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Nepali Army

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Nepalese troops (right) in 1816.
The Nepali Army’s Guruju Paltan, a ceremonial infantry company, in traditional uniform.

The Nepali Army (NA),[a] formerly known as the Royal Nepali Army,[b] is the land warfare branch of the Nepali Armed Forces. It traces its origins to 1559 with the establishment of the Gorkha Kingdom, where it was initially formed as the Gorkhali Army,[c] a term historically associated with the Gurkhas.

It was known as the Royal Nepali Army (RNA) following the Unification of Nepal, when the Gorkha Kingdom expanded its territory to include the whole country, by conquering and annexing the other states in the region, resulting in the establishment of a single united Hindu monarchy over all of Nepal. It was officially renamed simply to the Nepali Army on 28 May 2008, upon the abolition of the 240-year-old Nepalese monarchy, and of the 449-year-old rule of the Shah dynasty, shortly after the end of the Maoist insurgency.

The Nepali Army has participated in various conflicts throughout its history, going as far back as the Nepali unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom. It has engaged in an extensive number of battles within South Asia, and continues to take part in global conflicts as part of United Nations peacekeeping coalitions. The Nepali Army is headquartered in Kathmandu and the incumbent Chief of Army Staff is General Ashok Raj Sigdel.

Nepalese Armed Forces

Roundel of Nepal
A rescued old woman being assisted by the Nepali Armed Forces personnel while alighting from a Mi-17 helicopter

The Nepali Armed Forces also known as Nepalese Armed Forces are the military forces of Nepal. Composed primarily of the ground-based Nepali Army, the Nepalese Armed Forces also operates the smaller Nepalese Army Air Service designed to support army operations and provide close light combat support.

Army pilot training school

The Nepal Army Air Service has operated a flying and helicopter pilot training school since 2004 within the 11 Brigade. It is the only helicopter pilot training school in Nepal (there is a fixed-wing pilot training school in Bharatpur by a private pilot training school). This school produces both army air service and civilian pilots. The school provides the Mil Mi-17, and Eurocopter Ecureuil helicopter flight training.

History

The Nepal unification campaign was a turning point in the history of the Nepali army. Since unification was not possible without a strong army, the management of the armed forces had to be exceptional. Apart from the standard Malla-era temples in Kathmandu, the army organized itself in Gorkha. After the Gorkhali troops captured Nuwakot, the hilly northern part of Kathmandu (Kantipur) in 1744, the Gorkhali armed forces came to be known as the Royal Nepali Army.

Their performance impressed their enemies so much that the British East India Company started recruiting Nepali troops into their forces. British troops called the new soldiers "Gurkhas". The Nepal–Sikh war began shortly after, in 1809 and the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814. It became even more involved in the British Indian Army until independence, remaining an independent entity (since it was a protected state of the British Raj until 1947, though nominal autonomy had been achieved in 1923). In 1946, the Royal Nepali Army troops were led by Commanding GeneralBaber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana at the Victory Parade in London.

Prior to 2006, the Royal Nepali Army was under the control of the King of Nepal. Following the 2006 Democracy Movement (Nepali: लोकतन्त्र आन्दोलन, romanized: Loktantra Āndolan) on 18 May, a bill was passed by the Nepali parliament curtailing royal power, which included renaming the army to simply the Nepali Army.[1] In 2004, Nepal spent $99.2 million on its military (1.5% of its GDP). Between 2002 and 2006, the RNA was involved in the Nepali Civil War. They were also used to quell pro-democracy protesters during the 2006 democracy movement.

Organization

Nepali Army soldiers on Army Day

El ejército nepalí cuenta con 96.500 miembros de infantería y fuerza aérea que protegen la soberanía de Nepal . En agosto de 2018, The Himalayan Times estimó que el total de las fuerzas armadas era de alrededor de 96.000 [ 2 ] , mientras que The Kathmandu Post lo estimó en 92.000 [ 3 ] .

Mando Supremo

El artículo 144 de la Constitución Provisional de Nepal establece que el Presidente de Nepal es el Comandante Supremo en Jefe del Ejército de Nepal. Actualmente, como Presidente de Nepal, Ram Chandra Poudel, quien asumió el cargo el 13 de marzo de 2023, [ 4 ] es el actual comandante supremo del Ejército de Nepal .

Hasta 2006, el Rey de Nepal (la monarquía fue abolida) controlaba todas las fuerzas militares del país. El Ejército Nacional pasó a llamarse Ejército Real Nepalí tras el reciente cambio nacional de monarquía a su suspensión, luego de la proclamación de 9 puntos [ 5 ] del 4 de Jestha de 2063 BS, después del segundo movimiento popular (también conocido como Jana Andolan II, en la terminología local de Nepal) [ 6 ].

Consejo de Defensa Nacional

El artículo 145 de la Constitución Provisional de Nepal prevé la creación de un Consejo Nacional de Defensa integrado por el Primer Ministro, el Ministro de Defensa, el Ministro del Interior y otros tres ministros designados por el Primer Ministro. Este consejo asesora al Consejo de Ministros sobre la movilización, operación y uso del Ejército de Nepal. Tras la recomendación del Consejo de Ministros, el Presidente autoriza la movilización, operación y uso del Ejército de Nepal.

Antes de que la Constitución Provisional sustituyera a la Constitución del Reino de Nepal en 1990, la Constitución de 1990 contemplaba la creación de un consejo de defensa. Este consejo estaba integrado por tres miembros: el Primer Ministro, el Ministro de Defensa y el Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército. De acuerdo con la Constitución, el Rey (como Comandante Supremo) dirigía y utilizaba el Ejército Real de Nepal siguiendo las recomendaciones de este consejo.

Divisiones

El ejército nepalí está dividido en ocho divisiones, una en cada una de las siete provincias y otra en el valle de Katmandú.

  • división del extremo oeste
  • división del noroeste
  • división del medio oeste
  • división occidental
  • División media
  • División del Valle
  • División del Medio Oriente
  • división oriental

In addition there are at least 7 independent units:

  • Army Aviation Directorate
  • Special Forces Brigade
  • VVIP Security
  • Artillery Brigade
  • Signals Brigade
  • Engineers Brigade
  • Air Defense Brigade

Chiefs of the Nepali Army

During the Shah monarchy, leadership of the Nepali Army was mainly concentrated among a small number of aristocratic families within the broader Chhetri community of the late Gorkha Kingdom and early Kingdom of Nepal, such as the Pande, Kunwar, Basnyat, and Thapa clans, before the rise of the Rana regime.[7] During the Rana regime, the Ranas made the position hereditary within their family.[7]

El primer jefe del ejército Gorkhali y posteriormente del ejército nepalí fue el rey Prithvi Narayan Shah , quien organizó y comandó el ejército. [ 8 ] El primer jefe del ejército no perteneciente a la realeza fue Kalu Pande , un Mulkaji , quien desempeñó un papel importante en las campañas de unificación de Nepal . [ 8 ]

Bhimsen Thapa , quien se desempeñó como el segundo Mukhtiyar de Nepal de 1806 a 1837, se convirtió en la primera persona en ostentar formalmente el título de Comandante en Jefe al frente del ejército nepalí. [ 9 ] El rey Rajendra Bikram Shah lo designó para el cargo en reconocimiento a su larga trayectoria al servicio de la nación. [ 10 ] Sin embargo, el 14 de junio de 1837, el rey asumió el mando directo de los batallones que anteriormente estaban bajo el mando de varios cortesanos y se convirtió en el Comandante en Jefe. [ 11 ] [ 12 ]

Tras el encarcelamiento de la familia Thapa en 1837, se formó un nuevo gobierno con Ranga Nath Poudyal como Mukhtiyar, y Dalbhanjan Pande y Rana Jang Pande como jefes conjuntos de las administraciones militares. [ 13 ] Rana Jang Pande fue destituido del cargo tres meses después, en octubre de 1837. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ]

Durante el mandato de Bhimsen Thapa como Mukhtiyar, se introdujo por primera vez el título de Comandante en Jefe para designar formalmente al jefe del ejército. En 1979, Singha Bahadur Basnyat cambió el título a Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército (CoAS). Desde 1950, es tradición que el Presidente de la India confiera el rango honorífico de General del Ejército Indio al jefe del Ejército Nepalí. [ 18 ]

Operaciones

Conflictos en defensa del Reino de Nepal

Batalla contra Mir Qasim

The fortress of Makawanpur has a historical and military significance for the Nepali. It was here that the Nepali defeated superior forces of Mir Qasim in 1763 and seized 500 guns and two cannons. Later on, these weapons were used by Nepali troops and four companies were established regular, namely, Srinath, Kalibox, Barda Bahadur (Bardabahini) and Sabuj. (Purano) Gorakh Company was established a few months later. It was the first rank and file system beginning a proper organizational history for the Royal Nepali Army. The battle against Mir Qasim troops was the first battle of the Royal Nepali Army against a foreign power.

Sardar Nandu Shah was the fortress Commander of Makawanpur with 400 troops, some guns and home-made traditional weapons like Dhanu, Khukuri, Talwar, Ghuyatro etc. They devised different hit-and-run strategies to surprise the enemy. A spoiling attack base was set up on the Taplakhar mountain ridge for night operations.

Mir Qasim's renowned warrior, Gurgin Khan was the commander on the other side with approximately 2,500 troops with cannons, guns, ammunition and a very good logistics back up. Their attack base was at the bottom of the Makawanpur Gadhi hill. They had planned a night attack. When the enemy's heavy forces marched in December 1762 and arrived at Harnamadi in January 1763, they found all the local houses already evacuated and the area short of food provisions. Makawanpur Gadhi was on top of a mountain, about nine kilometers uphill from the Harnamadi area. Although the Nepali had physically occupied all the fortresses en route, the enemy was able to initially push them back to the Makawanpur Gadhi area.

About 300 enemy launched a strong attack on 20 January 1763 putting the Nepali still more on the defensive. But they were totally surprised when they were resting in Taplakhar, as Kaji Vamsharaj Pande led a downhill attack on them Kaju Naharsigh Basnyat led an uphill attack from below them and Nandu Shah led a frontal attack. The smooth coordination among the three, leading their, by now battle-hardened, troops in the dark of the night, led the bewildered enemy to scatter. About 1700 of them died and 30 Nepali soldiers were lost in that battle. The Nepali captured 500 rifles and two cannons with other military equipment. More importantly, the battle led to the beginning of a proper organization of the Royal Nepali Army.[19]

Disarmament of the Khampas

En 1974, el Ejército Real Nepalí (ARN) fue movilizado para desarmar a los Khampas tibetanos, quienes habían estado utilizando territorio nepalí para librar una guerra de guerrillas contra las fuerzas chinas. Los Khampas habían establecido secretamente su base en Mustang (noroeste de Nepal) y operaban desde allí contra China. El ARN, bajo una enorme presión diplomática de China y la comunidad internacional, desplegó nueve unidades de infantería hacia el puesto Khampa en Mustang y les dio un ultimátum: o se desarmaban y se rendían, o se atuvieran a las consecuencias. Las condiciones de su rendición incluían la concesión de la ciudadanía nepalí, tierras y una compensación económica. El comandante Khampa, Wang Di, aceptó rendirse, pero finalmente huyó del campamento. Posteriormente, fue asesinado en Doti, en el extremo oeste de Nepal, por fuerzas del ARN mientras intentaba saquear un puesto de la Policía de Nepal. Esta fue la primera vez que el ARN fue movilizado en tal cantidad dentro del territorio nepalí.

Batallas durante la unificación de Nepal

El ejército nepalí libró diversas batallas durante las campañas de unificación nacional del siglo XVIII. Estas batallas de unificación de Nepal permitieron al ejército real nepalí adquirir mayor experiencia al tiempo que contribuían a la unificación del país.

conflictos internacionales

Operaciones internacionales

Un casco azul nepalí de la ONU
Mujeres cascos azules del Batallón Nepalí de la MONUSCO en Djugu en 2021.
Un miembro de la Fuerza de Reacción Rápida (QRF) de Nepal se encuentra preparado con una variante del IMI Galil .

La larga trayectoria del Ejército de Nepal en las Operaciones de Apoyo a la Paz de la ONU comenzó con el despliegue de cinco observadores militares en el Líbano (UNOGIL/ Grupo de Observación de las Naciones Unidas en el Líbano ) en 1958. El primer contingente nepalí, el batallón Purano Gorakh, se desplegó en Egipto en 1974. La participación de Nepal en las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de la ONU abarca 50 años y 42 misiones de la ONU en las que ha participado el Ejército de Nepal. La más reciente es la UNSMIL en Libia, donde más de 60.652 soldados nepalíes han prestado servicio en apoyo de las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz de la ONU. El Ejército de Nepal ha aportado comandantes de fuerza, contingentes militares, observadores militares y oficiales de estado mayor. Las tropas nepalíes han participado en algunas de las operaciones más difíciles y han sufrido bajas al servicio de la ONU. Hasta la fecha, el número de fallecidos en acto de servicio con la ONU asciende a 54, mientras que 57 resultaron gravemente heridos.

Its most significant contribution has been of ensuring peace and stability in Africa. It has demonstrated its capacity of sustaining large troop commitments over prolonged periods. Presently, Nepal is ranked as the second largest troop-contributing country (TCC) to the UN.

The Nepali Army has contributed more than 100,000 peacekeepers to a variety of United Nations-sponsored peacekeeping missions such as:

US-Nepal military relations

Mahabir Ranger with a U.S. soldier

The US-Nepali military relationship focuses on support for democratic institutions, civilian control of the military, and the professional military ethic. Both countries have had extensive contact over the years. Nepali Army units have served with distinction alongside American forces in places such as Haiti, Iraq, and Somalia.

US-Nepali military engagement continues today through the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, Enhanced International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC) program, Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), and various conferences and seminars. The US military sends many Nepali Army officers to America to attend military schools, such as the Command and General Staff College and the US Army War College. The IMET budget for FY2001 was $220,000.

El programa EIPC es un programa interinstitucional entre el Departamento de Defensa y el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos para aumentar el número de efectivos internacionales de mantenimiento de la paz y promover la interoperabilidad. Nepal recibió aproximadamente 1,9 millones de dólares en fondos del programa EIPC.

El Comandante en Jefe del Comando del Pacífico de Estados Unidos (CINCPAC) coordina la cooperación militar con Nepal a través de la Oficina de Cooperación en Defensa (ODC). La ODC Nepal tiene su sede en la Embajada de Estados Unidos en Katmandú .

Relaciones militares entre India y Nepal

India ha acordado reanudar la ayuda militar a Nepal. La ayuda estaba prevista antes de que India impusiera un embargo en febrero de 2005 tras la toma del poder por el entonces rey Gyanendra. Desde 1950, el Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Nepal recibe también el título honorífico de Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de la India y viceversa, en reconocimiento a la armoniosa relación entre los ejércitos de ambos países. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

Relaciones militares entre China y Nepal

En 2009, la República Popular China prometió ayuda militar por valor de 100 millones de rupias a Nepal. [ 25 ]

Unidades

Las primeras cuatro unidades del ejército —las compañías Shreenath, Kali Buksh, Barda Bahadur y Sabuj— fueron fundadas en agosto de 1762 por el rey Prithvi Narayan Shah . Estas unidades estaban compuestas principalmente por miembros de los clanes dominantes del Reino de Gorkha , como los Gurung , Magar , Chhetri , Bahun y Thakuri , mucho antes de la Unificación de Nepal . La Compañía Purano Gorakh, fundada en febrero de 1763, es la quinta unidad más antigua del Ejército nepalí. [ 26 ]

Bandera de Purano Gorakh
  • Batallón Shree Nath – fundado en 1762 
  • Batallón Shree Kali Buksh – fundado en 1762 
  • Batallón Shree Barda Bahadur – fundado en 1762 
  • Batallón Shree Sabuj - establecido en 1762 
  • Batallón Shree Purano Gorakh - establecido en 1763 
  • Batallón Shree Devi Datta – fundado en 1783 
  • Batallón Shree Naya Gorakh - establecido en 1783 
  • Batallón Shree Bhairavi Dal - establecido en 1785 
  • Batallón Shree Singhanath – establecido en 1786 (comando) 
  • Batallón Shree Shreejung - establecido en 1783 
  • Batallón Shree Ranabhim - establecido en 1783 
  • Batallón Shree Naya Shree Nath – fundado en 1783 
  • Compañía Shree Vajradal - establecida en 1806 
  • Shree Shree Mehar Battalion –established 1779
  • Shree "The Famous" Mahindra Dal Battalion –established 1844
  • Shree Rajdal Regiment (Artillery) (currently expanded to three additional independent Artillery regiments)
  • Shree Ganeshdal Battalion –established 1846 (signals and communications)
  • Shree Ranabam Battalion  –established 1847
  • Shree Nepal Cavalry –established 1849, Household Cavalry ceremonial unit since 1952
  • Shree Durga Bhanjan Campany –established 1862
  • Shree Kali Prasad Battalion (Engineers) –established 1863
  • Shree Bhairavnath Battalion –established 1910 (parachute battalion)
  • Shree Bhagvati Prasad Company –established 1927
  • Shree Khadga Dal Battalion –established 1937
  • Shree Parshwavarti Company –established 1936 (served as PM's bodyguard unit and disbanded in 1952)
  • Shree Gorkah Bahadur Battalion –established 1952 (infantry unit, then developed for royal guard duty)
  • Shree Jagadal Battalion (air defence)
  • Shree Yuddha Kawaj Battalion (mechanized infantry)
  • Shree Mahabir Battalion (Rangers Battalion, equivalent to the U.S. Army Rangers (part of the Nepali Army Special Operation Force)
  • Shree Chandan Nath Battalion –established 2004 (infantry unit)
  • Shree Tara Dal Battalion –established 2002 (infantry unit)
  • Shree Ramban Company – established 1862 (re-established 2003)
  • Shree No 1 Disaster Management Battalion –established 2012
  • Shree No 2 Disaster Management Battalion –established 2012

Schools

  • Nepalese Army Command and Staff College, Shivapuri
  • Nepalese Army War College, Nagarkot
  • Nepalese Military Academy, Kharipati
  • Nepalese Army Recruit Training Center, Trishuli
  • Nepalese Army Jungle Warfare School, Amlekhgunj
  • Nepalese Army High Altitude and Mountain Warfare School, Mustang
  • Nepalese Army Intelligence School, Kharipati
  • Nepalese Army Logistics School, Chhauni
  • Birendra Peace Keeping Operation Training Center, Panchkhal
  • Nepalese Army Para Training School, Maharajgunj
  • Nepalese Army EME school, Kharipati

Female participation in Nepali Army

The unofficial participation of women in Nepal Army was first during the Anglo-Nepalese War on Battle of Nalapani. Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the Gorkha Kingdom. Nepalese women were heavily involved in this battle supporting the male Gurkha warriors. With no firearms in hand, Nepalese women fought British troops with stones and wood.

According to the Nepal Army YouTube channel programme Nepali Senama Mahila Sahabhagita (documentary) - Episode 405, the official participation of women in the Nepal Army started in 1961 in the post of Nurse. Now the regular forces also include a significant number of female soldiers holding key appointments and commands.[27] The timeline of official women's participation in the Nepal Army is as follow:

  • 1961 - Nurses
  • 1965 - Parachute folding women team
  • 1969 - Medical doctors
  • 1998 - Lawyers
  • 2004 - Engineering
  • 2011 - Aviation

As of 2019 there were 3758 female Junior Commission, Non-Commission Officers and other ranks in general service and 907 in technical service. There were also 183 female officers in the general service and 214 female technical officers.[28]

Notable female officers of Nepali Army

  • Brigadier General Dr. Radha Shah - First woman to become Brigadier General of Nepal Army
  • Brigadier General Dr. Narvada Thapa - First female staff of Nepal Army to get doctorate degree (P.Hd)
  • Brigadier General Dr. Sarita K.C - First Nepalese army female personnel to join UN Peacekeeping mission (UNIFIL)
  • Major Kriti Rajbhandari - First woman observer military liaison officer from Nepal Army
  • Colonel Yvetta Rana - First woman officer of Judge Advocate General Department of Nepal Army
  • Colonel Sovana Rayamajhi - First woman officer (Computer Engineer) to join the Information Technology Department of Nepal Army
  • Major Niru Dhungana - One of the first female military pilots
  • Major Anita Ale Magar - One of the first female military pilots
  • Major Shristhi Khadka - First woman company commander of Nepal Army

Equipment

The majority of equipment used by the army is imported from other countries. India is the army's largest supplier of arms and ammunition as well as other logistical equipment, which are often furnished under generous military grants.[29] Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepali Army.[30]

The army's first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960.[30] Nepali FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle.[30] Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle.[30] Nevertheless, the FAL and its respective variants remain the single most prolific weapon in Nepali army service, with thousands of second-hand examples being supplied by India as late as 2005.[29]

Small arms

Armas pesadas

vehículos

Estructura de rangos

Oficiales comisionados

Otros rangos

Emblema y simbolismo

El emblema del Ejército nepalí

La forma del emblema

El emblema del Ejército nepalí se centra en un llamativo Shatkona rojo , formado por dos triángulos entrelazados, uno apuntando hacia arriba y el otro hacia abajo, que representan la unión eterna de Shiva y Shakti , simbolizando la conciencia plena, la protección y la presencia en todas las dimensiones. El triángulo que apunta hacia arriba representa a Shiva : conciencia pura, disciplina, trascendencia y el elemento fuego, mientras que el triángulo que apunta hacia abajo representa a Shakti : creación, naturaleza, manifestación y el elemento agua. Juntos, expresan la armonía y el equilibrio de fuerzas opuestas pero complementarias.

Shatkona

El color rojo

El Shatkona se representa en un rojo intenso, que simboliza el poder ( Shakti ), el sacrificio y la sangre derramada en defensa de la nación. En el hinduismo , el rojo también representa la energía divina , reforzando la presencia de Shakti y la fuerza dinámica que sustenta y protege.

El símbolo central

En el centro del Shatkona se encuentra una representación dorada de los atributos de Shiva : el Trishul (arma) y el Damaru (instrumento musical).

  • El Trishul se alza verticalmente como eje central, simbolizando la fuerza de voluntad ( iccha-shakti ), la acción ( kriyā ) y el conocimiento ( jñāna ), así como el control sobre la creación, la preservación y la destrucción. Su forma erguida transmite autoridad, disciplina y mando.
  • El Damaru se coloca horizontalmente sobre el Trishul , representando el sonido primordial, la primera vibración cósmica que existió al comienzo del universo. Simboliza el ritmo , la sincronización y la coordinación, esenciales tanto para el orden cósmico como para la estructura militar.
A Damaru
  • El color dorado de estos elementos contrasta con el fondo rojo, enfatizando la divinidad , la pureza y la autoridad suprema.

Simbolismo general

El emblema en su conjunto representa una fuerza disciplinada, basada en el equilibrio y principios superiores. El Shatkona refleja orden y plenitud, mientras que los símbolos centrales de Shiva representan un poder controlado, guiado por la sabiduría y el propósito.

Symbolically, the Nepali Army can be compared to Shiva in his cosmic form as Nataraja. Just as Shiva performs the Tandav, the dance that destroys ignorance and restores cosmic balance, the Nepali army represents disciplined and decisive force in action. The Trishul reflects precision and authority, while the Damaru symbolizes coordination and unity of action. Like Shiva's cosmic dance, which restores harmony rather than chaos, the Nepali army's role is ultimately protective: to maintain stability, defend the nation, and ensure continuity.

Gurkhas

Nepal is also notable for the Gurkhas. Significant sections of the British Army and Indian Army are recruited from Nepal. This arrangement comes from the days of the British East India Company's rule of India when Company troops tried to invade Nepal and were beaten back. Both sides were impressed with the other, and Gurkhas were recruited into the company's forces. The Gurkhas remained loyal during the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and were kept on in the Indian Army thereafter. Upon Indian independence in 1947, some units went to British service and some to Indian service, with a Britain-India-Nepal Tripartite Agreement signed between the three nations. The Gurkhas are feared troops, and their signature weapon is the khukuri.

Statistics

Military branches:Nepalese Army (includes Nepalese Army Air Service), Armed Police Force Nepal, Nepalese Police Force

Military manpower – military age: 17 years of age

Military manpower – availability:males age 15–49: 6,674,014 (2003 est.)

Military manpower – fit for military service:males age 15–49: 3,467,511 (2003 est.)

Military manpower – reaching military age annually:males: 303,222 (2003 est.)

Military expenditures – dollar figure: $57.22 million (FY02)

Military expenditures – percent of GDP: 1.1% (FY02)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑Nepali: नेपाली सेना, romanized: Nepālī Senā
  2. ↑Nepali: शाही नेपाली सेना, romanized: Śāhī Nepālī Senā
  3. ↑Nepali: गोरखाली सेना, romanized: Gorkhālī Senā

References

  1. ↑Haviland, Charles (19 May 2006). "Erasing the 'royal' in Nepal". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 23 September 2006.
  2. ↑"Thapa to take charge of Nepali Army as acting CoAS". 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  3. ↑"New chief faces daunting task rebuilding Nepal Army's image". kathmandupost.com. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  4. ↑Archived October 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution
  6. ↑https://english.onlinekhabar.com/loktantra-day-2006-peoples-movement.html
  7. 12Adhikari 2015, p. 154.
  8. 12Adhikari 2015, p. 153.
  9. ↑Adhikari 2015, p. 155.
  10. ↑Pradhan 2012, p. 149.
  11. ↑Acharya 2012, p. 215.
  12. ↑Nepal 2007, p. 105.
  13. ↑Nepal 2007, p. 106.
  14. ↑Acharya 2012, p. 160.
  15. ↑Oldfield 1880, p. 311.
  16. ↑Nepal 2007, p. 109.
  17. ↑Pradhan 2012, p. 164.
  18. ↑"President confers honorary rank of 'General of Indian Army' on Nepal Army Chief". Printline Media. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
  19. ↑"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 23 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑Birat Anupam (2 March 2023). "Nepalese Military History of Aid to British India and Independent India". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved 18 September 2025.
  21. ↑"In a first, NA peacekeepers to dispose explosives under UN mission". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  22. ↑"NA to deploy 140 soldiers to Mali for peacekeeping – News – :: The Kathmandu Post ::". Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  23. ↑"Indian Army chief Gen. Manoj Pande conferred honorary title by Nepal's President Bhandari". The Hindu. 5 September 2022. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  24. ↑"India confers honorary rank of General on Nepal Army Chief". The Hindu. 10 November 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  25. ↑"China pledges military assistance worth Rs100 million to Nepal". Phayul.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  26. ↑Nepal Army Day The Kathmandu Post 9 March 2013 Archived 23 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑Nepali Senama Mahila Sahabhagita - Episode 405
  28. ↑WOMEN IN NEPALI ARMY
  29. 1234567891011"Legacies of War in the Company of Peace: Firearms in Nepal"(PDF). Geneva: Small Arms Survey. May 2013. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  30. 123456789Graduate Institute of International Studies (2003). Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–113. ISBN 978-0199251759.
  31. 12345Hogg, Ian (1991). Jane's Infantry Weapons (17 ed.). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. p. 747. ISBN 978-0710609632.
  32. ↑Sharma, Haridev (2012). Tripathi, Devi Prasad (ed.). Nepal in Transition: A Way Forward. New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 57. ISBN 978-9381411070.
  33. ↑"Wikileaks news: Why Nepal king Gyanendra shed power". The Economic Times. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  34. ↑ "Ceremonia de clausura del ejercicio Shanti Prayas III" . DVIDS . Archivado del original el 28 de septiembre de 2017. Consultado el 27 de septiembre de 2017 .
  35. 1 2 Pretty, Ronald (1983). Jane's Weapon Systems, 1983–84 ( ed. 1983). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pág. 876. ISBN   978-0-7106-0776-8.
  36. ↑ Christopher F. Foss (2001). Jane's Armour and Artillery ( ed. 2002). Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd. pág. 740. ISBN   978-0710623096.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 "Registros comerciales" . Armstrade.sipri.org. Archivado del original el 14 de abril de 2010. Recuperado el 20 de junio de 2013 .
  38. ↑ Leon Engelbrecht (3 de enero de 2011). "Exportaciones de armas sudafricanas" . Archivado del original el 22 de enero de 2016. Consultado el 5 de noviembre de 2014 .
  39. 1 2 Ejército nepalí . "Estructura de rangos del ejército nepalí" . Nepalarmy.mil.np . Ejército nepalí . Consultado el 25 de agosto de 2018 .

Lecturas adicionales

  • Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa: Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (en nepalí), Katmandú: Education Book House, p.  228, ISBN 9789937241748
  • Adhikari, Indra (2015), Militar y democracia en Nepal , Routledge, ISBN 9781317589068
  • Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (en nepalí) (3.ª  ed.), Katmandú: Sajha, pág.  314, ISBN 9789993325857
  • Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), Bocetos de Nipal, Vol. 1 , vol.  1, Londres: WH Allan & Co.
  • Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 , Nueva Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p.  278, ISBN 9788180698132
  • Instituto Internacional de Estudios Estratégicos (15 de febrero de 2019). El equilibrio militar 2019. Londres : Routledge . ISBN 9781857439885.
  • Sitio web oficial del Ejército de Nepal
  • Sitio web oficial del Colegio de Comando y Estado Mayor del Ejército de Nepal
  • Nepal
  • Nota informativa: Nepal
  • Nepal
  • Lista de fotografías de 49 generales del ejército nepalí.
  • Prem Singh Basnyat | El ejército nepalí en la historia de Nepal
  • Las hábiles maniobras políticas del ejército de Nepal , 2013
  • Ghimire, S. (2016). Security Sector Reform Organic: Infrastructure for Peace as an Entry Point? Peacebuilding.
  • Official website of the Armed Police Force of Nepal