Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Majma-ul-Bahrain

Majma-ul-Bahrain ( Persian : مجمع البحرین , "The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a Sufi text on comparative religion authored by Mughal Shahz...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita

Majma-ul-Bahrain (Persian: مجمع البحرین, "The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a Sufi text on comparative religion authored by MughalShahzadaDara Shukoh as a short treatise in Persian, c. 1655.[1][2][3] It was devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between Sufic and Vedantic speculation.[4][5] It was one of the earliest works to explore both the diversity of religions and a unity of Islam and Hinduism and other religions.[6][7][8][9] Its Hindi version is called Samudra Sangam Grantha[10][11][12] and an Urdu translation titled Nūr-i-Ain was lithographed in 1872.

Background

Shahzada Dara Shukoh seated with his spiritual master, Mian Mir, c. 1635.

During the 16th century, the Maktab Khana (translation bureau of Emperor Akbar, literally meaning house of translation) heavily contributed to altering the Muslim perception of Hinduism by translating works such as the Mahabharata into the Razmnāma (Persian: رزم نامہ, lit. Book of War), the Ramayana, and the Yoga Vashishta from ancient Sanskrit into Persian, as the Emperor Akbar sought to "form a basis for a united search for truth" and "enable the people to understand the true spirit of their religion".[13]Akbar's efforts to cultivate Ṣulḥ-i-Kul (literally meaning "peace with all", "universal peace", or "absolute peace", as inspired by Sufi mystic principles) throughout his empire continued in-spirit with his descendent, Shahzada Dara Shukoh.[14]

With a perennial worldview similar to Kabir and his Mughal ancestor Emperor Akbar, Dara Shukoh sought to understand the similarities between the religions of the land around him. After his time as a disciple of Mian Mir (witnessing events such as the foundation of the Golden Temple of Amritsar), Dara Shukoh began compiling his spiritual and mystical learnings in a series of books written between 1640 and 1653. The learning which resulted in Majma-ul-Bahrain occurred during this time, specifically encompassing nine years of researching and studying the Brahmavidya and the Qur'an. Dara Shukoh's learning caused him to travel across 14,000 km of the Indian subcontinent, searching for mystical knowledge in places such as Ajmer, Delhi, Agra, Allahabad, Varanasi, Kashmir, and Gujarat.[15] The Shahzada wrote the Majma-ul-Bahrain when he was 42 and it was the last text he wrote before the struggle for succession which resulted in his defeat, humiliation, and death a few years later.[16]

Contents

El objetivo principal del tratado es ofrecer una exégesis sobre los elementos comunes entre el hinduismo y el islam , específicamente en lo que respecta al misticismo vedántico y sufí y sus numerosos conceptos. Dara Shukoh utiliza muchos términos de ambas ramas religiosas para ilustrar las similitudes entre ellas, si bien demuestra un conocimiento más profundo de la terminología sufí para esclarecer el vedántico. En la undécima sección se mencionan numerosos santos sufíes, entre ellos al-Ghazali , Bayazid al-Bastami , Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī e Ibn al-'Arabi . El texto comienza con una sección introductoria y consta de veinte secciones con los siguientes títulos:

  1. Rudimentos
  2. Los sentidos
  3. Los ejercicios religiosos
  4. Los atributos
  5. El viento
  6. Los Cuatro Mundos
  7. El fuego
  8. La luz
  9. La contemplación de Dios
  10. Los Nombres de Dios, el Altísimo
  11. El apostolado y la profecía
  12. El Barhmand
  13. Las instrucciones
  14. Los cielos
  15. Las Tierras
  16. Las divisiones de la Tierra
  17. El Barzakh
  18. La Gran Resurrección
  19. El Mukt
  20. La noche y el día

Secuelas

No hubo otro texto importante escrito sobre el tema de las religiones comparadas y la verdad universal contemporáneo al Majma-ul-Bahrain . Según el Siya-ul-Mutakherin del historiador Ghulam Husain Salim , el Majma-ul-Bahrain provocó la muerte de su propio autor cuando fue presentado a los ulemas imperiales , quienes declararon la obra blasfema y ordenaron la muerte de Shahzada Dara Shukoh, orden que su hermano, Shahzada Aurangzeb , cumplió con gusto durante la Guerra de Sucesión . [ 17 ] Después de ser llevado a Delhi , Dara Shukoh fue encadenado y paseado por las calles de la capital montado sobre un elefante impuro. [ 18 ] En la historia oficial de Aurangzeb, el Maathir-i-Alamgiri , la acusación oficial contra Dara Shukoh se declara de la siguiente manera:

"The pillars of the Canonical Law and Faith apprehended many kinds of disturbances from his life. So the Emperor [e.g. Aurangzid], both out of necessity to protect the Holy Law, and also for reasons of State, considered it unlawful to allow Dara to remain alive any longer as a destroyer of the public peace."[19]

On 10 August 1659, Shahzada Dara Shukoh was beheaded on grounds of apostasy and his head was sent to his father, Shah Jahan.[20] When Aurangzeb ascended to the imperial throne, he continued to execute others for political reasons (ex: his brother Murad Baksh and his nephew Sulaiman Shikoh) and persecute denizens of his empire on grounds of heresy, including the beheading of the Armenian Sufi mystic, Sarmad Kashani, for charges of antinomianatheism[21] and the ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, for refusing to convert to Islam,[22] making the murder of his brother Dara Shukoh the first in a long line of executions.

See also

References

  1. ↑Arora, Nadeem Naqvisanjeev (20 March 2015). "Prince of peace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  2. ↑"Emperor's old clothes". Hindustan Times. 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  3. ↑"Why We Should Oppose the Aurangzebing of Aurangzeb – The Wire". thewire.in. Archived from the original on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  4. ↑"Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality". 26 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  5. ↑MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling Of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq, published byThe Asiatic Society, Kolkata, Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also thisArchived 2009-09-09 at the Wayback Machine book review by Yoginder Sikand, indianmuslims.in.
  6. ↑"On the road with the 'good' Mughal". 8 February 2017. Archived from the original on 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
  7. ↑"Dalhousie Road renamed after Dara Shikoh: Why Hindutva right wingers favour a Mughal prince". 7 February 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  8. ↑"A dangerous influence: Modi govt under RSS control". 7 September 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  9. ↑Sitaram Yechury (11 August 2016). "Why repeat Vajpayee's slogans when you do not have his credibility?: Sitaram Yechury". scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2017-01-12. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  10. ↑"The Tradition of Indo-Persian Literature". Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  11. ↑"मज्म 'उल बह् रैन' (समुद्र संगम:) -Majma Ul Bahrain". exoticindiaart.com. Archived from the original on 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  12. ↑"समुद्र संगम – भोला शंकर व्यास Samudra Sangam – Hindi book by – Bhola Shanker Vyas". pustak.org. Archived from the original on 2016-11-20. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
  13. ↑Shikuh, Dara (1998). The Mingling of the Two Oceans(PDF). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  14. ↑"Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King". 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  15. ↑Arora, Nadeem Naqvisanjeev (20 March 2015). "Prince of peace". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2020– via www.thehindu.com.
  16. ↑Hansen, Waldemar (9 September 1986). The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 9788120802254– via Google Books.
  17. ↑Khan, Ghulam Husain (2018). The Siyar-Ul-Mutakherin, Vol. 1: A History of the Mahomedan Power in India During the Last Century. London: Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-1330706077.
  18. ↑Chakravarty, Ipsita (11 February 2017). "Bad Muslim, good Muslim: Out with Aurangzeb, in with Dara Shikoh". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  19. ↑Sarkar, Jadunath (9 September 1947). "Maasir-i- Alamgiri (1947)"– via Internet Archive.
  20. ↑Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. ISBN 9788124110669.
  21. ↑"Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad". Tribune India. 7 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  22. ↑J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&oldid=1320403438"