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Jóvenes con una misión

Juventud con una Misión (generalmente abreviada como YWAM , y pronunciada / ˈ w aɪ w æ m / ) es una organización misionera cristiana interdenominacional centrada en el trabajo m...

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Juventud con una Misión (generalmente abreviada como YWAM , y pronunciada / ˈ w aɪ w æ m / ) es una organización misionera cristiana interdenominacional centrada en el trabajo misionero y la formación para las misiones cristianas.

Fundada por el misionero estadounidense Loren Cunningham y su esposa Darlene Cunningham en 1960, el propósito declarado de JUCUM es "conocer a Dios y darlo a conocer". [ 1 ] [ 2 ] La organización fue pionera en misiones de corta duración autofinanciadas y dirigidas por jóvenes. Hoy en día, si bien mantiene su ética original orientada a la juventud, el grupo ha ampliado su membresía para incluir también a personas de mayor edad. Aunque la eficacia y la seguridad de las misiones de corta duración de JUCUM han sido cuestionadas, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] la organización capacita anualmente a más de 25 000 voluntarios para misiones de corta duración, aceptando participantes de todas las denominaciones cristianas, incluido el catolicismo a través de su Ministerio Kerygma. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]

A pesar de las críticas iniciales por su enfoque poco convencional, JUCUM creció rápidamente, convirtiéndose en una organización no confesional en 1964 y estableciendo equipos de voluntarios a corto plazo, misiones vocacionales y escuelas de formación. Entre los hitos clave se incluyen la creación de la Escuela de Evangelización en Suiza (1969), la fundación de la Universidad de las Naciones y el lanzamiento de los Barcos de la Misericordia en 1978. Para la década del 2000, JUCUM contaba con más de 11 000 empleados de más de 130 países, con programas que abarcaban ayuda humanitaria en casos de desastre , ministerios juveniles , evangelización en eventos deportivos internacionales y alianzas globales con organizaciones cristianas.

JUCUM opera diversos programas, incluyendo la evangelización a través del deporte, la música y el teatro, una amplia formación mediante la Universidad de las Naciones y ayuda humanitaria a través de Ministerios de Misericordia, Hogares de Esperanza y misiones a bordo de barcos. La organización enfatiza el “ Mandato de las Siete Montañas ”, con el objetivo de influir en los sectores clave de la sociedad, aunque esto ha generado críticas teológicas y políticas. JUCUM se ha enfrentado a controversias relacionadas con acusaciones de abuso espiritual y financiero , maltrato físico, conducta sexual inapropiada y problemas doctrinales. Sus misioneros también han enfrentado peligros en el extranjero, incluyendo tiroteos, encarcelamientos y secuestros. Organiza eventos como El Envío para movilizar a los cristianos en todo el mundo.

Historia

Juventud con una Misión fue concebida por Loren Cunningham en 1956. Siendo un estudiante de 20 años en un colegio de las Asambleas de Dios , viajaba por las Bahamas cuando tuvo la visión de un movimiento que enviaría a jóvenes a diversas naciones para compartir el mensaje de Jesús , e involucraría a cristianos de todas las denominaciones . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] A pesar de su ordenación por las Asambleas de Dios, las ideas poco convencionales de Cunningham fueron recibidas con considerables críticas, ya que los líderes denominacionales señalaron problemas con su plan de enviar al extranjero a jóvenes inexpertos de muchas denominaciones. [ 10 ]

Cunningham se casó con Darlene Scratch en 1963. Para entonces, la nueva misión contaba con 20 voluntarios destinados en varios países, y los Cunningham estaban planeando el primer "Verano del 69" de la misión. Más adelante ese año, se enviaron equipos de JUCUM a las Indias Occidentales , Samoa, Hawái , México y Centroamérica . En 1964, la organización se convirtió en no confesional. [ 11 ]

Para 1966, había diez empleados de tiempo completo de JUCUM, incluidos los fundadores y cientos de voluntarios de temporada. Ese año, los ministerios de JUCUM también comenzaron en Nueva Zelanda y Tonga . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] A finales de 1966, se eligió el nombre Juventud con una Misión, y el grupo se embarcó en su primer proyecto, un viaje misionero vocacional a Liberia , construyendo un camino a través de la selva hasta una colonia de leprosos . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 12 ] [ 16 ]

En 1967, Loren Cunningham comenzó a trabajar en la primera escuela de verano de la organización, la Escuela de Evangelización. Se llevó a cabo en Chateau-d'Oex (Hotel Rosat), Suiza, en 1969 con 21 estudiantes. Una segunda escuela se desarrolló desde el verano de 1969 hasta el verano de 1970 en las afueras de Lausana , Suiza, en Chalet-à-Gobet. El alojamiento de los estudiantes y las clases tuvieron lugar en un hotel alquilado recientemente renovado. A finales de ese año, JUCUM compró el hotel y convirtió a Lausana en su primera sede permanente. [ 17 ]

La Escuela de Evangelización se fundó en 1974 en Nueva Jersey y Lausana. Con un enfoque en los fundamentos bíblicos, el desarrollo del carácter y las misiones, gran parte del material de este curso se enseña actualmente en la Escuela de Formación de Discipulado (EFD). [ 17 ] En la mayoría de las Escuelas de Formación de Discipulado (a veces conocidas como Curso de Formación de Discipulado o "CFD") todavía se utiliza un formato de tres meses de clases seguidos de dos o tres meses de trabajo de campo. [ 9 ] [ 17 ]

Para 1970, YWAM tenía un total de 40 empleados de tiempo completo. [ 17 ] A principios de 1972, un pequeño equipo se dirigió a Múnich , Alemania, para comenzar los preparativos para una labor de divulgación durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 1972 ; YWAM estacionó a 1000 personas en Múnich para la labor de divulgación durante los Juegos, y más tarde llevaría a cabo otros programas de divulgación olímpica en Juegos posteriores.

La revista en línea de la Universidad de las Naciones ha declarado que Cunningham conoció al científico y profesor Howard V. Malmstadt en una conferencia en 1974. Malmstadt y Cunningham comenzaron a impartir seminarios educativos juntos, y Cunningham le pidió a Malmstadt que ayudara a expandir el área de capacitación de la misión. En 1977, JUCUM adquirió el Hotel Pacific Empress en Kona , Hawái , y comenzó las renovaciones para convertirlo en el campus de la Universidad Cristiana del Pacífico y Asia, precursora de la Universidad de las Naciones. [ 18 ]

Para 1978, el ministerio Mercy Ships de YWAM se lanzó con la puesta en servicio del barco Anastasis (la palabra griega para 'resurrección'). [ 19 ] En 1984, se agregó el m/v Good Samaritan , en 1990 el m/v Pacific Ruby , luego en 1994 el m/v Caribbean Mercy y finalmente en 2001 el m/v Pacific Link . Mercy Ships fue pionero de YWAM, pero en 2003 se separó como una organización independiente. [ 20 ] Un ministerio de barcos de YWAM con sede en Nueva Zelanda, anteriormente parte de Mercy Ships llamado Marine Reach, que poseía y operaba el m/v Pacific Link continuó permaneciendo dentro de la familia de YWAM y, con el tiempo, surgieron varios ministerios equipados con barcos como parte de la red de YWAM Ships.

By the end of the 1980s, YWAM changed the name of its university to University of the Nations (U of N). The concept of a YWAM university that would encompass training programs in hundreds of YWAM locations was developed by Cunningham and Malmstadt.[18][21] When communist regimes in Eastern Europe began to fall in the early 1990s, YWAM began outreaches to countries there, including Albania.[22] In the 1990s, YWAM became a strong promoter of the 10/40 Window concept of evangelization and associated spiritual mapping prayer campaigns, which focused on praying on-site in specific locations to battle demons or territorial spirits.[23]

By 2000, YWAM had over 11,000 staff from over 130 countries and had become almost 50 percent non-Western.[24] Reflecting this diversity, in 1999, New Zealander Frank Naea, who has Samoan and Māori parentage, was chosen to become YWAM's first non-white president in 2000, replacing Jim Stier, who was to continue as international director of evangelism and frontier missions and national director for Brazil.[25] In 2000, YWAM developed a new role of Executive chairman, which Jim Stier stepped into, and made the presidency a three-year rotating position.[24] However, at a meeting in 2011, the organization's elders did away with the titles director, chairman, and president, in reference to all leadership roles except at the local level. By 2006, YWAM had joined the International Orality Network (ION), a multi-agency outreach effort to "the world's non-literate masses", employing verbal and dramatic means to introduce the Gospel to non-literate populations.[26] In 2008, a number of mission organizations and church mission departments, including YWAM, started the Call To All movement, dedicated to completing the Great Commission in the modern day.

Programs

Evangelism

Sports camps, drama presentations, musical events, volunteering, and other creative and performing arts are among the avenues through which volunteers and staff share their Christian faith.[27]

International sporting event outreaches

Youth With A Mission has been active in evangelism at the World Olympic Games since 1972.[28]

Training

The purpose of YWAM training programs is stated to be to help develop students' relationship with God and others, to help them find God's purpose for their lives, and to empower them to live Christ-like lives whatever their vocation may be. An important concept in YWAM teaching is the notion of societal "spheres of influence", via the Seven Mountain Mandate such as education, government, arts and entertainment, media and communication, business and commerce, family, and church.[49][50] YWAM aims to train and equip Christians to become influential within these spheres.[51] One of the university's leaders is Andy Byrd, who would later become one of the co-founders of The Send movement.[52]

The various training schools of YWAM are organized under the structure of the unaccredited University of the Nations.[9] The University of Nations offers modular courses,[9] which in the USA are accredited via bi-lateral arrangements with certain other higher education institutions, rather than by accrediting agencies.[53] In some nations, such as Australia, certain YWAM courses are recognized by accrediting agencies.[54][55] Most schools in the University of Nations system have a three-month lecture phase which is then followed by a two- to three-month field assignment priced at around $9,000.[9] It has been reported by former members that after the initial Discipleship Training School, they are recruited into further courses, programs, seminars or into long term staffing positions. All staff positions are unpaid and require $400–$600 a month in self-funded fees for room and board.[56] Notably, the price of tuition is comparable to that of most accredited universities who are able to pay staff and faculty.[57]

Mercy Ministries

YWAM works to help meet the practical and physical needs of the global community through its many relief and development initiatives, collectively known as Mercy Ministries International.[58] These various YWAM ministries are spread throughout most of the locations that YWAM missionaries live and work, and range in scope from serving the poor through local feeding programs to international disaster relief teams that work in places of great need, such as the 2004 tsunami[59] and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[60][61]

Ship-based ministries

YWAM ship-equipped ministries, the maritime arm of YWAM's Mercy Ministries, uses ships to bring physical and spiritual healing to those in need. YWAM ships have provided vital surgeries, dental care, medical supplies, food, seeds, construction materials, development projects, training, and the organisation's spiritual message.[62]

Mercy Ships was the original ship-based relief ministry of YWAM, and the new ship-equipped ministries grew from the foundations laid by the Mercy Ships vision and expansive ministry. Mercy Ships is now operationally separated from YWAM. New Zealand based YWAM ship ministry, formerly a part of Mercy Ships called Marine Reach, which owned and operated the m/v Pacific Link continued to remain within YWAM family and is now operated by YWAM Ships Australia.

Disaster relief

Various YWAM ministries took part in relief efforts in Louisiana and surrounding states after Hurricane Katrina and Rita.[63]

Youth With A Mission was also involved in disaster relief and grief counseling after the 2004 tsunami. tsunami relief by YWAM staff took place in India, Thailand, and Indonesia in both the immediate aftermath of the tsunami and is reported to still continue in some areas.[59][64]

Flooding in Pakistan in 2007 in the Sindh province prompted a response by twenty Muslim, Christian, and Hindu volunteers led by YWAM Pakistan. They were assisted by an appeal made through YWAM London's disaster relief|relief office. Various YWAM entities in Pakistan were able to distribute food for a month to 3,000 of the 150,000 homeless survivors there.[65]

Hurricane Katrina flooded all eleven of YWAM New Orleans' buildings. Personnel were evacuated to YWAM bases in Baton Rouge and Tyler, Texas, where volunteers in their MercyWorks relief arm prepared to take food, baby items and water to victims once access was granted to relief workers by the National Guard.[66] Earlier that year, YWAM lodgings in Phuket, Thailand were destroyed by the tsunami of 26 December 2004.[67]

Disease prevention and treatment

In Uganda, YWAM is working with villagers to provide relief for HIV/AIDS. They have established orphanages and are ensuring children are educated. British singer, Lemar visited the project in Soroti in 2007.[68][69]

In 2007, ARMS announced a new ministry focus – an international campaign against malaria called Buzz Off.[70] The campaign is aimed at empowering smaller NGOs and ministries working in malaria endemic nations to tackle the problem of malaria at the local level. In from 2009 to 2010 Buzz Off fed resources into Burmese internally displaced people (IDP) camps providing long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets into IDP areas through already established health networks. Some funding organizations in Australia are getting behind the work that Buzz Off is doing with the IDPs.[71]

Other mercy ministry initiatives

YWAM San Diego is involved in building homes for families in Mexico through its Homes of Hope ministry. According to Sean Lambert, president of YWAM San Diego/Baja, teams participating with his base have built 2,084 homes for needy families since 1991.[72][73] Teams purchase the housing materials and, optionally, furniture. These teams then travel to Tijuana or Ensenada, Mexico to build the house with YWAM staff overseeing the project.[74] In recent years the work has expanded throughout the Caribbean into the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Panama.[75] According to their website, Homes of Hope has built a total of 4,300 homes in 16 different nations.

Youth ministries

Despite its historical and value emphasis on young people, YWAM involves people of all ages. However, there is still a core emphasis on youth ministry. While YWAM has many programs focusing on youth ministry, within the larger organization it has developed three transnational ministries for youth: Mission Adventures (MA), King's Kids International (KKI) and Youth Street. YWAM holds an annual spring event offering free dentistry to children in Lindale, TX. The ministry is first come, first served; while thousands are given free treatment, thousands more are turned away, sometimes coming from many states away.[76] In 1973, Pastor David E. Ross founded YWAM Korea, and launched campus ministries where Bible meditation sessions, prayer meetings and worship services are held on campuses in that nation.[77] Currently, in South Korea, about 120 universities have YWAM campus ministries with 150 assistant administrators and eight university discipleship training schools.[78]

Film projects

YWAM Missionary Lee Isaac Chung's film Munyurangabo (Liberation Day) earned Un Certain Regard at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. Chung cast two street kids whom he found through YWAM's soccer-outreach program as the stars of a film that dealt with the moral and emotional repercussions of the Rwandan genocide.[79]

Associations and working relationships

Youth With A Mission is a global mission with international partnerships. Former chairman Lynn Green recently reported that YWAM representatives sometimes sit "on boards of other commissions" and organizations.[9]

YWAM also works closely with various missions and churches, as well as independent missionaries across the globe. Through these connections, YWAM has sometimes grown by taking over local independent ministries. One example of this is the story of its affiliate in Korea, Jesus Evangelism Team, which joined YWAM in the early 1980s.

A notable working relationship is the OneStory Project[80] which is a partnership between YWAM, Campus Crusade for Christ, the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Trans World Radio, and Wycliffe Bible Translators as well as other Great Commission-focused organizations, churches and individuals.[81] United Bible Societies has also worked closely with YWAM as a missions partner.[41] YWAM joined with the Evangelical Alliance and John C. Maxwell to design the training program for the Global Pastors Network's Million Leaders Mandate.[82] YWAM and Christian Direction work together to pray for Muslims during Ramadan.[83] YWAM Pittsburgh has been involved in ecumenical local efforts to revive Epiphany School through teaching young people "Christian principles" and exposing them to dance and the arts.[84]

Partnerships

YWAM partners with:

Memberships

YWAM is a member of:

  • the International Orality Network[26]
  • Call2All, a 200-organization initiative of the Global Pastors Network to lead a billion souls to Christ[92]
  • OneStory Project[80]

Endorsements

  • Church of God Assistant Director Douglas Leroy has noted the cooperation between COG and YWAM, among others, and endorses cooperation with mission groups "who have expertise in certain areas, without compromising our doctrinal or policy integrity."[93]

Controversies

The organization has faced numerous controversies over its doctrine[94] and the behavior of its members, including complaints from former members of spiritual abuse, financial abuse, manipulation, and cultic indoctrination.[95][96]

2016 sexual assault in Cambodia on outreach

A missionary, Mr. Choi, was sent out by YWAM to Cambodia where he was then arrested for engaging in inappropriate relations with a young woman. The young woman stated that she was assaulted. On November 29, Mr. Choi was suspended and banned from his mission and fundraising activities in Korea. Prior to this incident, Mr. Choi had been operating a school called, "New Vision School," which teaches primarily young children, kindergarten to the elementary age range. Mr. Choi had an extensive 30 years of experience in ministry.[97]

2017 Hawaii embezzlement charges

In January 2018, Pablo Rivera, the chief financial officer for University of the Nations at YWAM-Kona, pled guilty to wire fraud.[98] Rivera embezzled nearly 3.1 million dollars, amounting to $50,000 per month. According to the YWAM school leadership, in order to compensate for the fraud, increased charges were applied to volunteers and students.[99] According to the Department of Justice press release, Rivera used fraudulent invoices from an outside contractor to supplement his lavish lifestyle; this included plastic surgery, failed stock market investments and a gold mine in Sierra Leone.[98][100]

2019 Jarryd Hayne controversy

Jarryd Hayne fue acusado de dos cargos de agresión sexual agravada con resultado de lesiones corporales en relación con la presunta violación de una mujer en Australia. El juicio se inició en septiembre de 2020. Mientras se encontraba en libertad bajo fianza, hasta su condena, el ex Jugador del Año de la NRL y ganador de la medalla Dally M tenía previsto asistir a una Escuela de Formación de Discipulado (EFD) en la sede de YWAM Australia en Perth, bajo la dirección del Director de Formación de Discipulado, Caleb Brownhill. Se desconoce si asistió a la fase de extensión de la escuela, que dependía de una segunda modificación de su libertad bajo fianza. [ 101 ] [ 102 ]

Hogares de esperanza

El programa Hogares de Esperanza de YWAM se fundó en 1990 para proporcionar vivienda en regiones en desarrollo. Según declaraciones a CNN , Hogares de Esperanza trabaja con familias para mejorar sus condiciones de vivienda, construyendo casas en terrenos propiedad de las familias beneficiarias. "Sus casas son precarias, construidas con materiales de desecho; algunas carecen de techo y electricidad. Estas familias desean mejores hogares, pero simplemente no pueden pagarlos. Una organización sin fines de lucro está tratando de ayudar". [ 103 ] La revista People informó que el programa ha construido más de 5320 viviendas en 21 países con la ayuda de más de 105 000 voluntarios. [ 104 ]

Tratamiento de los voluntarios de JUCUM

Se han publicado numerosos relatos que detallan el maltrato a estudiantes y personal por parte de los líderes durante su tiempo en JUCUM. [ 105 ] El sitio web de la Asociación Internacional de Estudios sobre Sectas alberga un artículo que describe con cierto detalle una experiencia de abuso espiritual en un curso de DTS en Hawái. En este incidente, la autora y otras dos mujeres se marcharon "por temor a sufrir graves daños en su salud mental". [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Una joven acusó a JUCUM de permitir el abuso espiritual, que ocurre en todas las bases, y a otra mujer se le dijo que siempre siguiera a sus líderes, incluso sabiendo que estaban equivocados. [ 108 ]

The Apologetics Index also lists a number of personal accounts of spiritual abuse within the organization. The website's founder claims he himself was a victim of such abuse at the hands of a former YWAM leader, Floyd McClung. Talking about McClung, the author writes: "While I have forgiven the spiritual abuse and accepted his reluctant apologies ... the abuse has had far-reaching consequences, the scars of which I still bear."[109] He also quotes Harold Busséll, author of By Hook or by Crook: How Cults Lure Christians, "While living in Europe, my wife and I were involved with an evangelical youth mission based in Switzerland. We were with the group only six weeks, but it was almost seven years before I had overcome the psychological damage caused by their cult-like control and spiritualization … Questioning a leader was considered an act of rebellion against God and His chain of command."[109] The book is based on the authors experience in YWAM.

The Christian Research Institute also say they have received complaints about YWAM.[110] In 1990, cult "consultant" Rick Ross published an evaluation of Youth With A Mission which cited both positive and negative aspects of YWAM. After the 2007 YWAM shootings, Ross told the Fox News Network that he continued to receive occasional "serious complaints" about Youth With A Mission, but he believed it is "not a cult".[111] Some of the political involvements of its founders and members have also been examined by the media.[112][113][114]

Theological and doctrinal concerns

Evangelical theologians Alan Gomes and E. Calvin Beisner argued certain doctrines taught to young missionaries at some YWAM locations from the 1970s until the 1990s to be unorthodox from a Protestant point of view. They referred to this set of doctrines as "Moral Government Theology",[115] which combined doctrines concerning the nature and attributes of God such as open theism,[116] the nature of man such as Pelagianism[117] linked to a moral explanation of the atonement.[118] Adherents of this theology such as Gordon Olson, Harry Conn and Winkie Pratney taught classes based on this teaching to young missionaries during this time period.[119]

Forcing contact with uncontacted peoples

In 1995, two missionaries, working with the Brazilian branch of YWAM, JOCUM (Jovens com uma Missão) searched unsuccessfully for uncontacted Hi Merimã Indians. They were caught and expelled by FUNAI. Forcing contact could prove fatal to uncontacted peoples who are very vulnerable to common disease to which they have little resistance. The missionaries' diaries were obtained by Survival International who campaign for Indigenous people's rights.[120]

Faked film

David Loren Cunningham, son of the group's founders, produced a film, Hakani: A Survivor's Story, which contains a depiction of infanticide among Amazonian tribes of Brazil.[121]Survival International, which campaigns for Indigenous people's rights, said that the film was faked and incited violence against Indigenous people. Members of the Suruwaha people said that evangelical missionaries Márcia and Edson Suzuki told the tribe they were taking a little girl, Hakani, to get medical treatment, but never brought her back. The couple had in fact adopted the girl and falsely claimed that members of the tribe tried to kill Hakani by burying her alive because she was disabled. They then used this lie to raise money and gather support for legislation that would allow Indigenous children to be taken away from their parents by force.[122]

The Send

«The Send» es una serie de eventos globales organizada por JUCUM y otros ministerios para promover la evangelización y las misiones cristianas, según informó The Christian Post [ 91 ] , con Andy Byrd, líder de JUCUM, como su director. El 23 de febrero de 2019, más de 40 000 cristianos se reunieron en un evento de «The Send» en el Camping World Stadium de Orlando, Florida, y miles más se unieron a través de la transmisión en vivo, según informó Fox News . [ 123 ] El 8 de febrero de 2020, «The Send Brasil» atrajo a 140 000 asistentes en tres estadios de Brasilia y São Paulo, y millones se unieron en línea, según The Christian Post. El presidente brasileño Jair Bolsonaro asistió. [ 124 ]

Afiliaciones políticas

Juventud con una Misión no tiene afiliaciones políticas oficiales. El sitio web YWAM.org afirma: "El personal y los estudiantes de YWAM provienen de una amplia variedad de orígenes y afiliaciones políticas". [ 125 ]

Acusaciones de actividad política

En 1989, el libro de Sara Diamond , Guerra espiritual, mencionaba una reunión en Estados Unidos entre varios líderes cristianos (incluido el fundador de JUCUM, Loren Cunningham) y Efraín Ríos Montt . Ríos Montt, en consecuencia, lideró un golpe de Estado y una contrainsurgencia contra la guerrilla marxista, y su breve mandato como jefe de Estado fue uno de los períodos más sangrientos de la prolongada Guerra Civil guatemalteca, lo que dio lugar a acusaciones de crímenes de guerra y genocidio perpetrados por el Ejército guatemalteco bajo su mando. [ 112 ] La práctica de utilizar grupos misioneros como tapadera no es desconocida y llevó a la Asociación Nacional de Evangélicos a emitir una declaración sobre el uso gubernamental de misioneros y trabajadores humanitarios: «Insistimos en que la CIA cierre cualquier resquicio legal que permita la colaboración en la recopilación de inteligencia con clérigos, misioneros y trabajadores humanitarios. Insistimos en que la CIA aclare y publique su política para la protección de los ciudadanos estadounidenses que sirven en el ministerio en el extranjero». [ 126 ] Diamond también sugirió que JUCUM «buscaba ganar influencia dentro del Partido Republicano».

En 2009, se informó que YWAM compró el Centro C Street en 1980. La propiedad es utilizada por el influyente y controvertido grupo The Fellowship para celebrar reuniones y como alojamiento para miembros del Congreso de los Estados Unidos. [ 127 ]

Doctrinas sobre la redención de la cultura

En 1975, el fundador de YWAM, Loren Cunningham, junto con Bill Bright de Campus Crusade, habló de la importancia de influir en siete segmentos o esferas principales de la sociedad y la cultura (Familia, Celebración, Religión, Gobierno, Educación, Ciencia, Medios de comunicación). [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Uno de estos segmentos incluía "librar una batalla espiritual para redimir el área del gobierno". Si bien el grupo sostiene que sus enseñanzas solo buscaban promover el servicio moral para los ciudadanos cristianos, otros interpretaron este segmento como un esfuerzo por influir en la gobernanza secular con ideales cristianos evangélicos. [ 131 ]

Matt Slick, del Ministerio de Apologética e Investigación Cristiana, concluye: «El Mandato de las Siete Montañas se centra excesivamente en la teología del dominio cristiano, sin considerar la centralidad del sacrificio expiatorio de Cristo como tema central. En todas mis investigaciones al respecto hasta el momento, hacer discípulos de los no creyentes no es el tema central. En cambio, se trata de tomar dominio». [ 132 ]

La profecía del Mandato de las Siete Montañas fue supuestamente recibida como revelación directa de Dios y entregada por separado a Loren Cunningham , Bill Bright y Francis Schaeffer, ordenándoles invadir y gobernar "siete montañas" (a veces denominadas esferas ) de la sociedad. Es una versión ideológicamente refinada de la teología del Dominio o Reino Ahora que Loren Cunningham enseñó y se adhirió abiertamente, y es considerada una enseñanza antibíblica por el protestantismo tradicional. [ 133 ] A pesar de haber sido ideada en 1975, no fue hasta el año 2000, durante una reunión entre Cunningham y Lance Wallnau, que se establecieron planes para cumplir el mandato. El movimiento alcanzó mayor prominencia después de la publicación en 2013 de Invading Babylon: The 7 Mountain Mandate, de Wallnau y el controvertido pastor de la Iglesia Bethel, Bill Johnson . [ 134 ] El mandato es también un fundamento de la Nueva Reforma Apostólica , un nuevo movimiento religioso controvertido que busca establecer una quinta rama dentro de la Cristiandad .

A scholarly journal article in the Evangelical Review of Theology and Politics shows that the "Seven Spheres" are nearly identical to the ideological state apparatuses developed by the French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, on the basis of the theories of Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, and others. They both outline the key objects of societal influence to be religion, family, education, media, government, business (trade unions), and arts and entertainment, with Althusser's work being published several years prior to the supposed revelation received by Cunningham, Bright and Schaeffer.[135][136]

Violence against YWAM workers

Murder of Tiffany Johnson and Philip Crouse

On December 9, 2007, Matthew Murray, an expelled student from Youth With A Mission (YWAM), shot four staff members at the missionary training center near Denver, killing two. Tiffany Johnson and Philip Crouse were killed, while Dan Griebenow and Charlie Blanch were wounded, all of whom were staff members at YWAM's Denver center. Additionally, two New Life Church members were later killed and three were wounded before Murray was killed.

Per CNN, Murray was dismissed from the program in 2002 due to concerns about his mental health and strange behavior, including talking to voices only he could hear.[137] In the years following his expulsion, Murray expressed resentment towards YWAM, sending hate mail to the mission, according to the Rocky Mountain News. On the day of the shooting, he attacked both the YWAM training center in Arvada and the New Life Church in Colorado Springs, where he was ultimately killed by a security officer. News reports following the shooting noted Murray's obsession with guns.[138][139][140]

Dan Bauman Imprisonment in Iran

Dan Baumann, a missionary with Youth With A Mission (YWAM), was accused of espionage and imprisoned in Iran for nine weeks. While attempting to leave the country after a two-week visit, he and his friend were detained, beaten, and placed in isolation. Baumann endured severe interrogations and two death sentences, but described having had spiritual encounters which strengthened his resolve. After his release, Baumann continued his missionary work, traveling extensively to share his experiences as well as publishing a book about his experience.[141][142]

Jeff Woodke Kidnapping in Niger

En octubre de 2016, Jeff Woodke, misionero de Juventud con una Misión (JUCUM), fue secuestrado de su casa en Níger por terroristas vinculados a Al Qaeda. Durante su cautiverio, que duró más de seis años, Woodke fue sometido a graves maltratos y trasladado entre varios grupos terroristas. A pesar de las duras condiciones, incluyendo estar encadenado a un árbol en aislamiento, Woodke expresó que centrarse en el perdón le sirvió como mecanismo de afrontamiento. Fue liberado en marzo de 2023, gracias a los esfuerzos internacionales de colaboración, incluyendo los de la administración Biden, sin rescate ni concesiones. Tras su liberación, Woodke y su esposa, Els, trabajan en su recuperación, mientras él se adapta a la vida después de una experiencia tan prolongada y traumática. [ 143 ] [ 144 ]

Asesinato de Mike y Janice Shelling

Mike Shelling fundó una base de Juventud con una Misión en Baguio en 1972. Doce años después, su casa, ubicada en una propiedad de alquiler vacacional en Baguio, fue asaltada un mes antes por Ross Tooley, también afiliado a la organización. La pareja fue apuñalada mortalmente, pero sus hijos, aunque desaparecieron durante varias horas, sobrevivieron ilesos. [ 145 ]

Notas y referencias

Citas

  1. ↑ "Fundadores: Loren y Darlene Cunningham". YWAM.
  2. ↑ Ari L. Goldman (13 de febrero de 1993). "Una ganga de San Valentín" . New York Times . Consultado el 30 de enero de 2008 .
  3. ↑ Carlson, Darren (12 de septiembre de 2019). "Probablemente cancelaría tu viaje misionero a corto plazo" . The Gospel Coalition . Recuperado el 15 de diciembre de 2023 .
  4. ↑ "YWAM: Un "movimiento" dinámico de cientos de ministerios, pero no una organización – MinistryWatch" . 12 de marzo de 2021. Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2023 .
  5. ↑ «Kerigma» . kerygma.network . Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2023 .
  6. ↑ "Jóvenes con una misión visitan Derry – Derry Today" . Archivado del original el 23 de abril de 2008. Consultado el 14 de marzo de 2008 .
  7. ↑ Rhoda Tse (1 de agosto de 2005). "Los neoyorquinos rezan por los atentados de Londres" . Christian Post . Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2018 .
  8. ↑ " 1956: Inicios ". JUCUM.
  9. 123456Rhoda Tse (April 25, 2005). "Interview with the Executive Director of YWAM". Christian Post. Retrieved 2018-05-09. The vision was really a picture that he had in his spirit. It was a globe – as if seen from space – and there were waves lapping each continent, and each wave would come up further inland until he saw that each continent was completely covered. Upon closer inspection, the waves were actually young people. He knew then that the young people would be taking the message of the gospel throughout the world.
  10. ↑Buenting, Debra. "YWAM's Transformation: From Short-Term Missions to Discipling Nations". www.missionfrontiers.org. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  11. ↑John W. Kennedy, Youth with a Passion, christianitytoday.com, USA, December 8, 2010
  12. 12"The 1966s: The Vision of YWAM Comes to Life". YWAM.
  13. ↑"Loren Cunningham". Catalyst Ministries UK.
  14. ↑Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 22
  15. ↑Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, The Encyclodedia of Christianity, Volume 3 , Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2003, p. 584
  16. ↑Brian Stiller, Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century, Robert Nelson the 3rd, USA, 2015, p. 269
  17. 1234"The 1970s: Two Hotels, a Shipwreck, and a Vision". YWAM.
  18. 12"U of N's Founding Father Dr. Howard V. Malmstadt". University of the Nations, Kona, Hawaii.
  19. ↑Deann Alford (December 14, 2007). "Saving Faces". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  20. ↑"YWAM History".
  21. ↑"The 1980s: Mercy Ministry Grows Up". YWAM.
  22. ↑Moring, Mark. "Go!Archived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine". Campus Life. January/February 1999, Vol. 57, No. 6, Page 38.
  23. ↑Holvast, René (2008). Spiritual Mapping: The Turbulent Career of a Contested American Missionary Paradigm, 1989–2005(PDF) (Thesis). Utrecht University. pp. xi, 27–28, 73. ISBN 978-90-393-4829-1.
  24. 12"The 1990s to Present: Looking With Both Eyes". YWAM.
  25. ↑"In Brief". Christianity Today. March 1, 1999. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  26. 12Dawn Herzog Jewell (March 1, 2006). "Winning the Oral Majority". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  27. ↑Cayman Net News: Working for God in the South Pacific
  28. ↑According to the Christian Post, the 2006 Winter Olympic outreach in Turino was YWAM's 16th, yet the total number of Olympic Summer and Winter games from 1972 to 2006 would need include the 1980 Summer Olympics and still only amount to 15 games. One supposes that the Christian Post has knowledge of YWAM activities at Moscow and one previous event.
  29. ↑YWAM Associates InTouch Renewal Gathering to be Held in Switzerland
  30. ↑"Christianity.ca – Everyone Benefits from STM". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
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  32. ↑Major faiths to race for souls of 7,200 athletes
  33. ↑"Performing arts". Youth with a Mission, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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  35. ↑"DAWN News from USA (Atlanta Olympics), Islamic World, Russia". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  36. ↑NEWS: 1,800 Churches Participating in Olympic Outreach | Christianity Today | A Magazine of Evangelical Conviction
  37. 12"RELIGIONISTS READY TO PROSELYTIZE AT OLYMPIC GAMES". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
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  39. ↑"Japan, April 1998 YWAM News Digest". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
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  41. 12UBS World Report 339, March 1999
  42. ↑An army of charming volunteers – 2002 Winter Olympics coverage
  43. ↑ "Saipán Tribuno" . Archivado del original el 22 de junio de 2008. Consultado el 29 de febrero de 2008 .
  44. ↑ "Archivo de periódicos" .
  45. ↑ "GRECIA: La libertad religiosa, el talón de Aquiles" . Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2023 .
  46. ↑ JUCUM se prepara para su labor de evangelización durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno en Italia | Christianpost.com
  47. ↑ "Bienvenido al sitio web de Forever 2012" . Archivado del original el 26 de marzo de 2012. Consultado el 28 de agosto de 2023 .
  48. ↑ Archivado en Ghostarchivey la Wayback Machine: "Los leones rugen por el rey" . YouTube . 10 de agosto de 2012.
  49. ↑ " Acerca de ". Campamentos inTouch Europa, JUCUM. Última actualización: 26 de julio de 2008. Enlace obsoleto archivado el 27 de junio de 2008 en archive.today.
  50. ↑ " Preguntas y respuestas con Loren. Archivado el 27/09/2007 en Wayback Machine ". Transformaciones , volumen 3, página 2, 2006. Universidad de las Naciones, Kailua-Kona, Hawái.
  51. ↑ " Perspectiva: Un fuego purificador en cada área. Archivado el 23 de abril de 2008 en Wayback Machine ". Centro Internacional DTS, YWAM. 1 de febrero de 2005.
  52. ↑ "Andy Byrd" . Cornerstone Community Church . 2022. Archivado del original el 5 de mayo de 2022. Consultado el 11 de marzo de 2024 .
  53. ↑ "Página de la asociación de crédito de la Universidad de las Naciones de YWAM" . City Vision University .
  54. ↑ "Acreditación" . Consultado el 25 de octubre de 2012 .
  55. ↑ " Consideraciones sobre la acreditación. Archivado el 23 de mayo de 2008 en Wayback Machine ". Universidad de las Naciones, Kona, Hawái.
  56. ↑ «Personal» . JUCUM UdeN Kona . Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2023 .
  57. ↑ Liz Knueven; Ryan Wangman. Richard Richtmyer (ed.). "Costo promedio de la matrícula universitaria" . Business Insider . Archivado del original el 16 de diciembre de 2023. Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2023 .
  58. ↑ Robert H. Krapohl, Charles H. Lippy, Los evangélicos: una guía histórica, temática y biográfica , Greenwood Publishing Group, EE. UU., 1999, pág. 163
  59. 12"YWAM Workers Continue Tsunami Relief Despite Anti-Christian Violence – KLTV 7 News Tyler, Longview, Jacksonville |". Kltv.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  60. ↑"WKYC staffer arrives in Haiti, finds 'worse than expected' conditions". wkyc.com. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  61. ↑"Missionary Gives Exclusive Look into Haiti One Month After Quake". Kolotv.com. 2010-02-12. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
  62. ↑Marine Reach – – Youth With a Mission
  63. ↑A Happy Ending for one Sulphur FamilyArchived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine. KPLC.
  64. ↑Skeat, David. "Mateship In The Face Of Disaster"(PDF). Focus on Mercy (January–March 2005). Archived from the original(PDF) on September 3, 2007. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  65. ↑Maria Mackay (July 29, 2007). "Relief Agencies Continue to Respond to Silent Cries of Pakistan Flood Victims". Christian Post. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  66. ↑Katherine T. Phan (September 2, 2005). "YWAM Houses, Prepares Aid for Hurricane Katrina Victims". Christian Post. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
  67. ↑Bette Nunn (January 12, 2005). "Missionaries spared from tsunami's path". Mooresville-Decatur Times. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  68. 12"Christian Aid partners help those left homeless by Ugandan rebels". Reuters AlertNet. 12 Nov 2003. Archived from the original on November 21, 2003.]
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  71. ↑"Entrust Foundation – Buzz Off – Anti-Malaria Campaign – Myanmar (Burma) – Budget $25,700 – Required $14,200". www.entrust.org.au. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
  72. ↑Angela Holman (December 14, 2006). "Carlsbad students help build housing for the homeless". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  73. ↑"Fresh Produce Sportswear Brings Color and Hope to Underprivileged Families in Mexico". PR Newswire. January 30, 2007.
  74. ↑"Youth with a Mission – San Diego". Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  75. ↑"Homes of Hope « YWAM Haiti".
  76. ↑Free Health Care in East TexasArchived 2008-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. KLTV.
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  80. 12The OneStory Partnership
  81. 1234OneStory – About Us
  82. ↑Evangelical Alliance & YWAM to Launch Million Leaders Training Programme
  83. ↑Religion Today Summaries – October 4, 2006
  84. ↑"Epiphany School given new life – PittsburghLIVE.com". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
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  86. ↑What Others Say About Us
  87. ↑"Endorsements". ihop.org. International House of Prayer. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  88. ↑Baldwin, Jonathan (9 September 2010). "Convergence The Missions Movement Unites with the Prayer Movement". Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  89. ↑"What churches should know about YWAM Part 2: Partnering with the New Apostolic Reformation". Holly Pivec. Retrieved 2023-12-15.
  90. ↑"Partners". Modern Day Missions. Archived from the original on 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
  91. 12Law, Jeannie Ortega; Reporter, Christian Post (2019-02-28). "60,000 Christians gather in Orlando for 'Jesus Movement' of this generation". www.christianpost.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  92. ↑YWAMers Join Global Initiative to Bring One Billion to Christ
  93. ↑FaithNews Network
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  95. ↑"Missionary Group Thrust Into Limelight After Colorado Shootings". Fox News. 2015-03-25. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  96. ↑"YWAM people often did more harm than good". culteducation.com. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
  97. ↑"Sexual Assault…Buying Sex…Is There No Way To Prevent Missionaries' Deviant Acts?". www.kukmindaily.co.kr. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  98. 12"Ex-Hawaii school official sentenced for fraud". The Seattle Times. 2018-01-10. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
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  100. ↑"District of Hawaii | University Of The Nations CFO Pleads Guilty To Wire Fraud | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  101. ↑"Jarryd Hayne to attend Christian missionary school while awaiting trial on rape charges". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 2019-07-03. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  102. ↑"Accused rapist NRL star Jarryd Hayne lashes out at reporters on his way to a Christian camp – where he'll study to become an evangelical disciple". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2019-08-26.
  103. ↑Gulledge, Jacqueline (2017-03-20). "Building homes, inspiring hope in Mexico". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  104. ↑"Sean Lambert Has Built 5320 Homes For Poor Families in the Developing World". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  105. ↑Mitchell, Paul (December 1999). "Christi-Anarchy". Shoot the Messenger. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  106. ↑Jacobson, Laurie (1986). "My Experience in YWAM: A Personal Account and Critique of Cultic Manipulation". Cultic Studies Journal. 3 (2). International Cultic Studies Association: 204–33. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2007.
  107. ↑"Bible Gateway passage: Ezekiel 34:20–22 – New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  108. ↑"Spiritual Abuse a Common Complaint for YWAM Students". 23 March 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2025.
  109. 12"Youth with a Mission (YWAM) | Apologetics Index". Apologetics Index. 2014-05-03. Retrieved 2018-03-05.
  110. ↑"Youth with a Mission (YWAM)". Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  111. ↑"Missionary Group Thrust into Limelight After Colorado Shootings". Fox News. December 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
  112. 12Sara Diamond (1989). Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right. Boston, MA: South End Press. ISBN 978-0-89608-361-5. Ríos Montt's ascension to power [by coup in 1982] was celebrated by the U.S. Christian Right as a sign of divine intervention in Central America.... In May, 1982, [Pat] Robertson told the New York Times that his Christian Broadcasting Network would send missionaries and more than a billion dollars in aid to help Rios Montt rule the country. While Robertson's offer never came to fruition, it enabled Rios Montt to convince the U.S. Congress that he would not seek massive sums of U.S. aid. Instead, he would rely on "private aid from U.S. evangelicals. Toward that end, Rios Montt's aide... came to the United States for a meeting with... [Reagan consigliore] Edwin Meese, Interior Secretary James Watt... and Christian Right leaders Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell, and Loren Cunningham).
  113. ↑ "Esta semana en los blogs de la derecha religiosa: El camino hacia el 11-S Edición" . Archivado del original el 4 de marzo de 2016. Recuperado el 12 de agosto de 2020. El ascenso de Ríos Montt al poder [por golpe de Estado en 1982] fue celebrado por la derecha cristiana estadounidense como una señal de intervención divina en Centroamérica... En mayo de 1982, [Pat] Robertson declaró al New York Times que su cadena de radiodifusión cristiana enviaría misioneros y más de mil millones de dólares en ayuda para ayudar a Ríos Montt a gobernar el país. Si bien la oferta de Robertson nunca se concretó, permitió a Ríos Montt convencer al Congreso de los Estados Unidos de que no solicitaría grandes sumas de ayuda estadounidense. En cambio, recurriría a la "ayuda privada de los evangélicos estadounidenses". Con ese fin, el asesor de Ríos Montt... viajó a Estados Unidos para reunirse con... [el consejero de Reagan] Edwin Meese, el secretario del Interior James Watt... y los líderes de la derecha cristiana Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell y Loren Cunningham (director de Juventud con una Misión).
  114. ↑ Blumenthal, Max (11 de septiembre de 2006). "Las raíces derechistas del docudrama del 11-S de ABC" . The Nation . Archivado del original el 2 de diciembre de 2008. Según el libro de Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare , durante la década de 1980, YWAM "buscó ganar influencia dentro del Partido Republicano" mientras ayudaba a gobiernos autoritarios en Sudáfrica y Centroamérica. Cunningham, señaló Diamond, era seguidor del Reconstruccionismo Cristiano, una corriente extrema de la teología evangélica que aboga por el uso de métodos políticos encubiertos para poner a Estados Unidos bajo el control de la ley bíblica y desechar la Constitución. ... En junio pasado, TFI de Cunningham anunció que estaba produciendo su primera película, misteriosamente titulada Untitled History Project . "El primer proyecto de TFI es una joya", decía un boletín para los miembros de YWAM. «Simplemente conocido como: El Proyecto de Historia Sin Título, ya se le considera el evento televisivo de la década, ¡y aún no se ha filmado ni un segundo! ¡Menuda expectación!» (La edición web del boletín fue misteriosamente eliminada la semana pasada tras su publicación por el bloguero Digby , pero se encuentra disponible en la caché de Google en el enlace anterior).
  115. ↑ Gomes 1986 , p. 1. «La doctrina del Gobierno Moral es un sistema teológico distinto que se ocupa de la naturaleza y los atributos de Dios, la naturaleza del hombre y el proceso de salvación. [...] La forma de “Gobierno Moral” que se enseña actualmente en ciertos círculos ha ido mucho más allá de las formulaciones de Grocio».
  116. ↑ Gomes 1986 , págs. 13–16.
  117. ↑ Gomes 1986 , págs. 39–48.
  118. ↑Gomes 1986, pp. 23–28.
  119. ↑Gomes 1986, pp. 11, 15, 40.
  120. ↑International, Survival. "Diaries expose missionaries' 'spiritual war' on uncontacted Indians". www.survivalinternational.org. Retrieved 2025-11-19.
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  143. ↑"KIDNAPPED GOSPEL WORKER: Forgiveness is the Best Weapon We Have". 24 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  144. ↑"American missionary held hostage for years in Niger speaks out in 1st televised interview". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  145. ↑Tooley, Ross (2011). Walking on Water in a World of Unbelief. Manila: OMF Literature Inc. p. 135. ISBN 9789710090877.

Sources

Gomes, Alan W. (1986). Lead Us Not Into Deception(PDF) (self published). La Mirada, CA: Alan Gomes.

Further reading

  • Cunningham, L. w/ Rogers, Janice, The Book that Transforms Nations, YWAM Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-57658-381-3
  • Cunningham, L., Is That Really You God?, YWAM Publishing, 1984. ISBN 1-57658-244-2
  • McClung, Floyd Jr. and Charles Paul Conn. Just Off Chicken Street. USA, Fleming H. Revell, 1975. ISBN 0-8007-0699-4.
  • McClung, Floyd. Basic Discipleship. InterVarsity Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8308-1319-5.
  • McClung, Floyd. The Father Heart of God: Experiencing the Depths of His Love for You. Harvest House Publishers, 2004. ISBN 0-7369-1215-0.
  • Schaeffer, Edith, Francis A. Schaeffer and Deirdre Ducker. L'Abri. USA, Crossways Books, 1992. ISBN 0-89107-668-9.
  • Schaeffer, Francis. The God who is There. 1968.
  • Official websiteEdit this at Wikidata
  • The YWAM Knowledge Base YWAM's wiki knowledgebase website