the Special Counsel as an attorney in the Department of Justice and the framework of the Special Counsel regulations, see 28 U.S.C. § 515; 28 C.F.R. § 600.7(a), this Office accepted OLC's legal conclusion for the purpose of exercising prosecutorial jurisdiction. And apart from OLC's constitutional view, we recognized that a federal criminal accusation against a sitting President would place burdens on the President's capacity to govern and potentially preempt constitutional processes for addressing presidential misconduct."
  122. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 1: "Second, while the OLC opinion concludes that a sitting President may not be prosecuted, it recognizes that a criminal investigation during the President's term is permissible. The OLC opinion also recognizes that a President does not have immunity after he leaves office. OLC Op. at 255 ('Recognizing an immunity from prosecution for a sitting President would not preclude such prosecution once the President's term is over or he is otherwise removed from office by resignation or impeachment')."
  123. ^ Edelman, Adam (April 18, 2019). "Trump failed at obstruction because his aides refused to carry out orders, Mueller finds". NBC News. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  124. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 158: "The President's efforts to influence the investigation were mostly unsuccessful, but that is largely because the persons who surrounded the President declined to carry out orders or accede to his requests. Comey did not end the investigation of Flynn, which ultimately resulted in Flynn's prosecution and conviction for lying to the FBI. McGahn did not tell the Acting Attorney General that the Special Counsel must be removed, but was instead prepared to resign over the President's order. Lewandowski and Dearborn did not deliver the President's message to Sessions that he should confine the Russia investigation to future election meddling only. And McGahn refused to recede from his recollections about events surrounding the President's direction to have the Special Counsel removed, despite the President's multiple demands that he do so. Consistent with that pattern, the evidence we obtained would not support potential obstruction charges against the President's aides and associates beyond those already filed."
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  132. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 15: "Trump also expressed skepticism that Russia had hacked the emails at the same time as he and other Campaign advisors privately sought information about any further planned WikiLeaks releases."
  133. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 54: "According to Gates, by the late summer of 2016, the Trump Campaign was planning a press strategy, a communications campaign, and messaging based on the possible release of Clinton emails by WikiLeaks. REDACTION: Harm to Ongoing Matter while Trump and Gates were driving to LaGuardia Airport. REDACTION: Harm to Ongoing Matter, shortly after the call candidate Trump told Gates that more releases of damaging information would be coming."
  134. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 15: "After the election, when questions persisted about possible links between Russia and the Trump Campaign, the President-Elect continued to deny any connections to Russia and privately expressed concerns that reports of Russian election interference might lead the public to question the legitimacy of his election."
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  138. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Flynn, who was in the Dominican Republic at the time, and K.T. McFarland, who was slated to become the Deputy National Security Advisor and was at the Mar-a-Lago resort in Florida with the President-Elect and other senior staff, talked by phone about what, if anything, Flynn should communicate to Kislyak about the sanctions."
  139. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Incoming Chief of Staff Reince Priebus recalled that McFarland may have mentioned at the meeting that the sanctions situation could be 'cooled down' and not escalated."
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  141. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Priebus recalled that the President-Elect viewed the sanctions as an attempt by the Obama Administration to embarrass him by delegitimizing his election."
  142. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 25: "Immediately after discussing the sanctions with McFarland on December 29, 2016, Flynn called Kislyak and requested that Russia respond to the sanctions only in a reciprocal manner, without escalating the situation."
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  145. ^ Mueller Report, vol II, p. 25: After the call, Flynn briefed McFarland on its substance. Flynn told McFarland that the Russian response to the sanctions was not going to be escalatory because Russia wanted a good relationship with the Trump Administration.
  146. ^ a b Mueller Report, vol II, pp. 25–26: "On December 30, 2016, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would not take retaliatory measures in response to the sanctions at that time and would instead 'plan ... further steps to restore Russian-US relations based on the policies of the Trump Administration.' Following that announcement, the President-Elect tweeted, 'Great move on delay (by V. Putin) – I always knew he was very smart!'"
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  150. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 121: In late November 2017, Flynn began to cooperate with this Office. On November 22, 2017, Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement he had with the President. Flynn's counsel told the President's personal counsel and counsel for the White House that Flynn could no longer have confidential communications with the White House or the President. Later that night, the President's personal counsel left a voicemail for Flynn's counsel that said: I understand your situation, but let me see if I can't state it in starker terms. . . . [I]t wouldn't surprise me if you've gone on to make a deal with . . . the government. . . . [I]f . . . there's information that implicates the President, then we've got a national security issue, . . . so, you know, . . . we need some kind of heads up. Um, just for the sake of protecting all our interests if we can . . . . [R]emember what we've always said about the ' President and his feelings toward Flynn and, that still remains . . . .
  151. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 6: After Flynn withdrew from a joint defense agreement with the President and began cooperating with the government, the President's personal counsel left a message for Flynn's attorneys reminding them of the President's warm feelings towards Flynn, which he said "still remains", and asking for a "heads up" if Flynn knew "information that implicates the President".
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  156. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 48: "In early March 2017, the President learned that Sessions was considering recusing from the Russia investigation and tried to prevent the recusal. After Sessions announced his recusal on March 2, the President expressed anger at Sessions for the decision and then privately asked Sessions to 'unrecuse'."
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  166. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 77: "The Acting Attorney General appointed a Special Counsel on May 17, 2017, prompting the President to state that it was the end of his presidency and that Attorney General Sessions had failed to protect him and should resign. Sessions submitted his resignation, which the President ultimately did not accept."
  167. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 77–78: "On June 14, 2017, the press reported that the President was being personally investigated for obstruction of justice and the President responded with a series of tweets criticizing the Special Counsel's investigation."
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  169. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 78: "That weekend, the President called McGahn and directed him to have the Special Counsel removed because of asserted conflicts of interest. McGahn did not carry out the instruction for fear of being seen as triggering another Saturday Night Massacre and instead prepared to resign. McGahn ultimately did not quit and the President did not follow up with McGahn on his request to have the Special Counsel removed."
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  171. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 90: "Two days after the President directed McGahn to have the Special Counsel removed, the President made another attempt to affect the course of the Russia investigation. On June 19, 2017, the President met one-on-one with Corey Lewandowski in the Oval Office and dictated a message to be delivered to Attorney General Sessions that would have had the effect of limiting the Russia investigation to future election interference only."
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  173. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "During the June 19 meeting, Lewandowski recalled that, after some small talk, the President brought up Sessions and criticized his recusal from the Russia investigation. The President told Lewandowski that Sessions was weak and that if the President had known about the likelihood of recusal in advance, he would not have appointed Sessions."
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  175. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "I know that I recused myself from certain things having to do with specific areas. But our POTUS . .. is being treated very unfairly. He shouldn't have a Special Prosecutor/Counsel b/c he hasn't done anything wrong. I was on the campaign w/ him for nine months, there were no Russians involved with him. I know it for a fact b/c I was there. He didn't do anything wrong except he ran the greatest campaign in American history."
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  177. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "Now a group of people want to subvert the Constitution of the United States. I am going to meet with the Special Prosecutor to explain this is very unfair and let the Special Prosecutor move forward with investigating election meddling for future elections so that nothing can happen in future election."
  178. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 92: "The President said that if Sessions delivered that statement he would be the 'most popular guy in the country'. Lewandowski told the President he understood what the President wanted Sessions to do.
  179. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 91: "Lewandowski wanted to pass the message to Sessions in person rather than over the phone. He did not want to meet at the Department of Justice because he did not want a public log of his visit and did not want Sessions to have an advantage over him by meeting on what Lewandowski described as Sessions's turf. Lewandowski called Sessions and arranged a meeting for the following evening at Lewandowski's office, but Sessions had to cancel due to a last minute conflict."
  180. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 93: "President raised his previous request and asked if Lewandowski had talked to Sessions. Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired."
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  182. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 91–92: "On July 19, 2017, the President again met with Lewandowski alone in the Oval Office. [...] the President raised his previous request and asked if Lewandowski had talked to Sessions. Lewandowski told the President that the message would be delivered soon. Lewandowski recalled that the President told him that if Sessions did not meet with him, Lewandowski should tell Sessions he was fired. Immediately following the meeting with the President, Lewandowski saw Dearborn in the anteroom outside the Oval Office and gave him a typewritten version of the message the President had dictated to be delivered to Sessions. Lewandowski told Dearborn that the notes were the message they had discussed, but Dearborn did not recall whether Lewandowski said the message was from the President. The message 'definitely raised an eyebrow' for Dearborn, and he recalled not wanting to ask where it came from or think further about doing anything with it. Dearborn also said that being asked to serve as a messenger to Sessions made him uncomfortable. He recalled later telling Lewandowski that he had handled the situation, but he did not actually follow through with delivering the message to Sessions, and he did not keep a copy of the typewritten notes Lewandowski had given him."
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  185. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 106: "Each of these efforts by the President involved his communications team and was directed at the press. They would amount to obstructive acts only if the President, by taking these actions, sought to withhold information from or mislead congressional investigators or the Special Counsel."
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  188. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 15: "Rick Gates, who was the deputy campaign chairman, stated during interviews with the Office that in the days before June 9, 2016 Trump Jr. announced at a regular morning meeting of senior campaign staff and Trump family members that he had a lead on negative information about the Clinton Foundation."
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  193. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 188: "The Office would also encounter difficulty proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the value of the promised documents and information exceeds the $2,000 threshold for a criminal violation, as well as the $25,000 threshold for felony punishment. See 52 U.S.C. § 30109(d)(1). The type of evidence commonly used to establish the value of non-monetary contributions-such as pricing the contribution on a commercial market or determining the upstream acquisition cost or the cost of distribution-would likely be unavailable or ineffective in this factual setting."
  194. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 112–113: "On multiple occasions in 2017, the President spoke with Sessions about reversing his recusal so that he could take over the Russia investigation and begin an investigation and prosecution of Hillary Clinton. ... There is evidence that at least one purpose of the President's conduct toward Sessions was to have Sessions assume control over the Russia investigation and supervise it in a way that would restrict its scope. ... A reasonable inference from those statements and the President's actions is that the President believed that an unrecused Attorney General would play a protective role and could shield the President from the ongoing Russia investigation. For example, in early summer 2017, Sessions recalled the President asking him to unrecuse, but Sessions did not take it as a directive. When the President raised the issue again in December 2017, the President said, as recorded by Porter, 'Not telling you to do anything. ... I'm not going to get involved. I'm not going to do anything or direct you to do anything. I just want to be treated fairly.' The duration of the President's efforts-which spanned from March 2017 to August 2018 – and the fact that the President repeatedly criticized Sessions in public and in private for failing to tell the President that he would have to recuse is relevant to assessing whether the President's efforts to have Sessions unrecuse could qualify as obstructive acts."
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  196. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 115: "Porter thought the matter should be handled by the White House communications office, but the President said he wanted McGahn to write a letter to the file 'for our records' and wanted something beyond a press statement to demonstrate that the reporting was inaccurate. The President referred to McGahn as a 'lying bastard' and said that he wanted a record from him."
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  283. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 80: The President Asserts that the Special Counsel has Conflicts of Interest In the days following the Special Counsel's appointment, the President repeatedly told advisors, including Priebus, Bannon, and McGahn, that Special Counsel Mueller had conflicts of interest. The President cited as conflicts that Mueller had interviewed for the FBI Director position shortly before being appointed as Special Counsel, that he had worked for a law firm that represented people affiliated with the President, and that Mueller had disputed certain fees relating to his membership in a Trump golf course in Northern Virginia. The President's advisors pushed back on his assertion of conflicts, telling the President they did not count as true conflicts.
  284. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 82: "On June 9, 2017, the Special Counsel's Office informed the White House Counsel's Office that investigators intended to interview intelligence community officials who had allegedly been asked by the President to push back against the Russia investigation. On Monday, June 12, 2017, Christopher Ruddy, the chief executive of Newsmax Media and a longtime friend of the President's, met at the White House with Priebus and Bannon. Ruddy recalled that they told him the President was strongly considering firing the Special Counsel and that he would do so precipitously, without vetting the decision through Administration officials. Ruddy asked Priebus if Ruddy could talk publicly about the discussion they had about the Special Counsel, and Priebus said he could. Priebus told Ruddy he hoped another blow up like the one that followed the termination of Comey did not happen. Later that day, Ruddy stated in a televised interview that the President was 'considering perhaps terminating the Special Counsel' based on purported conflicts of interest. Ruddy later told another news outlet that 'Trump is definitely considering' terminating the Special Counsel and 'it's not something that's being dismissed.' Ruddy's comments led to extensive coverage in the media that the President was considering firing the Special Counsel."
  285. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 71–72: "That same morning, on May 10, 2017, the President called McCabe. According to a memorandum McCabe wrote following the call, the President asked McCabe to come over to the White House to discuss whether the President should visit FBI headquarters and make a speech to employees. The President said he had received 'hundreds' of messages from FBI employees indicating their support for terminating Comey. The President also told McCabe that Comey should not have been permitted to travel back to Washington, D.C. on the FBI's airplane after he had been terminated and that he did not want Comey 'in the building again', even to collect his belongings. When McCabe met with the President that afternoon, the President, without prompting, told McCabe that people in the FBI loved the President, estimated that at least 80% of the FBI had voted for him, and asked McCabe who he had voted for in the 2016 presidential election. In the afternoon of May 10, 2017, deputy press secretary Sarah Sanders spoke to the President about his decision to fire Comey and then spoke to reporters in a televised press conference. Sanders told reporters that the President, the Department of Justice, and bipartisan members of Congress had lost confidence in Comey, '[a]nd most importantly, the rank and file of the FBI had lost confidence in their director. Accordingly, the President accepted the recommendation of his Deputy Attorney General to remove James Comey from his position.' In response to questions from reporters, Sanders said that Rosenstein decided 'on his own' to review Comey's performance and that Rosenstein decided 'on his own' to come to the President on Monday, May 8 to express his concerns about Comey. When a reporter indicated that the 'vast majority' of FBI agents supported Comey, Sanders said, 'Look, we've heard from countless members of the FBI that say very different things.' Following the press conference, Sanders spoke to the President, who told her she did a good job and did not point out any inaccuracies in her comments. Sanders told this Office that her reference to hearing from 'countless members of the FBI' was a 'slip of the tongue'. She also recalled that her statement in a separate press interview that rank-and-file FBI agents had lost confidence in Comey was a comment she made 'in the heat of the moment' that was not founded on anything."
  286. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 72–73: "Also on May 10, 2017, Sessions and Rosenstein each spoke to McGahn and expressed concern that the White House was creating a narrative that Rosenstein had initiated the decision to fire Comey. The White House Counsel's Office agreed that it was factually wrong to say that the Department of Justice had initiated Comey's termination, and McGahn asked attorneys in the White House Counsel's Office to work with the press office to correct the narrative."
  287. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 105: "After consulting with the President on the issue, White House Press Secretary Sarah Sanders told the media that the President 'certainly didn't dictate' the statement, but that 'he weighed in, offered suggestions like any father would do.' Several months later, the President's personal counsel stated in a private communication to the Special Counsel's Office that 'the President dictated a short but accurate response to the New York Times article on behalf of his son, Donald Trump, Jr.' The President later told the press that it was 'irrelevant' whether he dictated the statement and said, 'It's a statement to the New York Times ... That's not a statement to a high tribunal of judges.'"
  288. ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 6: "On July 31, 2016, based on the foreign government reporting, the FBI opened an investigation into potential coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the Trump campaign."
  289. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 134: "The President's conduct involving Michael Cohen spans the full period of our investigation. During the campaign, Cohen pursued the Trump Tower Moscow project on behalf of the Trump Organization. Cohen briefed candidate Trump on the project numerous times, including discussing whether Trump should travel to Russia to advance the deal. After the media began questioning Trump's connections to Russia, Cohen promoted a 'party line' that publicly distanced Trump from Russia and asserted he had no business there. Cohen continued to adhere to that party line in 2017, when Congress asked him to provide documents and testimony in its Russia investigation. In an attempt to minimize the President's connections to Russia, Cohen submitted a letter to Congress falsely stating that he only briefed Trump on the Trump Tower Moscow project three times, that he did not consider asking Trump to travel to Russia, that Cohen had not received a response to an outreach he made to the Russian government, and that the project ended in January 2016, before the first Republican caucus or primary. While working on the congressional statement, Cohen had extensive discussions with the President's personal counsel, who, according to Cohen, said that Cohen should not contradict the President and should keep the statement short and 'tight'. After the FBI searched Cohen's home and office in April 2018, the President publicly asserted that Cohen would not 'flip' and privately passed messages of support to him. Cohen also discussed pardons with the President's personal counsel and believed that if he stayed on message, he would get a pardon or the President would do 'something else' to make the investigation end. But after Cohen began cooperating with the government in July 2018, the President publicly criticized him, called him a 'rat', and suggested his family members had committed crimes."
  290. ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, pp. 33–36: "Also on January 27, the President called FBI Director Comey and invited him to dinner that evening. Priebus recalled that before the dinner, he told the President something like, 'don't talk about Russia, whatever you do,' and the President promised he would not talk about Russia at the dinner. McGahn had previously advised the President that he should not communicate directly with the Department of Justice to avoid the perception or reality of political interference in law enforcement. When Bannon learned about the President's planned dinner with Comey, he suggested that he or Priebus also attend, but the President stated that he wanted to dine with Comey alone. Comey said that when he arrived for the dinner that evening, he was surprised and concerned to see that no one else had been invited. Comey provided an account of the dinner in a contemporaneous memo, an interview with this Office, and congressional testimony. According to Comey's account of the dinner, the President repeatedly brought up Comey's future, asking whether he wanted to stay on as FBI director. Because the President had previously said he wanted Comey to stay on as FBI director, Comey interpreted the President's comments as an effort to create a patronage relationship by having Comey ask for his job. The President also brought up the Steele reporting that Comey had raised in the January 6, 2017, briefing and stated that he was thinking about ordering the FBI to investigate the allegations to prove they were false. Comey responded that the President should think carefully about issuing such an order because it could create a narrative that the FBI was investigating him personally, which was incorrect. Later in the dinner, the President brought up Flynn and said, 'the guy has serious judgment issues.' Comey did not comment on Flynn and the President did not acknowledge any FBI interest in or contact with Flynn. According to Comey's account, at one point during the dinner the President stated, 'I need loyalty, I expect loyalty.' Comey did not respond and the conversation moved on to other topics, but the President returned to the subject of Comey's job at the end of the dinner and repeated, 'I need loyalty.' Comey responded, 'You will always get honesty from me.' The President said, 'That's what I want, honest loyalty.' Comey said, 'You will get that from me.' After Comey's account of the dinner became public, the President and his advisors disputed that he had asked for Comey's loyalty. The President also indicated that he had not invited Comey to dinner, telling a reporter that he thought Comey had 'asked for the dinner' because 'he wanted to stay on.' But substantial evidence corroborates Comey's account of the dinner invitation and the request for loyalty. The President's Daily Diary confirms that the President 'extend[ed] a dinner invitation' to Comey on January 27. With respect to the substance of the dinner conversation, Comey documented the President's request for loyalty in a memorandum he began drafting the night of the dinner; senior FBI officials recall that Comey told them about the loyalty request shortly after the dinner occurred; and Comey described the request while under oath in congressional proceedings and in a subsequent interview with investigators subject to penalties for lying under 18 U.S.C. § 1001. Comey's memory of the details of the dinner, including that the President requested loyalty, has remained consistent throughout."
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Further reading

  • David Cole, "An Indictment in All But Name" (review of Robert S. Mueller III, Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, two volumes, 448 pp., available at www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 9 (May 23, 2019), pp. 4, 6.
  • Weissmann, Andrew (2020). Where Law Ends. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-593-13857-1. OCLC 1197637045.
  • Mueller report, original redacted version publicly released April 18, 2019:
    • Justice.gov downloadable, searchable PDF
    • Archive.org; DPLA Archived February 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine; New York Times; Scribd
    • Audio from Audible (registration required)
  • Mueller report, less-redacted version publicly released on June 19, 2020:
    • Volume 1
    • Volume 2
    • Appendices
  • Letter from Attorney General William Barr to leaders of the House and Senate Judiciary Committees of the principal conclusions of the Mueller investigation (March 24, 2019)
  • Official Website of the United States Department of Justice: Office of Special Counsel Archived February 23, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
  • Litigation Documents Related to the Mueller Investigation via Lawfare
  • All of the Mueller report's major findings in less than 30 minutes on YouTube published on August 29, 2019, PBS NewsHour
  • Expert Summaries of Mueller Report: A Collection, Just Security
  • "The Mueller Report Illustrated" Archived January 4, 2020, at the Wayback Machine (online version), a book and six-part digital series on the obstruction investigation, The Washington Post
  • Mike Levine (July 23, 2019): The Russia probe: A timeline from Moscow to Mueller. Published by ABC News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023.
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