Los generales de la familia Yang es una colección de folclore chino , obras de teatro y novelas sobre una familia militar de los primeros años de la dinastía Song de la China imperial (960-1279). Las historias narran la lealtad inquebrantable y la extraordinaria valentía de los Yang, quienes se sacrificaron para defender a su país de potencias militares extranjeras, concretamente la dinastía Liao, gobernada por los kitán (907-1125), y la dinastía Xia Occidental, gobernada por los tangut (1038-1227).
La saga, que abarca el siglo comprendido entre 950 y 1050, [ 1 ] se basó en las vidas de los personajes históricos Yang Ye (fallecido en 986), su hijo Yang Yanzhao ( c. 958–1014) y su nieto Yang Wenguang (fallecido en 1074). Dado que Yang Yanzhao era conocido como el "sexto hijo" (六郎) en la historia, los relatos lo convirtieron en el sexto hijo mayor de Yang Ye. Asimismo, como Yang Wenguang era casi dos generaciones menor que su padre, los relatos lo presentaron como nieto de Yang Yanzhao.
Base histórica
Antecedentes históricos

En 907, cuando la dinastía Tang llegó oficialmente a su fin, la China imperial entró en la fase caótica y fragmentada conocida como el período de las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos . Las décadas siguientes estuvieron marcadas por la presencia de caudillos regionales, muchos de los cuales se legitimaron como emperadores , que luchaban entre sí por el poder y los territorios. El año 907 también marcó el comienzo de un estado militarista —oficialmente llamado Liao después de 947— establecido por el pueblo kitán en lo que hoy es Liaoning y Mongolia Interior . Los kitán eran en su mayoría un pueblo nómada que frecuentemente realizaba incursiones contra los chinos Han y coreanos, más prósperos y dedicados a la agricultura, en el sur, en busca de riquezas. [ 2 ]
La zona meridional conocida como la Llanura Central , o el corazón de China, se defendía de las incursiones kitán con puntos estratégicos o pasos establecidos aproximadamente a lo largo de la antigua Gran Muralla . Sin embargo, la zona que incluía estos pasos, conocida como las Dieciséis Prefecturas , fue entregada a la dinastía Liao en 936 por el general Shi Jingtang , a cambio de ayuda militar en la guerra personal de Shi contra la dinastía Tang Posterior . Sin más pasos que obstaculizaran a su ejército, los kitán obtuvieron acceso ilimitado a la Llanura Central: apenas una década después, llevaron fácilmente a su ejército hacia el sur para aniquilar a la misma dinastía Jin Posterior que habían ayudado a establecer a Shi.
Aunque los kitán no ocuparon la Llanura Central, en parte debido a que sus constantes saqueos habían provocado disturbios incontrolables, el triste destino de la dinastía Jin Posterior ya ilustraba el peligro que se cernía en el norte para cualquier dinastía china posterior. Cuando la dinastía Song se estableció en la Llanura Central en 960, primero intentó apaciguar a la dinastía Liao para centrarse en campañas contra los estados del sur de China, pero el objetivo de recuperar las Dieciséis Prefecturas siempre había estado presente.
La familia Yang
(Yang Ye) se ganó verdaderamente el respeto de sus soldados. Los soldados bajo su mando no soportaban abandonarlo; preferían morir en batalla a su lado. El espíritu de lealtad y rectitud era evidente. — Un historiador de la dinastía Yuan comentando en Historia de Song (1345) [ 3 ]
Yang Ye , general del reino Han del Norte , fue apodado "Invencible" (無敵) debido a su destreza táctica y su inigualable valentía en la batalla. Sirvió a la dinastía Song tras la rendición de Liu Jiyuan , gobernante de Han del Norte. El emperador Taizong de Song tenía gran confianza en Yang Ye y le encomendó la defensa de la frontera norte de Song contra la dinastía Liao , gobernada por los kitán . Yang Ye demostró su valía al derrotar a los Liao en la batalla del paso de Yanmen , infundiendo temor en el enemigo, pero también despertando la envidia de algunos funcionarios Song.
In 986, during a northern campaign against Liao forces, the Song force commanded by General Pan Mei was attacked by the main enemy force. Pan Mei and others forced Yang Ye to lead an army to resist a much larger enemy despite Yang Ye's opposition. Yang Ye engaged Liao forces in a bloody battle at Chenjiagu (陳家谷), but reinforcements did not arrive as promised. Surrounded by the much larger army, Yang Ye was captured by Liao forces and starved himself to death. One of Yang Ye's seven sons was also killed. Pan Mei was later demoted by Emperor Taizong for Yang Ye's death.
The most outstanding of Yang Ye's seven sons was Yang Yanzhao, who continued defending Song's northern border from Liao forces for more than two decades. The Khitans feared him. Yang Yanzhao's son Yang Wenguang also became an important general and followed Di Qing on a southern campaign against Nong Zhigao. He also defended Song's western borders from Western Xia.
Literary development
Early development: 11th to 13th century
Legends on the Yang family began very early. In 1051, even before Yang Wenguang distinguished himself in the military, scholar Ouyang Xiu had inscribed the following on the tombstone of a Yang family relative. He was clearly referring to Yang Ye and Yang Yanzhao:[4]
Father and son were both famous generals, and their tactical knowledge and bravery are known as being without equal. To this day gentlemen throughout the empire and even village kids and country yokels can all speak about them.
The earliest reference to the saga were from the so-called Southern Song (1127–1279), when the Song dynasty had to relocate its capital to Southern China in Lin'an (modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), for its northern territory had been conquered by the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty. Among a recorded list of stories told by Lin'an storytellers, two titles clearly involved the Yang family:[5]
- "Commander Lord Yang" (楊令公)
- "The fifth son becomes a monk" (五郎為僧)
Yuan/Ming dynasty plays: 14th to 15th century
In a list of plays from Southern Song dynasty's northern neighbor Jin dynasty (1115–1234), one title probably refers to an episode in the Yang saga:[6]
- Da Wang Shumi Cuan (打王樞密爨; "The Skit of Beating Military Affairs Commissioner Wang")
By the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), plays in the form of zaju on the Yang saga appeared. Many scripts survived in its entirety, almost all compiled the Ming dynasty so their authenticity have

- Haotian ta Meng Liang dao gu (昊天塔孟良盜骨; "At Haotian Pagoda Meng Liang Steals the Bones")
- Ba dawang kaizhao jiu zhongchen (八大王開詔救忠臣; "The Eighth Great Prince Opens a Proclamation and Saves a Loyal Vassal")
- Xie Jinwu zha chai Qingfeng fu (謝金吾詐拆清風府; "Xie Jinwu Underhandedly Tears Down Clear Breeze Mansion")
- Yang Liulang diaobing po tianzhen (楊六郎調兵破天陣; "Yang's sixth son lines up his troops and defeats the Heavenly Battle Array")
- Jiao Guangzan huona Xiao Tianyou (焦光贊活拿蕭天佑; "Jiao Guangzan catches Xiao Tianyou alive")
- Huang Meiweng cifu shangshou (黃眉翁賜福上壽; "The Yellow-Eyebrows Greybeard offers blessing and extends longevity")
Ming/Qing dynasty novels: 16th to 19th century
In Ming dynasty (1368–1644), a number of novels on the Yang family began to appear. The two that have survived to this day both appeared during Wanli Emperor's reign (1572–1620):
- Liang Song Nanbei Zhizhuan (兩宋南北志傳)[Records of the Two Songs, South and North]. The earliest extant version was from 1593, but it was probably written during Jiajing Emperor's reign (1521–1567). The author was almost certainly Xiong Damu (熊大木), a bookstore owner.
- Yang Jia Fu Shidai Zhongyong Tongsu Yanyi (楊家府世代忠勇通俗演義)[Popular Romance of the Loyalty and Bravery over Successive Generations of the Yang Family]. The earliest extant edition was from 1606, but it was likely a slightly revised edition of text from the early 16th century.[7] The author was Qinhuai Moke (秦淮墨客; "The Qinhuai Ink Guest"), believed to be the pen name of Ji Zhenlun (紀振倫), probably a bookstore scribe in Jinling (金陵; modern Nanjing, Jiangsu).
Estas novelas se convertirían en las fuentes primarias de las leyendas. Durante la dinastía Qing (1644-1911), aparecieron más novelas. Algunas son modificaciones de las anteriores, otras reinterpretan historias particulares, mientras que otras son secuelas . [ 8 ] Otras novelas con escenarios similares también presentan personajes de la familia Yang, por ejemplo, las novelas que tienen como protagonistas a Zhao Kuangyin (927-976) o Di Qing (1008-1057).
Otras novelas ambientadas posteriormente también incluían personajes que supuestamente eran descendientes de la familia Yang:
- Yang Zhi (楊志), la "Bestia de Cara Azul" , un personaje de la novela clásica " A la orilla del agua" , es un descendiente ficticio de Yang Ye.
- Se decía que Yang Zaixing (fallecido en 1140), un general histórico de la dinastía Song del Sur, era descendiente de Yang Ye a través de Yang Yanzhao en la novela Shuo Yue Quanzhuan (說岳全傳) sobre Yue Fei . Yang Zaixing tuvo dos hijos, Yang Zhengyuan (楊正園) y Yang Zhengguo (楊正國).
Ópera de la dinastía Qing: siglo XIX

El emperador Jiaqing , que reinó de 1796 a 1820, ordenó la compilación de un Libro de Canciones para Iluminar a las Generaciones (昭代箫韶), que contenía 240 obras de teatro en kunqu sobre los generales de la familia Yang. La compilación se publicó en 1813 y se atribuyó a Wang Tingzhang (王廷章) y Fan Wenxian (范聞賢).
A lo largo de los años, la serie de óperas solo se representó tres veces debido a su duración. [ 9 ] Posteriormente, la emperatriz viuda Cixi ordenó su modificación para convertirla en la versión de la ópera de Pekín , un enorme proyecto que duró desde 1898 hasta 1900, cuando fue interrumpido por la Rebelión de los Bóxers y las posteriores invasiones extranjeras. [ 9 ]
Además de las obras representadas en la Ciudad Prohibida , el qinqiang , el yuju , el pingju y muchas otras formas de ópera china local han desarrollado a lo largo de los siglos sus propias historias sobre los generales de la familia Yang. Muchas de estas historias no se encuentran en las novelas y han enriquecido enormemente las leyendas. [ 9 ] En el siglo XX, estas historias se popularizaron enormemente en China a través del arte escénico pingshu (narración de cuentos). [ 9 ]
Historia básica
During the Song dynasty's invasion of the much weaker Northern Han Kingdom, Emperor Taizu of Song's army was surprised by Northern Han general Yang Ye and suffered a major defeat. Song general Pan Renmei was almost killed by Yang Ye and the Song army had no choice but to retreat. Years later, Emperor Taizu's successor Emperor Taizong initiated another invasion, which was again stopped by forces led by Yang Ye, his wife She Saihua, and their seven sons. Pan Renmei was injured by an arrow fired by She Saihua. Emperor Taizong had to bribe corrupt Northern Han officials to create distrust between Northern Han's ruler Liu Jiyuan and Yang Ye. This eventually led to Liu Jiyuan's defeat and surrender.
After Yang Ye's reluctant surrender, Emperor Taizong awarded his family an impressive mansion in the capital Kaifeng called "Heaven Wave House". Gratified, Yang Ye swore allegiance to the emperor and defeated the Liao dynasty forces at Song's northern borders again and again. The jealous Pan Renmei, also the emperor's father-in-law, suggested the emperor name his son Pan Bao the vanguard, but the other ministers were not convinced since Pan Bao had no experience. Pan Renmei offered to start a martial arts tournament in Kaifeng's Tianqi Temple, but requested the Yang family not participate. The emperor agreed. Yang Ye locked his sons at home, but on the last day the seventh son sneaked out the house, joined the tournament, and killed Pan Bao (who had been using underhand means to defeat his opponents).

After several attempts to kill Yang family members failed, Pan Renmei turned to the Liao army for help and assisted them in luring and besieging the outnumbered Yang Ye, his seven sons and Emperor Taizong in the border city of Youzhou. With no better options available, Yang Ye's first son volunteered to dress as the emperor and meet the Liao prince for a risky peace talk called the "Double-Dragon Meet" in Golden Beach, while the real Emperor Taizong escaped. As feared, the meeting turned out to be a trap, and only his two youngest sons remained when Yang Ye and his men retreated to Twin Wolves Mountain. Yang Ye asked his seventh son to fight his way out to Pan Renmei's camp to request reinforcements. The seventh son managed to reach Pan Renmei, but was drugged, tied up and shot to death by countless arrows.
Severely outnumbered in the trap and with no sign of reinforcements, Yang Ye also learned about the confirmed deaths of his eldest three sons. To avoid being captured, he committed suicide by knocking his head against a stone tablet bearing Li Ling's name. His sixth son managed to fight a way out back to Song territory, but was confronted by generals ordered by Pan Renmei to kill him. Instead, the generals (who all respected Yang Ye) told him about his seventh brother's death and let him go. On the way back to Kaifeng, the sixth son befriended a man named Wang Qin, who unbeknownst to him was a Liao spy.
When Emperor Taizong received the sixth son's report about Pan Renmei's crimes, he also received a report by Pan Renmei accusing the Yangs of treason. The first judge of the case was bribed by Pan Renmei's daughter Consort Pan and tried to help the Pans, but was stopped by the emperor's nephew Zhao Defang, also known as the "Eighth Virtuous Prince". The second judge escaped from his post for fear of offending the Pans. After a long time, the Eighth Virtuous Prince finally located a candidate for the post, a provincial official named Kou Zhun, who despite having only held minor posts before, had a reputation of intelligence and moral principles. Finally, Kou Zhun convicted Pan Renmei of multiple crimes and executed him with the help of the Eighth Virtuous Prince.
Succeeding his father as the new commander of the Song army, the sixth son Yang Yanzhao continued to fight the Liao forces under the new emperor. Emperor Zhenzong honored the Yang family by building a stone epitaph, which was disrespected by Xie Jinwu – the son-in-law of Wang Qin who had since become a high official. After Xie Jinwu received a heavy beating by the women in the Yang household, trouble began to arise which resulted in Yang Yanzhao being notified at the border. Worried about his mother, he violated military rules by rushing back to the capital without permission together with a subordinate Jiao Zan. Jiao couldn't control his anger and killed Xie Jinwu, creating more trouble.
Finally reinstated, Yang Yanzhao accidentally learned that his fifth brother had survived the events at Golden Beach and was a monk at Mount Wutai. Having given his soul to the Buddha in despair after the fighting at Golden Beach, the fifth brother now refused to participate in the Song army or return home, but he proved that blood is thicker than water by helping his brother at a critical time and killing the enemy. Meanwhile, their sister – Yang Ye's eighth child – learned that her father's remains and golden sabre were kept by the Liao in Haotian Pagoda so she went across the border by herself in an attempt to retrieve the items. She was arrested but escaped with help from someone who turned out to be her fourth brother, now under the false identity "Mu Yi" and had married a Liao princess.

When Yang Zongbao, the son of Yang Yanzhao and Princess Chai, travelled to the Muke Fort in search of the Dragon Subduing Wood, which would help in breaking Liao army's Heaven Gate Formation, he met Mu Guiying, who married him after capturing him. Mu Guiying would prove instrumental in breaking the Heaven Gate Formation with the rest of the Yangs.
Around that time, Western Xia invaded Song, and Yang Zongbao was killed in action. When Yang Yanzhao died, there were few males left in the Yang family; so, the twelve women in the family participated in the campaign against Western Xia. The female generals of the Yang family proved that they were not inferior to their male counterparts.
Historical and cultural sites
Due to the popularity of the stories throughout the Chinese-speaking world, numerous memorial sites including temples and tombs have been built over the centuries throughout China to commemorate Yang Ye and the Yang family. Many locations have no known and realistic relationship with the Yangs, yet still claim that events from the stories occurred there. Some of the most well-known sites include:
- Invincible Yang Temple (楊無敵廟) in Gubeikou, Beijing, built some time before 1055, when the location was still under Liao control.[note 2] Over the years many generals renovated the temple to pay their respects, including Xu Da in the 14th century and Feng Yuxiang in the early 20th century. It was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution but has since been rebuilt according to old photos.
- Tian Bo Yang House (天波楊府) in Kaifeng, Henan, the capital of Song dynasty during the Yangs' time. The name "Tian Bo" (天波; literally "Heaven Wave") is the name of the house of the Yangs in popular legends. The house was built in 1992 as a tourist attraction. The location in Kaifeng was chosen based on records written in the 14th century. Some historians doubt whether the Yangs actually had a house in Kaifeng like the records claimed.
- Yang Family Ancestral Hall (楊家祠堂) in Dai County, Shanxi. Allegedly this is the location of Yang family when Yang Ye was serving the Northern Han Kingdom. It was built in 1329.
- Yang Family City (楊家城) in Shenmu County, Shaanxi, Yang Ye's birthplace. The city walls were built in 748, but at least since 1098 it has been called Yang Family City. The Seven-Star Temple (七星廟) where Yang Ye and She Saihua allegedly married is about 25 km away (the name of course refers to their seven sons).
Modern references
Stories about the Yang family have been retold in the form of folk tales, stage plays and opera, novels, manhua (comics), films and television dramas.
Literature
- La obra de Wilt L. Idema y Stephen H. West , The Generals of the Yang Family-Four Early Plays , [ 10 ] ofrece una traducción completa de cuatro obras tempranas de los generales de la familia Yang.
- Yang Zhi (Orilla del Agua) , la Bestia de Rostro Azul de la Orilla del Agua , es un descendiente ficticio de los Generales Yang.
- En la Trilogía Cóndor de Louis Cha , Yang Tiexin (楊鐵心), Yang Kang (楊康) y Yang Guo (楊過) son descendientes ficticios de Yang Zaixing .
Ópera y música

El compositor Du Mingxin escribió una ópera de Pekín con libreto en chino titulado Yang Men Nü Jiang ( chino simplificado :杨门女将; chino tradicional :楊門女將; pinyin : Yáng Mén Nǚ Jiàng ; lit. ' Las generales de la familia Yang ' ). La ópera se basó en la ópera de Yangju Commanding the Troops at 100 Years Old y fue estrenada en 1960 por la Compañía de Ópera de Pekín de China. La ópera se sitúa durante la guerra entre la dinastía Song del Norte y el Reino de Xia Occidental , tras la muerte del general Song Yang Zongbao. La abuela de Yang Zongbao, She Saihua, de 100 años, junto con Mu Guiying y otras viudas de la familia Yang, lideran al ejército Song para resistir a los invasores.
En el año 2000, Du Mingxin también compuso una versión sinfónica de la ópera para la Orquesta Filarmónica de China (CPO), que consta de una obertura, tres movimientos y un epílogo. Esta fue la primera obra sinfónica encargada a la recién creada CPO en aquel entonces. [ 11 ]
Películas
- Cómo Muk Kwai-ying capturó y liberó tres veces a Yeung Chung-bo (穆桂英三擒三縱楊宗保), una película de Hong Kong de 1956 sobre la ópera cantonesa .
- Octava hermana Yeung (楊八妹招親), una película de Hong Kong de 1956 sobre ópera cantonesa.
- Cómo Muk Kwai-ying y Yeung Chung-bo derrotaron a la milicia de la Puerta Celestial (穆桂英楊宗保大破天門陣), una película de Hong Kong de 1957 en ópera cantonesa.
- Mu Guiying luchando en Hongzhou (穆桂英大戰洪州), una película china de 1958 sobre la ópera de Pekín .
- Mu Guiying toma el mando (穆桂英掛帥), una película china de 1958 sobre la ópera Yu .
- El cuarto hijo (四郎探母), una película de Hong Kong de 1959 sobre ópera cantonesa.
- Golden Sword (楊八妹取金刀), una película de Hong Kong de 1959 sobre la ópera cantonesa.
- Yang Female Warriors (楊門女將), una película china de 1960 sobre la ópera de Pekín.
- Conqueress (無敵楊家將), una película de Hong Kong de 1961 sobre la ópera cantonesa.
- Muk Kwai-ying encuentra un marido (穆桂英招親), una película de Hong Kong de 1962 sobre la ópera Teochew .
- She Saihua (佘賽花), una película china de 1984 del género de ópera shangdanglaozi (上黨落子).
Serie de televisión
- Serie musical de televisión
- Los generales de la familia Yang (楊家將), una serie de 1982 de ópera taiwanesa producida por CTS (Taiwán), protagonizada por Yang Li-hua como Yang Yanzhao. en 1986, esta secuela de la serie de televisión de 薛丁山救五美 como última parte.
- Los generales de la familia Yang (楊家將), una serie de ópera taiwanesa de 1985 también producida por CTS, protagonizada por Yeh Ching como Yang Yanzhao.
- She Saihua (佘賽花), una serie china de ópera de Pekín de 2005 que se emitió por primera vez en CCTV-11 .
- Serie de televisión de animación
- Los generales de la familia Yang (楊家將), una serie china emitida entre 2011 y 2013 por primera vez en CCTV-14 , cuenta hasta la fecha con tres temporadas.
Juegos de vídeo
- Yang's Troops (Chinese:楊家將; pinyin:Yángjiā Jiāng)
- Yīmén Yīngliè Yángjiā Jiāng (Chinese:一門英烈 楊家將), also known as Yang Warrior Family, is an unlicensedbeat 'em up game for the Mega Drive that was published in 1990s.[12] It was developed by Taiwan Sanxun Information Co., Ltd. (台湾三协资讯股份有限公司).
Footnotes
- ↑Essentially the same novel, with slight modifications by publishers and editors, as the second half of Records of the Two Songs, South and North (兩宋南北志傳) written by Xiong Damu (熊大木) in the late 16th century.
- ↑At least 3 poems about this temple at the location were written within 103 years of Yang Ye's death by Song envoy messengers to Liao. They are: "Passing Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (過古北口楊無敵廟) written by Liu Chang (劉敞) in 1055; "Passing Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple with Zhongxun" (和仲巽過古北口楊無敵廟) written by Su Song (蘇頌) in 1079; and "Gubeikou's Invincible Yang Temple" (古北口楊無敵廟) by Su Che (蘇轍) in 1089.
References
- ↑Idema & West, p. ix.
- ↑Mote 1999, ch. 1–4
- ↑Song Shi, ch. 272.
- ↑Idema & West, p. xii.
- ↑Idema & West, p. xiii.
- ↑Idema & West, p. xvi.
- ↑Idema & West, p. xiv.
- ↑Zhang, Ch.4
- 1234Zhang, Ch. 5
- ↑Wang, Gungwu (2013). The Generals of the Yang Family-Four Early Plays. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific. doi:10.1142/8824. ISBN 978-981-4508-91-9.
- ↑"Symphony Accompanies Heroine Tales". www.china.org.cn.
- ↑"Beat Em Up: It Came From China: Yang Warrior Family for the Sega Genesis – What about channel 4?". www.rfgeneration.com.
Sources
- Hsia, C.T. (1974). "The Military Romance". In Birch, Cyril (ed.). Studies in Chinese Literature Genres. University of California Press. pp. 339–390.
- Idema, Wilt L.; West, Stephen H. (2013). The Generals of the Yang Family: Four Early Plays. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4508-68-1.
- Mackerras, Colin P. (1972). El auge de la ópera de Pekín: 1770–1870, Aspectos sociales del teatro en la China manchú . Clarendon Press .
- Mote, FW (1999). China imperial: 900–1800 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0-674-44515-5.
- Scott, AC (1967). "Ssu Lang visita a su madre (Ssu Lang T'an Mu, Ching-hsi): Una obra tradicional de Pekín". Obras tradicionales chinas, volumen 1. Prensa de la Universidad de Wisconsin . págs. 19-91 .
- (en chino) Toqto'a ; et al., eds. (1345). Song Shi (宋史) [ Historia de la canción ]
Enlaces externos
Contenido multimedia relacionado con los generales de la familia Yang en Wikimedia Commons.
- Los generales de la familia Yang
- literatura china
- La dinastía Song en la ficción
- Obras ambientadas en el período de las Cinco Dinastías y los Diez Reinos.
- Obras ambientadas en la dinastía Liao.
- Obras ambientadas en el oeste de Xia