La relación potencia-peso ( PWR , también llamada potencia específica o relación potencia-masa ) es un cálculo comúnmente aplicado a motores y fuentes de energía móviles para permitir la comparación entre diferentes unidades o diseños. La relación potencia-peso mide el rendimiento real de cualquier motor o fuente de energía. También se utiliza para medir el rendimiento de un vehículo en su conjunto, dividiendo la potencia del motor entre el peso (o masa ) del vehículo, lo que proporciona una métrica independiente del tamaño del vehículo. Los fabricantes suelen indicar la relación potencia-peso en su valor máximo, pero este valor real puede variar durante el uso, y estas variaciones pueden afectar al rendimiento.
La inversa de la relación potencia-peso, la relación peso-potencia (carga de potencia), es un cálculo que se aplica comúnmente a aeronaves, automóviles y otros vehículos para comparar el rendimiento de un vehículo con el de otro. La relación potencia-peso es igual al empuje por unidad de masa multiplicado por la velocidad de cualquier vehículo.
Relación potencia-peso (potencia específica)
La relación potencia-peso (potencia específica) se define como la potencia generada por el motor o motores dividida por la masa. En este contexto, el término «peso» es inapropiado, ya que coloquialmente se refiere a la masa. En un entorno de gravedad cero (sin peso), la relación potencia-peso no se consideraría infinita.
Un motor diésel V8 turboalimentado típico podría tener una potencia de motor de 250 kW (340 hp) y una masa de 380 kg (840 lb) , [ 1 ] lo que le da una relación potencia-peso de 0,65 kW/kg (0,40 hp/lb).
Ejemplos de altas relaciones potencia-peso se encuentran frecuentemente en turbinas. Esto se debe a su capacidad para operar a velocidades muy altas. Por ejemplo, los motores principales del transbordador espacial utilizaban turbobombas (máquinas que consisten en una bomba accionada por un motor de turbina) para alimentar los propelentes (oxígeno líquido e hidrógeno líquido ) a la cámara de combustión del motor. La turbobomba original de hidrógeno líquido tiene un tamaño similar al de un motor de automóvil (con un peso aproximado de 352 kilogramos (775 lb) ) y produce 72 000 hp (54 MW) [ 2 ] para una relación potencia-peso de 153 kW/kg (93 hp/lb).
Interpretación física
En mecánica clásica , la potencia instantánea es el valor límite del trabajo promedio realizado por unidad de tiempo cuando el intervalo de tiempo Δt tiende a cero (es decir, la derivada con respecto al tiempo del trabajo realizado).
La unidad métrica que se suele utilizar para la relación potencia-peso eslo cual es igual aEste hecho permite expresar la relación potencia-peso únicamente en unidades base del SI . La relación potencia-peso de un vehículo es igual a su aceleración multiplicada por su velocidad; por lo tanto, al doble de velocidad, experimenta la mitad de la aceleración, si todo lo demás permanece constante.
Potencia propulsora
Si el trabajo a realizar es el movimiento rectilíneo de un cuerpo con masa constante, cuyo centro de masa debe acelerarse a lo largo de una línea (posiblemente no recta) hasta una velocidady ángulocon respecto al centro y radial de un campo gravitatorio por una planta de energía a bordo, entonces la energía cinética asociada es
dónde:
- es la masa del cuerpo
- es la velocidad del centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
El principio de trabajo-energía establece que el trabajo realizado sobre un objeto durante un período de tiempo es igual a la diferencia en su energía total durante ese período de tiempo, por lo que la tasa a la que se realiza el trabajo es igual a la tasa de cambio de la energía cinética (en ausencia de cambios en la energía potencial).
El trabajo realizado desde el tiempo t hasta el tiempo t + Δt a lo largo de la trayectoria C se define como la integral de línea., por lo tanto, el teorema fundamental del cálculo tiene que la potencia está dada por.
dónde:
- es la aceleración del centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
- Es una fuerza lineal , o empuje , aplicada sobre el centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
- es la velocidad del centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
- es el torque aplicado sobre el centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
- es la velocidad angular del centro de masa del cuerpo, que cambia con el tiempo.
En la propulsión , la potencia solo se entrega si la planta motriz está en movimiento y se transmite para que el cuerpo se mueva. Normalmente se asume que la transmisión mecánica permite que la planta motriz opere a su máxima potencia. Esta suposición permite que la optimización del motor compense la complejidad y la masa de la transmisión con un mayor ancho de banda de potencia y una mayor masa del motor. Los motores eléctricos no sufren esta compensación, sino que sacrifican su alto par motor por tracción a baja velocidad. La ventaja de potencia o relación potencia-peso es entonces
dónde:
- es la velocidad lineal del centro de masa del cuerpo.
Potencia del motor
La potencia útil de un motor con potencia de salida en el eje se puede calcular utilizando un dinamómetro para medir el par y la velocidad de rotación , alcanzándose la potencia máxima cuando el par multiplicado por la velocidad de rotación es máximo. En los motores a reacción, la potencia útil es igual a la velocidad de vuelo de la aeronave multiplicada por la fuerza, conocida como empuje neto, necesaria para que alcance dicha velocidad. Se utiliza para calcular la eficiencia propulsora .
Ejemplos
Motores
Máquinas térmicas y bombas de calor
La energía térmica se compone de energía cinética molecular y energía de fase latente . Las máquinas térmicas pueden convertir la energía térmica, en forma de gradiente de temperatura entre una fuente caliente y un sumidero frío, en otro trabajo mecánico deseable . Las bombas de calor utilizan trabajo mecánico para regenerar energía térmica en un gradiente de temperatura. Deben utilizarse definiciones estándar al interpretar la transferencia de la potencia propulsora de un motor a reacción o cohete a su vehículo.
- Relación potencia-peso total del vehículo mostrada a continuación
Motores eléctricos y generadores electromotrices
Un motor eléctrico utiliza energía eléctrica para realizar trabajo mecánico , generalmente mediante la interacción de un campo magnético y conductores que transportan corriente . Mediante la interacción del trabajo mecánico sobre un conductor eléctrico en un campo magnético, se puede generar energía eléctrica .
- Relación potencia-peso total del vehículo mostrada a continuación
Motores hidráulicos y bombas hidráulicas
Los fluidos (líquidos y gaseosos) pueden utilizarse para transmitir y/o almacenar energía mediante la presión y otras propiedades propias de los fluidos. Los motores hidráulicos (de líquido) y neumáticos (de gas) transforman la presión del fluido en trabajo mecánico o eléctrico . Las bombas de fluido transforman el trabajo mecánico o eléctrico en movimiento o cambios de presión del fluido, o en su almacenamiento en un recipiente a presión .
Generadores termoeléctricos y actuadores electrotérmicos
Diversos efectos pueden aprovecharse para producir termoelectricidad , emisión termoiónica , piroelectricidad y piezoelectricidad . La resistencia eléctrica y el ferromagnetismo de los materiales pueden utilizarse para convertir la corriente eléctrica en energía termoacústica.
Sistemas de celdas electroquímicas (galvánicas) y electrostáticas
baterías (de celda cerrada)
Todas las celdas electroquímicas proporcionan un voltaje variable a medida que su composición química cambia de "cargada" a "descargada". El fabricante de una batería suele especificar un voltaje de salida nominal y un voltaje de corte. El voltaje de salida cae al voltaje de corte cuando la batería se "descarga". El voltaje de salida nominal siempre es menor que el voltaje de circuito abierto que se produce cuando la batería está "cargada". La temperatura de una batería puede afectar su potencia de salida; a temperaturas más bajas, esta disminuye. La energía total suministrada durante un ciclo de carga se ve afectada tanto por la temperatura de la batería como por la potencia suministrada. Si la temperatura baja o la demanda de potencia aumenta, la energía total suministrada en el punto de "descarga" también se reduce.
Los perfiles de descarga de las baterías suelen describirse en función de un factor de la capacidad de la batería . Por ejemplo, una batería con una capacidad nominal expresada en amperios-hora (Ah) a una corriente de descarga nominal C/10 (derivada en amperios) puede proporcionar de forma segura una corriente de descarga mayor —y, por lo tanto, una mayor relación potencia-peso— , pero solo con una menor capacidad energética. Por consiguiente, la relación potencia-peso de las baterías resulta menos significativa sin tener en cuenta la relación energía-peso correspondiente y la temperatura de la celda. Esta relación se conoce como la ley de Peukert . [ 54 ]
condensadores electrostáticos, electrolíticos y electroquímicos
Los condensadores almacenan carga eléctrica en dos electrodos separados por un campo eléctrico en un medio semi-aislante ( dieléctrico ). Los condensadores electrostáticos cuentan con electrodos planos sobre los que se acumula la carga eléctrica. Los condensadores electrolíticos utilizan un electrolito líquido como uno de los electrodos, y el efecto de doble capa eléctrica en la interfaz dieléctrico-electrolito aumenta la cantidad de carga almacenada por unidad de volumen. Los condensadores de doble capa eléctrica extienden ambos electrodos con un material nanoporoso , como el carbón activado, para aumentar significativamente la superficie sobre la que se puede acumular la carga eléctrica, reduciendo el medio dieléctrico a nanoporos y un separador muy delgado de alta permitividad .
Si bien los condensadores no suelen ser tan sensibles a la temperatura como las baterías, su capacidad es significativamente limitada y, al carecer de la resistencia de los enlaces químicos, sufren autodescarga. La relación potencia-peso de los condensadores suele ser mayor que la de las baterías, ya que los portadores de carga en los condensadores son más pequeños (electrones en lugar de iones); sin embargo, la relación energía-peso suele ser menor.
Pilas de combustible y baterías de flujo
Las pilas de combustible y las pilas de flujo , aunque posiblemente empleen una química similar a la de las baterías, no contienen el medio de almacenamiento de energía ni el combustible . Mediante un flujo continuo de combustible y oxidante, las pilas de combustible y las pilas de flujo disponibles convierten continuamente el medio de almacenamiento de energía en energía eléctrica y productos de desecho. Las pilas de combustible contienen un electrolito fijo, mientras que las pilas de flujo requieren un flujo continuo de electrolito. En las pilas de flujo, el combustible suele estar disuelto en el electrolito.
- Relación potencia-peso total del vehículo mostrada a continuación
Energía fotovoltaica
vehículos
Las relaciones potencia-peso de los vehículos se suelen calcular utilizando el peso en vacío (para automóviles) o el peso en orden de marcha (para motocicletas), es decir, excluyendo al conductor y cualquier carga. Esto puede resultar algo engañoso, especialmente en el caso de las motocicletas, donde el conductor puede pesar entre un tercio y la mitad del peso del vehículo. En el ciclismo de competición, el rendimiento de un atleta se expresa cada vez más en VAM y, por lo tanto, como una relación potencia-peso en W/kg. Esta puede medirse utilizando un potenciómetro de bicicleta o calcularse a partir de la pendiente de la carretera y el tiempo que tarda el ciclista en ascenderla. [ 104 ]
locomotoras
Generalmente, una locomotora debe ser pesada para lograr la adherencia suficiente a los rieles y poder arrancar un tren. Dado que el coeficiente de fricción entre las ruedas de acero y los rieles rara vez supera 0,25, mejorar la relación potencia-peso de una locomotora suele ser contraproducente. Sin embargo, la elección del sistema de transmisión de potencia, como un variador de frecuencia frente a un sistema de corriente continua , puede permitir una mayor relación potencia-peso mediante una mejor gestión de la potencia de propulsión.
Vehículos utilitarios y prácticos
La mayoría de los vehículos están diseñados para satisfacer las necesidades de comodidad de los pasajeros y de carga. Los diseños de vehículos sacrifican la relación potencia-peso para aumentar la comodidad, el espacio de carga, el ahorro de combustible , el control de emisiones , la seguridad energética y la autonomía. Una menor resistencia aerodinámica y una menor resistencia a la rodadura en el diseño de un vehículo pueden permitir un mayor espacio de carga sin aumentar la relación potencia-peso (sin carga). Esto aumenta la flexibilidad de funciones del vehículo. Las consideraciones de seguridad energética pueden sacrificar la potencia (generalmente disminuida) y el peso (generalmente aumentado), y por lo tanto la relación potencia-peso, a cambio de flexibilidad de combustible o hibridación del tren motriz . Algunas variantes de vehículos utilitarios y prácticos, como los compactos deportivos y los vehículos utilitarios deportivos, reconfiguran la potencia (generalmente aumentada) y el peso para proporcionar la percepción de un rendimiento similar al de un automóvil deportivo o para obtener otro beneficio psicológico .
Proporción notablemente baja
poder común
Lujo de alto rendimiento, roadsters y deportivos suaves.
Un mayor rendimiento del motor es un factor importante, al igual que otras características propias de los vehículos de lujo . Los motores longitudinales son comunes. Las carrocerías varían desde compactos deportivos hasta sedanes , coupés , descapotables y roadsters . Las motocicletas de doble propósito y cruiser de gama media suelen tener relaciones potencia-peso similares.
Vehículos deportivos
La relación potencia-peso es una característica importante del vehículo que afecta a la aceleración de los vehículos deportivos.
Vehículos ordenados por relación potencia/peso.
Aeronave
Los aviones de hélice dependen de una alta relación potencia-peso para generar el empuje suficiente para lograr un vuelo sostenido y, posteriormente, para alcanzar velocidad.
Relación empuje-peso
Los aviones a reacción producen empuje directamente .
Human
Power-to-weight ratio is important in cycling, since it determines acceleration and speed during hill climbs. Since a cyclist's power-to-weight output decreases with fatigue, it is normally discussed in relation to the length of time that they maintain that power. A professional cyclist can produce over 20 W/kg (0.012 hp/lb) as a five-second maximum.[645]
See also
- Energy density – Energy per volume
- Engine power – Power output of an engine
- Propulsive efficiency – Measure of efficiency in aerospace engineering
- Specific output – Measure of internal combustion engine performance
- Thrust-to-weight ratio – Dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a propelled vehicle
- Vehicular metrics – Metrics that denote the relative capabilities of various vehicles
- von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram – Diagram which compares the efficiency of transportation methods
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- Mechanics
- Power (physics)
- Engineering ratios