Articulo de referencia

Industrial processes

Steelworks of Italy in 1958 Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical , physical , electrical , or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items,...

Steelworks of Italy in 1958

Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale. Industrial processes are the key components of heavy industry.

Chemical processes by main basic material

Certain chemical process yield important basic materials for society, e.g., (cement, steel, aluminum, and fertilizer). However, these chemical reactions contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, through chemical reactions, as well as through the combustion of fossil fuels to generate the high temperatures needed to reach the activation energies of the chemical reactions.

Cement (the paste within concrete)

  • CalcinationLimestone, which is largely composed of fossilized calcium carbonate (CaCO3), breaks down at high temperatures into useable calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2), which gets released as a by-product. This chemical reaction, called calcination, figures most prominently in creating cement (the paste within concrete). The reaction is also important in providing calcium oxide to act as a chemical flux (removal of impurities) within a blast furnace.
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Steel

  • Smelting – Inside a blast furnace, carbon monoxide (CO) is released by combusting coke (a high-carbon derivative of coal) and removes the undesired oxygen (O) within ores. CO2 is released as a by-product, carrying away the oxygen and leaving behind the desired pure metal. Most prominently, iron smelting is how steel (largely iron with small amounts of carbon) is created from mined iron ore and coal.
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)[1]

Aluminium

  • Proceso Hall-Héroult : el óxido de aluminio ( Al₂O₃ ) se funde con coque (C) en una reacción de electrólisis a alta temperatura , obteniéndose el aluminio puro deseado (Al) y una mezcla de CO y CO₂ .
Al 2 O 3 (s) + 3 C(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 CO(g)
2 Al 2 O 3 (s) + 3 C (s) → 4 Al (s) + 3 CO 2 (g)

Fertilizante

CH 4 (g) + H 2 O (g) → CO (g) + 3 H 2 (g)
CO(g) + H 2 O(g) → H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)
N₂ ( g) + 3 H₂ ( g) → 2 NH₃ ( g)

Otros procesos químicos

Electrólisis

La disponibilidad de electricidad y su efecto sobre los materiales dieron lugar a diversos procesos para el recubrimiento o la separación de metales.

Corte

Metalurgia

Hierro y acero

Moldura

La conformación física de materiales mediante la formación de su forma líquida utilizando un molde.

Separación

Muchos materiales existen en forma impura. La purificación o separación permite obtener un producto utilizable.

Distillation

Distillation is the purification of volatile substances by evaporation and condensation

Additive manufacturing

In additive manufacturing, material is progressively added to the piece until the desired shape and size are obtained.

Petroleum and organic compounds

The nature of an organic molecule means it can be transformed at the molecular level to create a range of products.

Organized by product

Una lista por proceso:

Véase también

Referencias

  1. "Alto horno" . Ayuda científica. Archivado del original el 17 de diciembre de 2007. Consultado el 30 de diciembre de 2007 .