Articulo de referencia

Juegos Olímpicos de Verano 2020

Los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 , [c] oficialmente los Juegos de la XXXII Olimpiada [d] y oficialmente denominados Tokio 2020 , [e] fueron un evento multideportivo intern...

Los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 , [c] oficialmente los Juegos de la XXXII Olimpiada [d] y oficialmente denominados Tokio 2020 , [e] fueron un evento multideportivo internacional celebrado del 23 de julio al 8 de agosto de 2021 en Tokio , Japón, con algunos eventos preliminares que comenzaron el 21 de julio de 2021. Tokio fue seleccionada como ciudad anfitriona durante la 125.ª Sesión del COI en Buenos Aires , Argentina, el 7 de septiembre de 2013. [3]

Originalmente programado para llevarse a cabo del 24 de julio al 9 de agosto de 2020, el evento se pospuso hasta 2021 el 24 de marzo de 2020 debido a la pandemia mundial de COVID-19 , la primera instancia de este tipo en la historia de los Juegos Olímpicos (varios juegos anteriores habían sido cancelados pero no reprogramados). [4] [5] Sin embargo, el evento mantuvo la marca Tokio 2020 para fines de marketing. [6] Se llevó a cabo en gran parte a puerta cerrada sin espectadores públicos permitidos debido a la declaración de estado de emergencia en el Área Metropolitana de Tokio en respuesta a la pandemia, los únicos Juegos Olímpicos que se celebraron sin espectadores oficiales. [f] Los Juegos fueron los más caros de la historia, con un gasto total de más de $ 20 mil millones. [8]

Los Juegos fueron los cuartos Juegos Olímpicos que se celebraron en Japón, después de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1964 ( Tokio ), los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 1972 ( Sapporo ) y los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 1998 ( Nagano ). Tokio se convirtió en la primera ciudad de Asia en albergar los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano dos veces. [g] Los Juegos de 2020 fueron los segundos de tres Juegos Olímpicos consecutivos que se celebraron en el este de Asia , después de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2018 en Pyeongchang , Corea del Sur y antes de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2022 en Pekín , China . Debido al aplazamiento de un año, Tokio 2020 fue el único de los Juegos Olímpicos que se celebró en un año impar. [10]

Se introdujeron nuevos eventos en deportes existentes, incluido el baloncesto 3x3 , el BMX estilo libre y eventos por equipos mixtos en varios deportes existentes, así como el regreso del ciclismo de Madison para hombres y una introducción del mismo evento para mujeres. Las nuevas políticas del COI también permitieron al comité organizador anfitrión agregar nuevos deportes al programa olímpico para solo unos Juegos. Las disciplinas agregadas por el Comité Olímpico Japonés fueron béisbol y sóftbol , ​​kárate , escalada deportiva , surf y skateboarding , las últimas cuatro de las cuales hicieron su debut olímpico, y las últimas tres de las cuales permanecerán en el programa olímpico. [11]

Estados Unidos encabezó el medallero tanto por oro (39) como por medallas totales (113), con China terminando segundo (38 y 89). La nación anfitriona Japón terminó tercero, estableciendo un récord para la mayor cantidad de medallas de oro y totales ganadas por su delegación en unos Juegos Olímpicos con 27 y 58. Gran Bretaña terminó cuarto, con un total de 22 medallas de oro y 64 medallas totales. La delegación rusa compitiendo como ROC terminó quinta con 20 medallas de oro y tercera en el recuento general de medallas, con 71 medallas. Bermudas , Filipinas y Qatar ganaron sus primeras medallas de oro olímpicas. [12] [13] [14] Burkina Faso , San Marino y Turkmenistán también ganaron sus primeras medallas olímpicas. [15] [16] [17]

Proceso de licitación

Las tres ciudades candidatas fueron Tokio , Estambul y Madrid . Las ciudades solicitantes de Bakú y Doha no fueron promovidas a la categoría de candidatas. Una candidatura de Roma fue retirada. [18]

Selección de la ciudad anfitriona

El Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI) votó para seleccionar la ciudad anfitriona de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 el 7 de septiembre de 2013, en la 125.ª Sesión del COI en Buenos Aires , Argentina, utilizando un exhaustivo sistema de votación. [18] Ninguna de las ciudades candidatas ganó más del 50% de los votos en la primera ronda; Madrid y Estambul estaban empatadas en el segundo lugar, por lo que se realizó una segunda vuelta para determinar cuál de las dos ciudades sería eliminada. La votación final fue una contienda cara a cara entre Tokio y Estambul. Tokio fue seleccionada por 60 votos contra 36, ​​obteniendo al menos los 49 votos necesarios para una mayoría. [18]

Impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19

Pocos peatones en el cruce de Shibuya durante el estado de emergencia en medio de la primera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Japón, a principios de 2020

En enero de 2020, se expresaron inquietudes sobre el posible impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en los atletas y visitantes de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano. [20] Los organizadores de Tokio y el Comité Olímpico Internacional insistieron en que estaban monitoreando la propagación de la enfermedad para minimizar sus efectos en los preparativos para los Juegos Olímpicos. [21] El COI declaró que en 2020, sus socios japoneses y el Primer Ministro Shinzo Abe "dejaron muy claro que Japón no podía gestionar un aplazamiento más allá del próximo verano [2021] a más tardar". [22] A diferencia del caso del virus Zika durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2016 en Río de Janeiro, el SARS-CoV-2 puede transmitirse directamente entre humanos, lo que plantea desafíos más difíciles para los organizadores para contrarrestar la enfermedad infecciosa y albergar un evento seguro. [20] También a diferencia del caso de la "gripe porcina" H1N1 durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2010 en Vancouver, el COVID-19 tiene una tasa de mortalidad más alta y no hubo una vacuna efectiva hasta diciembre de 2020. [23] En una entrevista de febrero de 2020, el candidato conservador a la alcaldía de Londres, Shaun Bailey, argumentó que Londres podría albergar los Juegos Olímpicos en las antiguas sedes olímpicas de 2012 si los Juegos tuvieran que trasladarse debido a la pandemia de COVID-19. [24] La gobernadora de Tokio, Yuriko Koike, criticó el comentario de Bailey como inapropiado. [25] A principios de 2021, los funcionarios del estado estadounidense de Florida se ofrecieron a albergar los Juegos retrasados ​​​​en su estado, mientras que John Coates , el vicepresidente del COI a cargo de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, dijo que los Juegos se inaugurarían incluso si la ciudad y otras partes de Japón estuvieran bajo estado de emergencia debido al COVID-19. [26] [27]

Estimaciones del Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas y de la Universidad de Kioto predijeron que podría ser necesario declarar estados de emergencia durante los Juegos. [28] Los informes publicados en el panel de expertos del Ministerio de Salud también mostraron que el número de nuevos pacientes aumentaría a 10.000 si se permitiera la presencia de espectadores en los Juegos. [29]

Cancelación y aplazamiento de eventos clasificatorios

Las preocupaciones sobre la pandemia comenzaron a afectar los eventos clasificatorios a principios de 2020. Algunos que debían realizarse en febrero se trasladaron a ubicaciones alternativas para abordar las preocupaciones sobre los viajes a las áreas afectadas, en particular China. Por ejemplo, la clasificación de baloncesto femenino se jugó en Belgrado , Serbia, en lugar de Foshan , China. [30] El torneo clasificatorio de boxeo de Asia y Oceanía , que originalmente estaba planeado para celebrarse del 3 al 14 de febrero en Wuhan , China (la ubicación del brote original de la pandemia de COVID-19), se llevó a cabo en Amán , Jordania, a principios de marzo. [31] La tercera ronda del torneo clasificatorio de fútbol femenino también se vio afectada, ya que los partidos de grupo que anteriormente estaban programados para celebrarse en China se trasladaron a Australia. [32] La clasificación europea de boxeo comenzó el 14 de marzo de 2020 en Londres , Reino Unido, pero se suspendió después de dos días de competencia antes de ser reprogramada para abril de 2021. [33] [34] Finalmente se reanudó en junio de 2021, pero se trasladó a París , Francia, [35] debido a las renovadas preocupaciones sobre los viajes al Reino Unido . Otros eventos clasificatorios que debían tener lugar entre marzo y junio de 2020 comenzaron a posponerse hasta más tarde en el año y mediados de 2021 como parte de una suspensión más amplia de las competiciones deportivas internacionales en respuesta a la pandemia. Una multitud de deportes olímpicos se vieron afectados, incluidos el tiro con arco, el béisbol, el ciclismo, el balonmano, el judo, el remo, la vela, el voleibol y el waterpolo. [36]

Efecto sobre las pruebas de dopaje

A principios de 2020, la pandemia de COVID-19 restringió severamente las pruebas de dopaje obligatorias. Las organizaciones antidopaje europeas expresaron su preocupación por la imposibilidad de realizar pruebas de sangre y orina y por el riesgo para la salud que supondría movilizar al personal necesario para ello antes del final de la pandemia. A pesar de la necesidad de realizar pruebas exhaustivas antes de los Juegos, la Agencia Mundial Antidopaje (AMA) declaró que la salud y la seguridad públicas eran sus principales prioridades. [37] La ​​Agencia Antidopaje de China (CHINADA) suspendió temporalmente las pruebas el 3 de febrero de 2020, con una reanudación prevista de las pruebas por fases hacia finales de mes, [38] y las organizaciones antidopaje de Estados Unidos, Francia, Gran Bretaña y Alemania habían reducido sus actividades de pruebas a finales de marzo. [37]

Posteriormente se reveló que veintitrés nadadores chinos habían dado positivo en la prueba de la droga trimetazidina , pero se les permitió competir, después de que CHINADA afirmara que habían ingerido pequeñas cantidades sin darse cuenta en una cocina. Algunos, incluidos Zhang Yufei , Wang Shun y Qin Haiyang , ganaron medallas. El asunto provocó un profundo malestar entre la comunidad atlética internacional. [39]

Aplazamiento hasta 2021

El Comité Organizador de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Tokio (TOCOG) emitió un comunicado el 2 de marzo de 2020, confirmando que los preparativos para los próximos Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio "continuaban según lo planeado". [40] El 23 de marzo, tanto Canadá como Australia indicaron que se retirarían de los Juegos si no se posponían por un año. [41] El mismo día, el primer ministro japonés Shinzo Abe declaró que apoyaría una propuesta de aplazamiento, citando que garantizar la seguridad de los atletas era "primordial", y el veterano miembro del COI y ex vicepresidente Dick Pound dijo que esperaba que los Juegos se pospusieran. [42] [43]

El 24 de marzo de 2020, a 122 días de la fecha prevista de inicio, el COI, el TOCOG y el primer ministro Abe emitieron una declaración conjunta en la que anunciaban que los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Verano de 2020 se reprogramarían para una fecha "posterior a 2020, pero no más tarde del verano de 2021". Afirmaron que los Juegos podrían "ser un faro de esperanza para el mundo durante estos tiempos difíciles", y que la llama olímpica podría convertirse en "la luz al final del túnel en el que se encuentra el mundo en la actualidad". [44] El Primer Ministro Abe declaró que el presidente del COI, Thomas Bach, respondió "con un 100% de acuerdo" a su propuesta de retrasar los Juegos. Por motivos de continuidad y marketing, se acordó que los Juegos seguirían llamándose Tokio 2020 a pesar del cambio de calendario. [6]

El 30 de marzo de 2020, el COI y el TOCOG anunciaron que habían llegado a un acuerdo sobre las nuevas fechas de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020, que ahora comenzarían con la ceremonia de apertura el 23 de julio de 2021 y terminarían con la ceremonia de clausura el 8 de agosto de 2021, que aún se celebraría en Tokio. [45] [46] Los siguientes Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno en Pekín están programados para comenzar el 4 de febrero de 2022, menos de seis meses después. Poco antes de que se confirmara el aplazamiento, el COI y los organizadores de Tokio 2020 formaron un grupo de trabajo llamado "Here We Go" con el mandato de abordar cualquier problema que surgiera del aplazamiento de los Juegos, como el patrocinio y el alojamiento. Los organizadores confirmaron que todos los atletas que ya se habían clasificado para Tokio 2020 mantendrían sus plazas de clasificación. [47]

Llamados a la cancelación

Los expertos en salud expresaron su preocupación en abril de 2020 de que los Juegos pudieran tener que ser cancelados si la pandemia persistía. [48] En una entrevista, el entonces presidente del TOCOG y ex primer ministro japonés, Yoshirō Mori , afirmó que los Juegos serían "desechados" si no podían seguir adelante en 2021. [49] El 29 de abril de 2020, el Primer Ministro Abe declaró que los Juegos "deben celebrarse de una manera que muestre que el mundo ha ganado su batalla contra la pandemia del coronavirus". [50] Thomas Bach reconoció en una entrevista el 20 de mayo de 2020 que el trabajo de reorganizar los Juegos de Tokio era "una tarea gigantesca" y también admitió que el evento tendría que cancelarse por completo si no podía tener lugar en el verano de 2021. [51] Sin embargo, tanto Mori como Bach expresaron optimismo sobre la celebración de los Juegos. [49] [51]

Un miembro del Comité Asesor Japonés sobre la Política de Acción Básica para la COVID-19 fue coautor de un editorial en el British Medical Journal que afirmaba que "celebrar Tokio 2020 con fines políticos y económicos internos, ignorando imperativos científicos y morales, es contradictorio con el compromiso de Japón con la salud mundial y la seguridad humana". [52]

El 21 de enero de 2021, varias fuentes informaron de que el gobierno japonés había "concluido en privado" que los Juegos tendrían que cancelarse. [53] El gobierno desestimó las afirmaciones, afirmando que los informes eran "categóricamente falsos". [54] El nuevo primer ministro japonés, Yoshihide Suga, confirmó el 19 de febrero que el G7 había dado su apoyo unánime a que los Juegos pospuestos se llevaran a cabo según lo programado. [55] Se informó en abril de 2021, solo tres meses antes del inicio de los Juegos, que todavía existía la opción de cancelar los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, ya que el país había vacunado a menos del 1% de su población, se esperaba que participaran decenas de miles de voluntarios y los atletas no estaban obligados a hacer cuarentena tras llegar a Japón. [56] [57]

El apoyo público a los Juegos en Japón disminuyó significativamente en medio de un aumento de casos de COVID-19 en el país en 2021. [58] Varias organizaciones de profesionales médicos expresaron su oposición a los Juegos, [52] [59] [60] mientras que una encuesta de opinión en abril de 2021 vio que el 40% de los participantes apoyaba la cancelación de los Juegos y el 33% apoyaba un segundo aplazamiento. [61] En mayo de 2021, el 83% de los encuestados apoyaba la cancelación o el aplazamiento de los Juegos. [62] La Asociación de Médicos de Tokio pidió la cancelación, afirmando que los hospitales de Tokio "tienen las manos ocupadas y casi no tienen capacidad de sobra" en una carta abierta al primer ministro. [63] Al menos nueve de los 47 gobernadores electos apoyaron la cancelación de los Juegos. [64] Casi el 37% de las empresas japonesas encuestadas apoyaron la cancelación de los Juegos y el 32% apoyaron el aplazamiento. [65]

Kenji Utsunomiya , que anteriormente se había postulado para gobernador de Tokio, reunió más de 351.000 firmas en una petición que pedía a los organizadores que "priorizaran la vida" por encima de los Juegos Olímpicos. [66] Los escritores japoneses Jiro Akagawa [67] [68] y Fuminori Nakamura también pidieron que se pospusieran o cancelaran los Juegos. [69]

El 26 de mayo de 2021, el periódico Asahi Shimbun , patrocinador local de los Juegos, publicó un editorial en el que pedía al primer ministro Suga que "evaluara con calma y objetividad la situación y decidiera cancelar el evento este verano". [70] El 4 de junio se informó de que los patrocinadores japoneses propusieron a los organizadores "posponer los Juegos durante varios meses", citando un comentario de un alto ejecutivo de un patrocinador corporativo: "Desde nuestra perspectiva, tiene mucho, mucho más sentido celebrar los Juegos cuando hay más personas vacunadas, el clima es más fresco y tal vez la oposición pública es menor". [71]

En julio de 2021, se anunció que todos los eventos en Tokio se celebrarían a puerta cerrada y sin espectadores debido a un nuevo estado de emergencia. Una encuesta del periódico Asahi Shimbun reveló que el 55% de los encuestados apoyaba la cancelación de los Juegos Olímpicos y el 68% consideraba que los organizadores no podrían controlar adecuadamente la COVID-19 en los Juegos. [72] La decisión también fue perjudicial para los patrocinadores locales, que habían planeado presencias en persona para promocionar sus productos durante los Juegos; un ejecutivo del patrocinador oficial Toyota declaró que la empresa había retirado una campaña publicitaria televisiva que había planeado para los Juegos en Japón, citando que los Juegos Olímpicos se estaban "convirtiendo en un evento que no ha ganado la comprensión del público". [72] [73]

Si los juegos se hubieran cancelado, habría sido la primera vez desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial que se cancela un evento olímpico y los primeros juegos que se cancelan debido a circunstancias no relacionadas con la guerra. [h] Una cancelación completa también le habría costado a Japón ¥4,52  billones ( US$41.5  mil millones), en función de los gastos operativos y la pérdida de actividad turística debido a que Japón había cerrado sus fronteras internacionales a los viajeros extranjeros desde marzo de 2020, no reabrió finalmente hasta octubre de 2022 y estaba inicialmente programado para poner fin a las medidas fronterizas preventivas en mayo de 2023, pero se adelantó a fines de abril de ese año, menos de dos años después de que terminaran los Juegos. [74] [75]

Costos y seguros

Según una estimación realizada por el profesor emérito Katsuhiro Miyamoto de la Universidad de Kansai y publicada por la NHK en marzo de 2020, el coste de retrasar los Juegos Olímpicos de 2020 un año sería de 640.800 millones de yenes ( 5.800 millones de dólares ), teniendo en cuenta los gastos de mantenimiento de las instalaciones no utilizadas. [74]

El Instituto de Investigación Nomura estimó que cancelar los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Tokio en 2021 costaría alrededor de 1,81 billones de yenes (17.000 millones de dólares), menos que los daños económicos proyectados si se declara otro estado de emergencia, y señaló que la decisión de celebrar los juegos "debería tomarse en función del impacto en los riesgos de infección, no desde el punto de vista de la pérdida económica". [76]

Los Juegos de Tokio estuvieron protegidos a través del mercado de seguros comerciales Lloyd's of London , por las reaseguradoras globales Munich Re y Swiss Re . El COI contrata alrededor de 800 millones de dólares de seguro para cada Olimpiada de verano, y el monto total de pérdidas aseguradas para los Juegos de 2020 probablemente sea más de 2 mil millones de dólares. [ necesita actualización ] La interrupción causada por el aplazamiento de los Juegos estuvo cubierta por la póliza de seguro, y es probable que quienes presenten reclamos por sus pérdidas financieras incluyan organizadores locales, patrocinadores, empresas de hospitalidad y proveedores de viajes. [77] [78] [ necesita actualización ]

Los poseedores de entradas adquiridas en el extranjero antes del aplazamiento tenían derecho a reembolsos por las compras de entradas para los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos, excepto por los costos de las reservas de hotel canceladas. Aunque alrededor de 600.000 entradas para los Juegos Olímpicos y 300.000 entradas para los Paralímpicos tenían derecho a reembolso, los organizadores dijeron que no revelarían el costo total de los reembolsos. [79] Reuters citó a fuentes de la industria que estimaron que el Comité Olímpico de Tokio había contratado un seguro de entre 500 y 800 millones de dólares y que, después de contabilizar costos como la nueva reserva de los estadios deportivos y la Villa Olímpica, poco de ese pago estaría disponible para recuperar los ingresos de las ventas de entradas perdidas y reembolsadas. [80] Los organizadores locales son responsables de la venta de entradas y las utilizan para sufragar los costos de la celebración de los juegos; se esperaba que las ventas de entradas generaran aproximadamente 800 millones de dólares, pero las ventas reales fueron cercanas a cero. [81]

En junio de 2022, el Comité Organizador de Tokio reveló en el informe final del presupuesto para los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Tokio que el costo de los Juegos Olímpicos fue de 640,4 mil millones de yenes (US$5,8 mil millones [i] ), que fue más alto que el costo de Río 2016. [83] [2]

Opinión pública y efecto del COVID-19 durante y después de los Juegos

Antes de la celebración de los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, muchos japoneses tenían una actitud negativa hacia la celebración del evento, pero su actitud se había vuelto más positiva hacia el final de los Juegos. Según una encuesta de opinión pública realizada conjuntamente por Nippon News Network y el periódico Yomiuri Shimbun , dirigida a los ciudadanos japoneses al final de los Juegos Olímpicos, el 38% de los encuestados dijo que era posible celebrar los Juegos Olímpicos de manera segura contra el COVID-19, mientras que el 55% dijo que no era posible. Sin embargo, el 64% respondió que era bueno que los Juegos de Tokio se hubieran celebrado, mientras que el 28% respondió que deseaba que el evento no se hubiera celebrado. De los encuestados, el 61% se alegró de que el evento se hubiera celebrado sin espectadores y solo el 12% dijo que se debería haber permitido la presencia de espectadores. [84]

El 29 de julio, a menos de una semana de iniciados los Juegos, el periodista Masaki Kubota presentó su análisis de la perspectiva del pueblo japonés sobre los Juegos Olímpicos, que, en su opinión, se vio muy influida por el cambio en la forma en que los medios de comunicación japoneses informaron sobre los Juegos. Señaló que muchos medios de comunicación japoneses habían insistido en cancelar los Juegos Olímpicos, citando temores de que la COVID-19 se propagara, pero una vez que los atletas japoneses comenzaron a ganar medallas, los medios cambiaron su política informativa y comenzaron a animar los Juegos Olímpicos, lo que tuvo el efecto de alterar la opinión pública en Japón. [85]

Una vez que se pusieron en marcha los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio, seguidos de los Juegos Paralímpicos de Tokio , hubo un fuerte aumento de los casos de COVID-19 en Japón, especialmente los causados ​​por la variante Delta . El 26 de julio, se detectaron 60.157 casos en Japón, rompiendo el récord de 44.961 casos registrados el 10 de mayo. El 9 de agosto, un día después de que terminaran los Juegos Olímpicos, los casos diarios en Japón alcanzaron los 100.000 por primera vez, y los nuevos casos continuaron aumentando hasta el pico del 23 de agosto, cuando se registraron 156.931 casos. [86]

Desarrollo y preparativos

Los anillos olímpicos se exhiben en la bahía de Tokio para promocionar los Juegos

El Comité Organizador de Tokio estuvo originalmente encabezado por el ex primer ministro japonés Yoshirō Mori, [87] pero renunció en febrero de 2021 debido a la reacción negativa a los comentarios sexistas sobre las mujeres en las reuniones. [88] [89] [90] Seiko Hashimoto fue elegida para sucederlo. Tamayo Marukawa , ministra de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Tokio, fue responsable de supervisar los preparativos en nombre del gobierno japonés. [90]

El Gobierno Metropolitano de Tokio reservó un fondo de ¥400 mil millones (más de US$3.67 mil millones) para cubrir el costo de albergar los Juegos. El gobierno japonés estaba considerando aliviar las restricciones del espacio aéreo para permitir una mayor capacidad de franjas horarias en los aeropuertos de Haneda y Narita . Se planeó una nueva línea ferroviaria para unir ambos aeropuertos a través de una expansión de la estación de Tokio , reduciendo el tiempo de viaje desde la estación de Tokio a Haneda de 30 minutos a 18 minutos, y desde la estación de Tokio a Narita de 55 minutos a 36 minutos; financiada principalmente por inversores privados, la línea costaría ¥400 mil millones. La East Japan Railway Company (JR East) también estaba planeando una nueva ruta cerca de Tamachi hasta el aeropuerto de Haneda. [91]

Había planes para financiar la finalización acelerada de la Ruta Circular Central , la Autopista Tokyo Gaikan y la Autopista Ken-Ō , y la renovación de otras autopistas importantes en el área. [92] La línea de tránsito automatizado Yurikamome también se extendería desde su terminal existente en la Estación Toyosu a una nueva terminal en la Estación Kachidoki , pasando por el sitio de la Villa Olímpica, aunque no se esperaba que la línea tuviera la capacidad adecuada para servir a eventos importantes en el área de Odaiba por sí sola. [93]

En abril de 2018, el Comité Organizador de Tokio firmó un acuerdo de asociación con la Organización Internacional del Trabajo para garantizar el trabajo decente en la preparación y durante los Juegos Olímpicos de 2020. [94]

En junio de 2020, el director ejecutivo del Comité Organizador, Toshirō Mutō , declaró que el comité estaba explorando opciones para agilizar los Juegos y lograr ahorros de costos. [95] El 25 de septiembre, el COI y el Comité Organizador de Tokio acordaron un conjunto de medidas para simplificar la logística de los Juegos, incluido un recorte del personal no atleta, el uso de reuniones en línea y la racionalización del transporte, entre otras. El comité también describió las áreas que exploraría para mantener la salud y la seguridad de todos los participantes. [96]

Recintos e infraestructura

El recién construido Estadio Nacional de Japón en Tokio fue la sede de las ceremonias y las pruebas de atletismo.

En febrero de 2012, se anunció que el antiguo Estadio Nacional de Tokio , sede central de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1964 , se sometería a una renovación de ¥100 mil millones para la Copa Mundial de Rugby de 2019 y los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020. [97] En noviembre de 2012, el Consejo Deportivo de Japón anunció que estaba aceptando ofertas para los diseños de estadios propuestos. De los 46 finalistas, Zaha Hadid Architects se adjudicó el proyecto, que reemplazaría el antiguo estadio con un nuevo estadio de 80.000 asientos . Hubo críticas al diseño de Zaha Hadid, que se comparó con un casco de bicicleta y se consideró que chocaba con el Santuario Meiji circundante , y una desaprobación generalizada de los costos, incluso con intentos de revisar y "optimizar" el diseño. [98]

En junio de 2015, el gobierno anunció planes para reducir la capacidad permanente del nuevo estadio a 65.000 en su configuración de atletismo (aunque con la opción de agregar hasta 15.000 asientos temporales para fútbol) como una medida adicional de ahorro de costos. [99] [100] El plan original para construir un techo retráctil también fue abandonado. [101] A fines de 2015, como resultado de la oposición pública a los crecientes costos del nuevo estadio (que habían alcanzado los ¥252 mil millones), el gobierno decidió rechazar por completo el diseño de Zaha Hadid y seleccionó un nuevo diseño del arquitecto japonés Kengo Kuma . Inspirado en los templos tradicionales y con un perfil más bajo, el diseño de Kuma tenía un presupuesto de ¥149 mil millones. Los cambios significaron que el nuevo estadio no pudo completarse a tiempo para la Copa Mundial de Rugby de 2019 como se pretendía originalmente. [102] El Estadio Nacional, inaugurado el 21 de diciembre de 2019, fue nombrado Estadio Olímpico durante los Juegos de Tokio. [103]

En octubre de 2018, la Junta de Auditoría emitió un informe que afirmaba que el coste total de las sedes olímpicas podría superar los 25.000 millones de dólares. [104]

De las 33 sedes de competición en Tokio, 28 estaban a 8 kilómetros (5 millas) de la Villa Olímpica, y se construirían once nuevas sedes. [105] El 16 de octubre de 2019, el COI anunció que había planes para reubicar los eventos de maratón y marcha atlética en Sapporo por preocupaciones por el calor. [106] Los planes se hicieron oficiales el 1 de noviembre de 2019 después de que la gobernadora de Tokio, Yuriko Koike, aceptara la decisión del COI, a pesar de su creencia de que los eventos deberían haber permanecido en Tokio. [107]

En general, como señala el especialista en estudios urbanos Faure, "los Juegos de Tokio 2020-2021 tuvieron un impacto relativamente moderado en la ciudad, en comparación con casos anteriores como Río y Sochi, o casos en los que se construyó un gran parque olímpico en Barcelona en 1992 y en Pekín en 2008. La infraestructura de transporte se ha mejorado marginalmente facilitando el acceso a personas con limitaciones de movilidad y mejorando la señalización en otros idiomas. Se ha ampliado el aeropuerto de Haneda y se ha introducido un sistema de tránsito rápido de autobuses impulsado por hidrógeno. Se construyeron varias instalaciones deportivas y de eventos, incluido el nuevo Estadio Olímpico. Por último, se ha construido la Villa Olímpica en el vertedero de Harumi". [108]

Seguridad

La policía patrulla y observa desde una azotea cerca del estadio de tenis

En diciembre de 2018, el gobierno japonés decidió prohibir que los drones sobrevuelen las sedes de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos. También se impuso una prohibición similar para la Copa Mundial de Rugby de 2019, que también fue sede de Japón. [109] En enero de 2020, comenzaron los simulacros antiterroristas en diferentes partes donde se llevarían a cabo los Juegos, luego de que los datos de inteligencia mostraran que grupos terroristas podrían haber llevado a cabo un ataque que buscara atención mundial. [110] En julio de 2021, antes del inicio de los Juegos, la Guardia Costera de Japón realizó simulacros antiterroristas en la Bahía de Tokio . El simulacro consistió en que dos botes inflables intentaran evitar que un barco sospechoso llegara a la orilla. [111]

Voluntarios

Las solicitudes para ser voluntarios en los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de 2020 se aceptaron a partir del 26 de septiembre de 2018. Para el 18 de enero de 2019, el Comité Organizador de Tokio había recibido un total de 204.680 solicitudes. [112] Las entrevistas para seleccionar el número necesario de voluntarios comenzaron en febrero de 2019, y la capacitación está programada para llevarse a cabo en octubre de 2019. [113] Los voluntarios en las sedes se conocerían como "Field Cast", y los voluntarios en la ciudad se conocerían como "City Cast". Estos nombres se eligieron de una lista corta de cuatro de un original de 150 pares de nombres; los otros tres nombres preseleccionados fueron "Shining Blue" y "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" y "City Anchor", y "Games Force" y "City Force". Los nombres fueron elegidos por las personas que habían solicitado ser voluntarios en los Juegos. [114]

A principios de junio de 2021, aproximadamente 10.000 de los 80.000 voluntarios registrados renunciaron a los Juegos. Los medios de comunicación atribuyeron el aumento de casos de pandemia como la razón de la renuncia masiva. [115] Se esperaba que se cancelaran más asignaciones de voluntarios debido a la prohibición de espectadores. [116]

Medallas

Debido a los protocolos de COVID-19, las medallas se entregaron a los atletas en una bandeja y se pidió a cada atleta que se pusiera su propia medalla, en lugar de que un dignatario se la colocara alrededor del cuello. [117]

En febrero de 2017, el Comité Organizador de Tokio anunció un programa de reciclaje de productos electrónicos en colaboración con el Centro de Saneamiento Ambiental de Japón y NTT Docomo , solicitando donaciones de productos electrónicos, como teléfonos móviles, para su recuperación como materiales para las medallas. Con el objetivo de recolectar ocho toneladas de metales para producir las medallas de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos, se instalaron cajas de recolección en lugares públicos y tiendas minoristas de NTT Docomo en abril de 2017. [118] [119] En diciembre de ese año se lanzó un concurso de diseño para las medallas. [120]

En mayo de 2018, el comité organizador informó que habían obtenido la mitad de los 2.700 kilogramos de bronce necesarios, pero que estaban teniendo dificultades para obtener la cantidad requerida de plata; aunque las medallas de bronce y plata utilizan únicamente sus respectivos materiales, los requisitos del COI exigen que las medallas de oro utilicen plata como base. [121] La recolección de bronce se completó en noviembre de 2018, y se estima que el resto se completó en marzo de 2019. [122]

El 24 de julio de 2019 (un año antes de la ceremonia de apertura programada originalmente), se dieron a conocer los diseños de las medallas. [123] [124] Las medallas de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos fueron diseñadas por Junichi Kawanishi luego de una competencia a nivel nacional. [125] Una nueva característica compartida con las medallas Paralímpicas es que las cintas contienen una, dos o tres líneas convexas de silicona para distinguir las medallas de oro, plata y bronce, respectivamente. [124]

Relevo de la antorcha

El lema del relevo de la antorcha de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 fue "La esperanza ilumina nuestro camino". [126] [127]

Como lo determinó una decisión del COI de 2009 que prohibió los relevos internacionales de la antorcha para futuros Juegos Olímpicos, [128] la antorcha de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 estaba programada para visitar solo los dos países de Grecia y el país anfitrión Japón. La primera fase del relevo comenzó el 12 de marzo de 2020, con la tradicional ceremonia de encendido de la llama en el Templo de Hera en Olimpia, Grecia . Luego, la antorcha viajó a Atenas , donde la etapa griega del relevo culminó con una ceremonia de entrega en el Estadio Panatenaico el 19 de marzo, durante la cual la antorcha fue transferida al contingente japonés. [126] La llama se colocó dentro de una linterna especial y se transportó desde el Aeropuerto Internacional de Atenas en un vuelo chárter a Higashimatsushima en Japón. Se esperaba que la antorcha comenzara la segunda fase de su viaje el 20 de marzo, ya que viajó durante una semana alrededor de las tres áreas más afectadas por el terremoto y tsunami de Tōhoku de 2011 ( Miyagi , Iwate y Fukushima ), donde se exhibiría bajo el título "Llama de la recuperación". Después de salir de Naraha el 26 de marzo, la antorcha comenzaría su relevo principal alrededor de Japón, incorporando las 47 capitales de prefectura . [127]

Tras la decisión de posponer los Juegos, la antorcha se volvió a colocar en una linterna especial que se exhibió en la ciudad de Fukushima durante un mes. Después de eso, la linterna se trasladó a la prefectura de Tokio, donde se mantuvo a salvo hasta el reinicio del relevo en 2021. [129] El 23 de julio de 2020 (un año antes de la ceremonia de apertura reprogramada), se lanzó un video promocional en el que aparecía la nadadora japonesa Rikako Ikee llevando la linterna dentro del Estadio Nacional de Japón, haciendo comparaciones entre la salida de la pandemia y su propio regreso al deporte después de que le diagnosticaran leucemia . [130] El 20 de agosto de 2020, se anunció que el relevo de la antorcha comenzaría de nuevo en Naraha, Fukushima, el 25 de marzo de 2021, casi un año después de lo planeado originalmente. [131] [132]

El recorrido final del relevo se alteró debido a preocupaciones sobre preocupaciones de salud pública sobre reuniones a lo largo de la ruta (por ejemplo, se canceló la etapa de Miyakojima), y el relevo se llevó a cabo sin espectadores debido a estados de emergencia en algunas regiones (por ejemplo, Matsuyama, Hiroshima, Hyōgo y Okayama). [133] El relevo terminó en el Estadio Nacional de Tokio (Estadio Olímpico) el 23 de julio, con la tenista Naomi Osaka encendiendo el pebetero olímpico en la final de la ceremonia de apertura . [134] El pebetero encendido en el Estadio Olímpico solo se usó durante las ceremonias de apertura y clausura: se encendió un pebetero separado en el paseo marítimo de Tokio para la vista del público en el Puente Yume No Ohashi en Odaiba , lo que lo convierte en la segunda vez en la historia olímpica donde el pebetero no se exhibió en el estadio de atletismo, la otra vez fue en 2016. [135]

Protocolos de bioseguridad

Control de temperatura y medidas contra el COVID-19 en el recinto de tenis

En febrero de 2021, el COI comenzó a publicar "manuales" que contenían detalles sobre los protocolos de bioseguridad planificados para el COVID-19 para atletas, oficiales, la prensa y otro personal, incluidos protocolos estándar como practicar el distanciamiento social , la higiene, el uso de mascarillas (fuera del entrenamiento y la competencia para los atletas) y la restricción de visitar bares, restaurantes, tiendas y otras áreas turísticas alrededor del Área Metropolitana de Tokio , o usar el transporte público a menos que se permita lo contrario. A los participantes se les pediría que usaran la aplicación COCOA Exposure Notification de Japón y se les haría una prueba al menos cada cuatro días. Los atletas que dieran positivo no podrían competir y podrían ser puestos en cuarentena en una instalación gubernamental (aunque se les daría margen de maniobra en caso de falsos positivos). Los contactos cercanos también tendrían que dar negativo en la prueba para poder competir. Se disuadiría a los atletas de celebrar "excesivamente" porque las acciones podrían propagar gotitas infectadas. [136] [137] [138] Los manuales fueron criticados en un artículo publicado por The New England Journal of Medicine en mayo de 2021, por carecer de una "evaluación de riesgos científicamente rigurosa" y no "distinguir los distintos niveles de riesgo que enfrentan los atletas". El manual establecía que los atletas debían llegar hasta cinco días antes del inicio de la competencia y retirarse dentro de las 48 horas posteriores a su eliminación de su deporte o la conclusión de las competencias. [139] [140]

El COI recomendó la vacunación de los atletas contra la COVID-19 si había vacunas disponibles para ellos, pero esto no era un requisito previo para la participación y el COI desaconsejó que los atletas "se saltaran la cola" para obtener prioridad sobre las poblaciones esenciales. [141] El 12 de marzo de 2021, Thomas Bach anunció que en las naciones donde estaban aprobadas para su uso, el Comité Olímpico Chino había ofrecido cubrir los costos de la vacuna china CoronaVac y la vacuna Sinopharm BIBP para los atletas que compitieran en los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2020 y los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de 2022 , y compraría dos dosis para el público general de su nación por cada atleta vacunado. [142] El 6 de mayo de 2021, Pfizer anunció que donaría dosis de su vacuna a los CON que compiten en Tokio. [143]

Aproximadamente 93.000 atletas y funcionarios quedaron exentos de las normas de cuarentena al llegar a Japón, siempre que permanecieran en zonas separadas de la población local. Con alrededor de 300.000 miembros del personal y voluntarios locales entrando y saliendo de estas burbujas, y 20.000 dosis de vacunas asignadas para este grupo, esto generó preocupaciones sobre la propagación de COVID-19 tanto durante los Juegos como cuando los equipos regresaron a sus países. [144] [145]

Debido a las restricciones de viajes internacionales, el comité organizador anunció en marzo de 2021 que no se permitiría la asistencia de invitados internacionales (incluidos espectadores y amigos y familiares de los atletas) a los Juegos. De acuerdo con las directrices existentes para los deportes con espectadores en Japón, se les pediría a los espectadores que se abstuvieran de vitorear o gritar. [138] El 19 de junio de 2021, la gobernadora Koike anunció que se habían descartado los planes para eventos de visualización pública para los Juegos, con el fin de utilizar en su lugar los lugares planificados (como el Parque Yoyogi ) como sitios de vacunación masiva. [146] El 21 de junio, se anunció que todos los lugares tendrían un límite máximo de 10.000 espectadores con entradas o el 50% de su capacidad, lo que fuera menor. [147]

El 2 de julio de 2021, la nueva presidenta del TOCOG, Seiko Hashimoto, advirtió que aún existía la posibilidad de que los Juegos se celebraran a puerta cerrada debido al aumento de casos de COVID-19 en el país. [148] [149] La lenta tasa de vacunación de Japón había sido motivo de especial preocupación. [150] [151] Una simulación realizada por la Universidad de Tokio en mayo de 2021 proyectó que una nueva ola de infecciones podría alcanzar su punto máximo a mediados de octubre si los Juegos continuaban después de que hubiera expirado el estado de emergencia existente en Tokio. [152] [153]

On 8 July 2021, after Tokyo had recorded 920 new COVID-19 cases (its highest increase since May), Prime Minister Suga declared a new state of emergency in the Tokyo area from 12 July through 22 August (ending only two days before the Paralympics' opening ceremony), and announced that all events at venues in the area would therefore be held behind closed doors with no spectators permitted. Hashimoto stated that "it is extremely regrettable that the Games will be staged in a very limited manner in the face of the spread of novel coronavirus infections." IOC President Thomas Bach stated that "we will support any measure which is necessary to have a safe and secure Olympic and Paralympic Games for the Japanese people and all the participants."[150][151][154]

The announcement stated that spectators would still be allowed at events being held outside of Tokyo, subject to the approval by local health authorities and the aforementioned 50%/10,000-spectator limit. The prefectures of Fukushima, Hokkaido and Ibaraki announced that they would prohibit spectators at events held in the areas.[155] The opening ceremony was expected to be limited to fewer than 1,000 VIP guests, including IOC representatives and dignitaries,[156] while some events did allow members of other competing delegations to occupy spectator seats as well.[157] School students were invited to watch football matches in Ibaraki.[158][159]

On 16 July, it was reported that Bach had asked Prime Minister Suga about the possibility that restrictions on spectators could be eased later on if COVID-19 conditions were to improve in Tokyo.[156] However, on 2 August, Suga announced that all existing state of emergency declarations would be extended through 31 August, and be extended to Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama, and parts of Osaka.[160]

Ticketing

The opening ceremony tickets were expected to range from ¥12,000 to ¥300,000, with a maximum price of ¥130,000 for the finals of the athletics track and field events.[161] The average ticket price was ¥7,700, with half the tickets being sold for up to ¥8,000. A symbolic ticket price of ¥2,020 was expected for families, groups resident in Japan, and in conjunction with a school program.[161] Tickets would be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the internet.[162] International guests, had they been allowed, would have needed to visit Japan during the sales period, or arrange to buy tickets through a third party such as a travel agent.[163]

Tickets went on general sale in Japan in the autumn of 2019 and were expected to be sold globally from June 2020; however, this plan was suspended when the Games were postponed on 24 March 2020. The Tokyo Organizing Committee confirmed that tickets already purchased would remain valid for the same sessions according to the new schedule and that refunds were also being offered.[164]

On 20 March 2021, it was announced that due to COVID-19-related concerns, no international guests would be allowed to attend the 2020 Olympics or Paralympics. This included both spectators, as well as the friends and family of athletes. All overseas ticketholders would be refunded.[138] Hashimoto cited uncertainties surrounding international travel restrictions, and goals to preserve the safety of all participants and spectators, and not place a burden on the health care system.[138] It was ultimately announced in July that all local spectators were not allowed to attend any events held in Tokyo, Fukushima and Hokkaido.[150][151][154]

Cultural festival

A cultural program known as Nippon Festival was scheduled to coincide with the Olympics and Paralympics, running from April to September 2021 as a series of streaming events held by the Tokyo Organizing Committee and other partners. The events reflected the themes of "Participation and Interaction", "Towards the Realization of an Inclusive Society" and "Reconstruction of the Tohoku Region". The program was either downsized or reformatted to virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the postponement of the Games.[165] One of these events was a concert held on 18 July, which featured J-rock band Wanima, choreography by dancers Aio Yamada and Tuki Takamura, and the presentation of animated "creatures" based on illustrations "embodying the thoughts and emotions of people from across the world".[166]

The original plans for Nippon Festival included events such as Kabuki x Opera (a concert that would have featured stage actor Ichikawa Ebizō XI, opera singers Anna Pirozzi and Erwin Schrott, and the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra), an arts and culture festival focusing on disabilities,[167][168][169][170] and a special two-day exhibition sumo tournament at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan shortly after the Olympics—which would have differed significantly from the traditional bi-monthly Honbasho tournaments, and featured special commentary in English and Japanese to help explain to spectators the customs and traditions of professional sumo, which are deeply rooted in the Shinto religion.[171][172]

The Games

Opening ceremony

A scene from the Opening Ceremony at the Olympic Stadium, with drones flying around and creating the official logo of the Games

The opening ceremony was held on 23 July 2021 in the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo. It included the traditional Parade of Nations. Emperor Naruhito formally opened the Games, and at the end of the torch relay the Olympic cauldron was lit by Japanese tennis player Naomi Osaka.[173]

For the first time in the 2020 Olympic Games, it was decided that one male and one female in each country would take turns holding flags and serve as two of them.[174] This was done by embodying the "Agenda 2020" set during President Bach's term.[175][176]

For the first time in the history of the games, a moment of silence was observed in the opening ceremony for the victims of COVID-19, the 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the Munich massacre.[177]

Sports

Nippon Budokan
Ariake Arena
Ariake Gymnastics Centre
Tokyo Aquatics Centre
Yoyogi Gymnasium
Saitama Super Arena
Ryogoku Kokugikan
Enoshima Yacht Harbor, Kanagawa
Tsurigasaki Beach, Chiba

The event program for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. IOC president Thomas Bach stated that their goal was to give the Games "youthful" and "urban" appeal, and to increase the number of female participants.[178][179]

The Games featured 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing a total of 51 disciplines. Karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding made their Olympic debut, while baseball and softball also made a one-off return to the Summer Olympics for the first time since 2008. 15 new events within existing sports were also added, including 3×3 basketball, freestyle BMX, and the return of madison cycling, as well as nine new mixed events in several sports (table tennis, archery, judo, shooting (3), triathlon, 4 × 400 m relay running and 4 × 100 m medley swimming).[180]

In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses.[180]

New and Optional sports

On 12 February 2013, with a remit to control the cost of the Games and ensure they are "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC Executive Board recommended the removal of one of the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Summer Olympics, leaving a vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill at the 125th IOC Session. The new entrant would join golf and rugby sevens (which would both debut in 2016) as part of the program of 28 "core" sports. Five sports were shortlisted for removal, including canoe, field hockey, modern pentathlon, taekwondo, and wrestling. In the final round of voting by the executive board, eight members voted to remove wrestling from the Olympic program. Field hockey and taekwondo tied in second with three votes each.[181][182][183]

The 2013 decision to drop wrestling after Rio 2016 surprised many media outlets, given that the sport's role in the Olympics dates back to the ancient Olympic Games, and was included in the original program for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[184][185][186] Out of the shortlist from the IOC vote, Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration.[184]

On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three of the eight sports under consideration had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and wrestling.[187] The other five sports were rejected at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[188] At the 125th IOC Session on 8 September 2013, wrestling was chosen to be included in the Olympic program for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[189]

With the adoption of the Olympic Agenda 2020 in December 2014, the IOC shifted from a "sport-based" approach to the Olympic program to an "event-based" program—establishing that organizing committees may propose discretionary events to be included in the program to improve local interest.[190][191] As a result of these changes, a shortlist of eight new proposed sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[192] On 28 September 2015, the Tokyo Organizing Committee submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[193] These five new sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and were included in the sports program for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[194][195]

Test events

A total of 56 test events were scheduled to take place in the run-up to the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics. Two of the events were held in late 2018, but the main test event schedule commenced in June 2019 and was originally due to be completed in May 2020 prior to the start of the Olympics. Several of the events were incorporated into pre-existing championships, but some have been newly created specifically to serve as Olympic test events for the 2020 Summer Games.[196][197]

In February 2019, it was announced that the test events would be branded under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo". The Tokyo Organizing Committee is responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events being arranged by national and international sports federations. The first test event was World Sailing's World Cup Series, held at Enoshima in September 2018. The last scheduled event is the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet, which was originally due to take place at the Olympic Stadium on 6 May 2020.[198]

All test events originally scheduled to take place from 12 March 2020 onwards were postponed due to COVID-19, with the test event calendar to be reviewed during the preparations for the rescheduled Games.[j][199]

Participating National Olympic Committees

The Republic of Macedonia has competed under the provisional name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" in every Summer and Winter Games since its debut in 1996 because of the disputed status of its official name. The naming disputes with Greece ended in 2018 with the signing of the Prespa agreement, and the country was officially renamed North Macedonia in February 2019. The new name was immediately recognized by the IOC, although the Olympic Committee of North Macedonia (NMOC) was not officially adopted until February 2020. The NMOC sent a delegation to the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics in January 2020, but the Tokyo Games were North Macedonia's first appearance at the Summer Olympics under its new name.[200]

Since competing as Swaziland ten times at the Summer and Winter Olympics, Eswatini made its debut under that name after the renaming of the country by the king in 2018.[201]

On 9 December 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data that it had provided to WADA in January 2019 as a condition of the Russian Anti-Doping Agency being reinstated. As a result of the ban, WADA planned to allow individually cleared Russian athletes to take part in the 2020 Summer Olympics under a neutral banner, as instigated at the 2018 Winter Olympics, but they would be excluded from team sports. The head of WADA's Compliance Review Committee, Jonathan Taylor, stated that the IOC would not be able to use the "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR) designation as it did in 2018, emphasizing that neutral athletes could not be portrayed as representing a specific country.[202][203][204] Russia later filed an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) against WADA's decision.[205] After reviewing the case on appeal, CAS ruled on 17 December 2020 that the penalty placed on Russia be reduced. Instead of a total ban from all sporting events, the ruling allowed Russia to participate at the Olympics and other international events, but the team would not be permitted to use the Russian name, flag, or anthem for a period of two years and must present themselves as "Neutral Athlete" or "Neutral Team". The ruling does allow for "Russia" to be displayed on the team uniform—although it should be no more visible than the "Neutral Athlete/Team" designation—as well as the use of the Russian flag's colors within the uniform's design.[206]

On 19 February 2021, it was announced that Russia would compete under the acronym "ROC" after the name of the Russian Olympic Committee although the name of the committee itself in full could not be used to refer to the delegation. The ROC team would be represented by the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.[207]

On 6 April 2021, North Korea announced that it would not participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics because of COVID-19 concerns.[208] This marked North Korea's first absence from the Summer Olympics since 1988.[209] In September, a month after the games concluded, the Olympic Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was banned from participation in the 2022 Winter Olympics, after they failed to participate in the Tokyo Olympics. On 21 July 2021, Guinea announced it would not be sending a delegation to the Tokyo Olympics, allegedly due to COVID-19 concerns, though media outlets suggested that financial considerations may have been the real motivating factor.[210] Guinea later reversed the decision and confirmed that it would be participating.[211]

Participating nations
Country by team size

The following 206 teams qualified (including the 104 universality places guaranteed in athletics, under which all 206 NOCs may send competitors regardless of qualification).[212]

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

11,420 athletes from 206 NOCs:[2][214]

Calendar

The 2020 schedule by session was approved by the IOC Executive Board on 18 July 2018, with the exception of swimming, diving, and artistic swimming. A more detailed schedule by event was released on 16 April 2019, still omitting a detailed schedule for the boxing events.[215][216] A detailed boxing schedule was released in late 2019.[217]

The original schedule was from 22 July to 9 August 2020. To postpone the Olympics until 2021, all events were delayed by 364 days (one day less than a full year to preserve the same days of the week), giving a new schedule of 21 July to 8 August 2021.[218]

All times and dates use Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)

Medal table

  *   Host nation (Japan)

Podium sweeps

There were two podium sweeps, as follows:

Medal ceremonies

Naoki Satō composed the music for the medal ceremonies. Satō chose not to employ any musical elements distinctive to Japan "because victory ceremonies are for athletes from around the world" and he wanted all medalists to "feel at ease" when taking their places on the podium, regardless of their nationality.[222]

The bouquets presented to the athletes came from regions affected by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. The individual flowers were selected to represent the prefectures of Miyagi, Fukushima, Iwate, and Tokyo. The sunflowers were grown in Miyagi, planted by families whose children had died during the disaster; the white and purple eustomas and Solomon's seals were provided by a non-profit initiative to boost the local economy in Fukushima; the small bright blue gentians were grown in Iwate; and aspidistras, grown in Tokyo, were chosen to complete the bouquets.[223]

Event scheduling

Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals were held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas. NBC paid substantial fees for rights to the Olympics, so the IOC has allowed NBC to influence event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible. On 7 May 2014, NBC agreed to a US$7.75 billion contract extension to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,[224] with the company being one of the IOC's major sources of revenue.[225] Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[226][227]

Marketing

Miraitowa (left), the official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics, and Someity (right), the official mascot of the 2020 Summer Paralympics

The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-colored checkerboard pattern. The design was meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[228] The checkered design resembles a pattern called ichimatsu moyo that was popular during the Edo period in Japan from 1603 to 1867.[229] The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped after allegations that it plagiarized the logo of the Théâtre de Liège in Belgium. The Games' bid slogan was Discover Tomorrow (Japanese: 未来あしたをつかもう, romanizedAshita o tsukamō). While ashita literally means "tomorrow", it is intentionally spelled as mirai, "future".[230] The official slogan United by Emotion was unveiled on 17 February 2020. The slogan was used solely in English.[231]

The official mascot of the 2020 Summer Olympics was Miraitowa, a figure with blue-checkered ichimatsu moyo patterns inspired by the Games' official emblem. Its fictional characteristics include the ability to teleport.[232] Created by Japanese artist Ryo Taniguchi, the mascots were selected from a competition process which took place in late 2017 and early 2018. A total of 2,042 candidate designs were submitted to the Tokyo Organizing Committee, which selected three pairs of unnamed mascot designs to present to Japanese elementary school students for the final decision.[233][234] The results of the selection were announced on 28 February 2018, and the mascots were named on 22 July 2018. Miraitowa is named after the Japanese words for "future" and "eternity",[232] and Someity is named after someiyoshino, a type of cherry blossom.[235] Someity's name also refers to the English phrase "so mighty".[236] The mascots were expected to help finance the Tokyo Games through merchandizing and licensing deals.[237] For the legacy of the games on 3 January 2022, Ryo Taniguchi created Miraity (the future child of the mascots).[238]

Look of the Games

Alongside the main Emblem blue, the five other colors used in the branding of the 2020 Games were :   Kurenai red,   Ai blue,   Sakura pink,   Fuji purple, and   Matsuba green. These five traditional colors of Japan were used as sub-colors to create points of difference in the color variations.[239]

Concerns and controversies

Several controversial issues occurred during the preparations for the Tokyo Games. There were allegations of bribery in the Japanese Olympic Committee's (JOC) bid and of plagiarism in the initial design for the Games' logo. On 10 December 2018, the French financial crimes office began an investigation of Tsunekazu Takeda, the president of the Japanese Olympic Committee, concerning a 2013 scheme to obtain votes from African IOC members in support of Tokyo as host for the 2020 Olympics over Istanbul or Madrid.[240][241] In March 2020, a Japanese businessman admitted to giving gifts, including cameras and watches, to IOC officials in order to lobby for their support of Tokyo's bid to host the Olympic Games.[242] The official emblems of the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics, designed by Kenjirō Sano [ja], were unveiled in July 2015 but were withdrawn and replaced following plagiarism accusations.[243][244] The lawsuit by Olivier Debie, who claimed that his logo design was copied, was later dropped, with the designer citing escalating legal costs.[245]

Mass logging for construction of the Olympic venues received international criticism. Petitions, containing more than 140,000 signatures in total, were delivered to the Japanese embassies in Switzerland and Germany, expressing concerns over claims of using tropical wood sourced from Shin Yang, a Malaysian company with a record of human rights abuses, illegal logging, and rainforest destruction.[246][247] In February 2018, the Olympics Organizing Committee admitted that 87% of plywood panels used to build the new national stadium was sourced from endangered rainforests.[248]

Portions of the Games were scheduled for locations impacted by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and the subsequent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. The hosting of events in these locations was promoted as a means of furthering recovery in the regions, with the Games sometimes being promoted as the "Recovery Olympics".[249][250]

However, the organization of events in these regions has faced criticism; Fukushima is considered safe by the World Health Organization and the United Nations, although scientific studies on the safety of the area are still disputed.[251] Some Tōhoku residents questioned the decision to use the region as a host site, arguing that preparations for the Games slowed down recovery efforts, and that the region lost workers to projects associated with the Games.[252]

It was widely reported by international media that South Korea had asked the IOC to ban the Japanese Rising Sun Flag from the 2020 Summer Olympics,[253] claiming it to be a symbol of Japan's imperialist past, recalling "historic scars and pain" for people of Korea just as the swastika "reminds Europeans of the nightmare of World War II".[254][255] Use of the flag in international sporting events such as the Olympic Games is controversial because it was used for waging aggressive war against many countries in Pacific regions, including the attack on Pearl Harbor.[256] According to the Associated Press, the IOC issued a statement in response to South Korea's request, saying, "sports stadiums should be free of any political demonstration. When concerns arise at games time we look at them on a case-by-case basis."[257] Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed Liancourt Rocks (governed by South Korea) and Kuril Islands (governed by Russia since 1945) as part of Japan.[258]

In February 2021, the TOCOG president Yoshirō Mori resigned, after facing both domestic and international criticisms over his sexist remarks.[259][260] The previous conduct of the new president, Seiko Hashimoto, has also drawn criticisms,[261] leading her to comment "I regret it and think I should be careful" on one of the accusations.[262] The head creative director for the opening and closing ceremonies, Hiroshi Sasaki [ja], resigned in March 2021, after making demeaning comments about Naomi Watanabe.[263][264] Sasaki's replacement, Kentarō Kobayashi, was dismissed by the Organizing Committee the day before the opening ceremony,[265][266] after it was reported by Japanese media that he had made a joke about the Holocaust in a script for his comedy in 1998, saying "Let's play Holocaust."[267] On the eve of the opening ceremony, Yoshihide Suga, the Prime Minister of Japan and the Supreme Advisor of the Organizing Committee,[268] described Kobayashi's jokes as "outrageous and unacceptable", but also said that the opening ceremony, which was directed by Kobayashi, should proceed as planned.[269]

The composer for the opening ceremony, Keigo Oyamada, resigned days before the ceremony after growing criticism of his past bullying of people with apparent disabilities, such as Down syndrome.[270][271] On 16 July, a week before the opening ceremony, TOCOG announced their support of Oyamada as a composer and vowed not to change his selection for the ceremonies,[272][273] but growing criticism forced him to announce his resignation on 19 July.[274][275] The opening ceremony music included arrangements of video game soundtracks originating in Japan; however, this included music from the Dragon Quest series, composed by Koichi Sugiyama whom The Daily Beast described as "notoriously homophobic and ultranationalist", leading to further criticism of the Organizing Committee.[276]

Officials reported that by early June 2021, about 10,000 of the 80,000 registered volunteers had quit.[277] "There's no doubt that one of the reasons is concern over coronavirus infections," the chief executive of the Organizing Committee said,[278] also stating he did not believe this would impact the operation of the Games.[277] On 23 July, hundreds of anti-Olympic protestors gathered outside the Japan National Stadium before the opening ceremony. Security guards blocked reporters from leaving the stadium to interview protestors.[279] In total, more than 60,000 police were mobilized for security during the Games, and police were regularly deployed to break up public displays of protest, including tackling protestors on their way to join the anti-Olympic protest in Sendagaya during the closing ceremony on September 5, 2021. This overwhelming police presence, including plainclothes police officers who encircled the protest area, "served as an effective tool to criminalize a peaceful rally and to maintain a frightening image of open protest."[280]

Writing for The Conversation, Olympic scholar MacIntosh Ross raised concerns about the relationship between the IOC and WHO, suggesting the organizations showed a lack of concern for the health of Japanese citizens and Olympians. As Ross explained, "when the IOC and WHO support a global mega-event held during a pandemic, it's difficult to believe that the well-being of the host nation remains a priority."[281] Similarly, Japan scholars O'Shea and Maslow remark, "International media coverage and commentary runs the gamut from sometimes scathing critique for attempting to pull off a 'pandemic games', to praise and plaudits for successfully pulling off a 'pandemic games'. Still, the story that Japan—or at least the LDP—wanted to tell, of a newly reborn and 'normal' Japan (re-)entering the world stage remained untold. Instead, the story of the 2020/2021 Tokyo Olympics was more mundane, that of a state doing a decent job of managing Covid and hosting a mega-event against the wishes of many of its inhabitants."[282]

A number of controversies arose during the Games, most notably the attempted repatriation on 1 August of Belarusian sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya, allegedly for her criticism of the national sports authorities and team management.[283] Refusing to return to Belarus, over fears for her safety,[284] Tsimanouskaya sought assistance from the IOC and traveled to Warsaw, Poland, on 4 August after being granted a humanitarian visa by Tokyo's Polish Embassy.[285]

Near the end of the Olympics, it was reported that Australian athletes had damaged the village rooms before departure, leaving a pool of vomit on the floor, damaged beds and a hole in the wall. Australian rugby Olympians also reportedly became drunk on the flight to Sydney, leaving vomit in the plane bathroom and receiving complaints from other passengers. Team Australia chief Ian Chesterman played down the incidents, and said that the Olympians would not be punished.[286]

Algerian judoka Fethi Nourine and his coach Amar Benikhlef were suspended for 10 years by the International Judo Federation after Nourine refused to fight an Israeli athlete at the Olympics.[287] Nourine said his political support for the Palestinians in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict made it impossible for him to compete against Israeli athletes.[288] Sudan's Mohamed Abdalarasool also withdrew from the competition to avoid the Israeli athlete.[289]

After the Olympics concluded, New Zealand diving judge Lisa Wright revealed that during the diving events, Zhou Jihong, Vice President of FINA from China, allegedly launched a verbal tirade at Wright at the conclusion of the men's 10m platform final. Wright alleged that Zhou verbally abused her for underscoring Chinese divers.[290] Diving New Zealand subsequently complained about the incident to FINA's Ethics Panel. As a result, Zhou was ordered by a FINA Ethics Panel decision[291] to write a letter of apology to Wright. A recommendation was also made by the Ethics Panel to disestablish Zhou's position as Diving Bureau Liaison for FINA. The FINA Ethics Panel stated that the incident during the men's platform final was "unfortunate" and led to a "misunderstanding mixed with misjudgement" between Wright and Zhou.[291] In May 2022, former international diver, Olympic judge and previous member of FINA's Technical Diving Committee from New Zealand Simon Latimer revealed he had sent a whistleblower complaint[292] to FINA's Executive Director Brent Nowicki in December 2021 detailing Zhou's alleged "unethical behavior" which also contained allegations that Zhou coached Chinese divers during major events during the 2020 Summer Olympics and she had manipulated judging panels in order to benefit Chinese athletes. Latimer claimed that Zhou's behavior was tarnishing the reputation of international diving and that she was acting in the interests of China rather than international diving as a whole. Subsequent to Latimer's complaint, video evidence emerged online showing Zhou coaching Chinese divers during competition sessions at the Olympics,[293] a behavior considered unethical given her supposedly neutral role as a FINA Vice President and Diving Bureau Liaison.

Broadcasting

The Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 reached a global broadcast audience of 3.05 billion people, according to independent research conducted on behalf of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Official coverage on Olympic broadcast partners' digital platforms alone generated 28 billion video views in total – representing a 139 per cent increase compared with the Olympic Games Rio 2016 and underlining the changing media landscape and Tokyo 2020's designation as the first streaming Games and the most watched Olympic Games ever on digital platforms.[294]

Sony and Panasonic partnered with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[295][296] In early 2019, Italian broadcaster RAI announced its intention to deploy 8K broadcasting for the Games.[297] NHK broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies, and coverage of selected events in 8K.[298][299] Telecom company NTT Docomo signed a deal with Finland's Nokia to provide 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Games.[300][301]

The Tokyo Olympics were broadcast in the United States by NBCUniversal networks, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[302] The United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee asserted that a "right of abatement" clause in the contract was triggered by the delay of the Games to 2021, requiring the IOC to "negotiate in good faith an equitable reduction in the applicable broadcast rights payments" by NBC, with the American corporation being one of the IOC's biggest revenue streams.[225][303] According to NBCUniversal CEO Jeff Shell, the Tokyo games could be the most profitable Olympics in NBC's history. The Tokyo games were NBC's first Olympics broadcast under current president Susan Rosner Rovner; it would be also be the last due to Rovner's departure in 2023.[304]

In Europe, this was the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and is contracted to run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Summer Olympics covered almost all of Europe; a pre-existing deal with a marketer excludes Russia.[305] Eurosport planned to sub-license coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory, and other channels owned by Discovery, Inc. subsidiaries. In the United Kingdom, these were set to be the last Games with rights owned primarily by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement due to carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights.[306][307][308] In France, these were the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by France Télévisions. Eurosport debuted as pay television rightsholder, after Canal+ elected to sell its pay television rights as a cost-saving measure.[309]

In Canada, the 2020 Games were shown on CBC/Radio-Canada platforms, Sportsnet, TSN and TLN.[310][311][312] In Australia, they were aired by Seven Network.[313] In the Indian subcontinent, they were aired by Sony Pictures Networks India (SPN).[314]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The new emblem, created by Asao Tokolo, was introduced at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Made by checkboards, it expresses a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan. Previously, the original emblem, made by Kenjirō Sano, was scrapped after his design was found to be plagiarizing the logo of Théâtre de Liège, a Belgian theatre company.
  2. ^ Only an English motto was used during the Games. There was no Japanese equivalent of the motto adopted.[1]
  3. ^ Japanese: 2020年夏季オリンピック, Hepburn: Nisen Nijū-nen Kaki Orinpikku
  4. ^ 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会, Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai
  5. ^ 東京2020, Tōkyō Nii Zero Nii Zero
  6. ^ Overseas spectators were first banned in March 2021, then followed by residents of Japan in July of that year to avoid any risk of a superspreading event.[7]
  7. ^ Tokyo was set to host the 1940 Summer Olympics but pulled out in 1938 due to the Second Sino-Japanese War.[9]
  8. ^ The 1916 Summer Olympics was called off due to World War I, while the 1940 and 1944 Summer Olympics were also called off due to World War II.
  9. ^ based on the average USD/JPY 2021 exchange rate.[82]
  10. ^ The remainder of the Olympic test events resumed on 11 March 2021 and the last event took place on 5 May 2021.[citation needed]
  11. ^ Neutral athletes from Russia competed under the flag of the Russian Olympic Committee.

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  • "Tokyo 2020". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
  • Japanese Olympic Committee
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