Hispanopedia Wiki
Articulo de referencia

Zion National Park

Coordinates : 37°18′N 113°00′W / 37.300°N 113.000°W / 37.300; -113.000 {{cite web|title=Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway and Tunnel|url=https://home.nps.gov/zion/learn/historyculture/zmc...

Hispanopedia WikiContenido en espanolLectura gratuita
Coordinates: 37°18′N113°00′W / 37.300°N 113.000°W / 37.300; -113.000

Zion National Park is a national park of the United States located in southwestern Utah near the town of Springdale. Located at the junction of the Colorado Plateau, Great Basin, and Mojave Desert regions, the park has a unique geography and a variety of life zones that allow for unusual plant and animal diversity. Numerous plant species as well as 289 species of birds, 75 mammals (including 19 species of bat), and 32 reptiles inhabit the park's four life zones: desert, riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest. Zion National Park includes mountains, canyons, buttes, mesas, monoliths, rivers, slot canyons, and natural arches. The lowest point in the park is 3,666 ft (1,117 m) at Coalpits Wash and the highest peak is 8,726 ft (2,660 m) at Horse Ranch Mountain. A prominent feature of the 229-square-mile (590 km2) park is Zion Canyon, which is 15 miles (24 km) long and up to 2,640 ft (800 m) deep. The canyon walls are reddish and tan-colored Navajo Sandstone eroded by the North Fork of the Virgin River. The park attracted 4,984,525 visitors in 2025.[3]

Human habitation of the area started about 8,000 years ago with small family groups of Native Americans, one of which was the semi-nomadic BasketmakerAncestral Puebloans (who used to be called Anasazi by early non-indigenous archeologists[4]) (c. 300 CE). Subsequently, what has been called the Virgin Anasazi culture (c.500) and the Parowan Fremont group developed as the Basketmakers settled in permanent communities.[5] Both groups moved away by 1300 and were replaced by the Parrusits and several other Southern Paiute subtribes. Mormons came into the area in 1858 and settled there in the early 1860s.

Name change

En 1909, el presidente William Howard Taft nombró al área Monumento Nacional Mukuntuweap para proteger el cañón. [ 6 ] En 1918, el director interino del recién creado Servicio de Parques Nacionales , Horace Albright , redactó una propuesta para ampliar el monumento existente y cambiar el nombre del parque a Monumento Nacional Zion , siendo Zion un término utilizado por los mormones. [ 6 ] Según el historiador Hal Rothman : "El cambio de nombre se debió a un prejuicio predominante de la época. Muchos creían que los nombres españoles e indígenas disuadirían a los visitantes que, si no podían pronunciar el nombre de un lugar, tal vez no se molestarían en visitarlo. [ 7 ] El nuevo nombre, Zion, tenía mayor atractivo para una audiencia etnocéntrica." [ 8 ] El 19 de noviembre de 1919, el Congreso redesignó el monumento como Parque Nacional Zion , y la ley fue firmada por el presidente Woodrow Wilson . [ 9 ] La sección de Kolob fue proclamada Monumento Nacional Zion separado en 1937, pero se incorporó al parque nacional en 1956. [ 10 ] El Congreso designó el 85% del parque como área silvestre en 2009.

La geología de la zona de los cañones de Zion y Kolob comprende nueve formaciones que, en conjunto, representan 150 millones de años de sedimentación, mayoritariamente del Mesozoico . En diversos periodos de ese tiempo, mares cálidos y poco profundos, arroyos, estanques y lagos, vastos desiertos y ambientes costeros secos cubrieron la zona. El levantamiento asociado a la formación de la Meseta del Colorado elevó la región 3000 metros (10 000 pies) a partir de hace 13 millones de años. [ 11 ] 

Propósito del parque

Como se indica en el documento fundacional: [ 12 ]

El propósito del Parque Nacional Zion es preservar la espectacular geología, incluyendo el Cañón Zion y un laberinto de profundos y brillantes cañones de arenisca Navajo formados por extraordinarios procesos de erosión en el margen de la Meseta del Colorado; salvaguardar el carácter salvaje del parque y sus valores fluviales de gran belleza paisajística; proteger las evidencias de la historia humana; y proporcionar un espacio para la investigación científica y el disfrute e ilustración del público.

Geografía

The park is located in southwestern Utah mostly in unincorporated areas in Washington,[13]Iron,[14] and Kane counties.[15] The territory of Springdale extends into the park.[16]

Geomorphically, it is located on the Markagunt and Kolob plateaus, at the intersection of three North American geographic provinces: the Colorado Plateau, the Great Basin, and the Mojave Desert. The northern part of the park is known as the Kolob Canyons section and is accessible from Interstate 15, exit 40.[17]

The 8,726-foot (2,660 m) summit of Horse Ranch Mountain is the highest point in the park; the lowest point is the 3,666-foot (1,117 m) elevation of Coal Pits Wash, creating a relief of about 5,100 feet (1,600 m).[18]

Streams in the area take rectangular paths because they follow jointing planes in the rocks.[19] The stream gradient of the Virgin River, whose North Fork flows through Zion Canyon in the park, ranges from 50 to 80 feet per mile (9.5 to 15.2 m/km) (0.9–1.5%)—one of the steepest stream gradients in North America.[20]

Towers of the Virgin: The Sundial (left), The Witch Head, Broken Tooth, Rotten Tooth, Altar of Sacrifice

The road into Zion Canyon is 6 miles (9.7 km) long, ending at the Temple of Sinawava, which is named for the coyote god of the Paiute Indians.[21] The canyon becomes more narrow near the Temple and a hiking trail continues to the mouth of The Narrows, a gorge only 20 feet (6 m) wide and up to 2,000 feet (610 m) tall.[22] The Zion Canyon road is served by a free shuttle bus from early April to late October and by private vehicles the other months of the year. Other roads in Zion are open to private vehicles year-round.

The east side of the park is served by Zion – Mount Carmel Highway (SR-9), which passes through the Zion – Mount Carmel Tunnel and ends at US 89 at Mount Carmel Junction. Park features on the east side of the park include Checkerboard Mesa and The East Temple.

The Kolob Terrace area, northwest of Zion Canyon, features a slot canyon called The Subway, and a panoramic view of the entire area from Lava Point. The Kolob Canyons section, further to the northwest near Cedar City, features Tucupit Point and one of the world's longest natural arches, Kolob Arch.[23]

Court of the Patriarchs, by Ansel Adams (1933)

Other notable geographic features of Zion Canyon include Angels Landing, The Great White Throne, the Court of the Patriarchs, The Sentinel, The West Temple, Towers of the Virgin, the Altar of Sacrifice, The Watchman, Weeping Rock, and the Emerald Pools.[24]

Spring weather is unpredictable, with stormy, wet days being common, mixed with occasional warm, sunny weather. Precipitation is normally heaviest in March.[25] Spring wildflowers bloom from April through June, peaking in May. Fall days are usually clear and mild; nights are often cool. Summer days are hot (95 to 110 °F; 35 to 43 °C), but overnight lows are usually comfortable (65 to 70 °F; 18 to 21 °C).[25] Afternoon thunderstorms are common from mid-July through mid-September.[25] Storms may produce waterfalls as well as flash floods. Autumn tree-color displays begin in September in the high country; in Zion Canyon, autumn colors usually peak in late October. Winter in Zion Canyon is fairly mild. Winter storms bring rain or light snow to Zion Canyon and heavier snow to the higher elevations. Clear days may become quite warm, reaching 60 °F (16 °C); nights are often 20 to 40 °F (−7 to 4 °C).[25] Winter storms can last several days and make roads icy. Zion roads are plowed, except the Kolob Terrace Road which is closed when covered with snow.[25] Winter driving conditions last from November through March.[25]

Climate

Zion National Park has a BSk (Köppen climate classification) cold semi-arid climate consisting of very hot summers and mild winters with a limited amount of precipitation throughout the year.

History

Los arqueólogos han dividido la larga historia humana de Sión en tres periodos culturales: el Arcaico, el Protohistórico y el Histórico. Cada periodo se caracteriza por adaptaciones tecnológicas y sociales distintivas.

Período arcaico

La primera presencia humana en la región data de hace 8000  años, cuando grupos familiares acampaban donde podían cazar o recolectar plantas y semillas. [ 28 ] Hace unos 2000  años, algunos grupos comenzaron a cultivar maíz y otros cultivos, lo que condujo a un estilo de vida cada vez más sedentario. [ 29 ] Grupos posteriores de este período construyeron aldeas permanentes llamadas pueblos . Los arqueólogos llaman a este período el período Arcaico y duró hasta aproximadamente el año 500 a . C. [ 30 ] Se han encontrado cestas, redes de cordaje y sandalias de fibra de yuca que datan de este período. Los conjuntos de herramientas arcaicas incluían cuchillos de piedra lascada, taladros y puntas de dardo con pedúnculo. Las puntas de dardo se unían a astas de madera y se impulsaban mediante dispositivos de lanzamiento llamados atlatls . [ 30 ]

Hacia el año 300 a. C. , algunos de los grupos arcaicos se convirtieron en una rama temprana de los pueblos ancestrales seminómadas , los Basketmaker . [ 30 ] Los sitios Basketmaker tienen cistas de almacenamiento revestidas de hierba o piedra y viviendas poco profundas, parcialmente subterráneas, llamadas casas-pozo . Eran cazadores-recolectores que complementaban su dieta con una agricultura limitada. Los piñones recolectados localmente eran importantes para la alimentación y el comercio.

período protohistórico

Las cabañas Kaun eran utilizadas por los paiute del sur .

Tanto los Anasazi de Virgin como los Fremont de Parowan desaparecieron del registro arqueológico del suroeste de Utah hacia el año 1300. [ 30 ] Las sequías prolongadas de los siglos XI y XII, intercaladas con inundaciones catastróficas, pudieron haber imposibilitado la horticultura en esta región árida. [ 30 ]

La tradición y la evidencia arqueológica sostienen que sus reemplazos fueron primos de los Anasazi de Virgin que hablaban lenguas númicas , como los Paiute del Sur y los Ute . [ 30 ] Los recién llegados migraban estacionalmente por los valles en busca de semillas silvestres y animales de caza. [ 31 ] Algunos, en particular los Paiute del Sur, también cultivaban maíz, girasoles y calabazas para complementar su dieta. [ 31 ] Estos grupos más sedentarios fabricaban vasijas de cerámica marrón que se usaban para almacenar y cocinar. [ 30 ]

Exploración y asentamiento

El período histórico comienza a finales del siglo XVIII [ 30 ] con la exploración del sur de Utah por el padre Silvestre Vélez de Escalante y el padre Francisco Atanasio Domínguez . Los padres pasaron cerca de lo que hoy es el Centro de Visitantes de Kolob Canyons el 13 de octubre de 1776, convirtiéndose en las primeras personas de ascendencia europea conocidas en visitar la zona. [ 32 ] En 1825, el trampero y comerciante Jedediah Smith exploró algunas de las áreas río abajo mientras estaba contratado por la American Fur Company . [ 32 ]

En 1847, los agricultores mormones de la zona de Salt Lake se convirtieron en los primeros de ascendencia europea en asentarse en la región del río Virgin . [ 20 ] En 1851, las áreas de Parowan y Cedar City fueron colonizadas por mormones que utilizaron la zona de los cañones de Kolob para la explotación maderera y el pastoreo de ganado vacuno, ovino y equino. [ 33 ] Exploraron yacimientos minerales y desviaron el agua de Kolob para irrigar los cultivos del valle inferior. Los colonos mormones nombraron la zona Kolob, que en las escrituras mormonas es el lugar celestial más cercano a la morada de Dios. [ 34 ]

Un rancho cerca de la entrada del cañón de Zion (c. 1910)

Settlements had expanded 30 miles (48 km) south to the lower Virgin River by 1858.[20] That year, a Southern Paiute guide led young Mormon missionary and interpreter Nephi Johnson into the upper Virgin River area and Zion Canyon.[32] Johnson wrote a favorable report about the agricultural potential of the upper Virgin River basin, and returned later that year to found the town of Virgin. In 1861 or 1862, Joseph Black made the arduous journey to Zion Canyon and was very impressed by its beauty.[5]

The floor of Zion Canyon was settled in 1863 by Isaac Behunin, who farmed corn, tobacco, and fruit trees.[5] The Behunin family lived in Zion Canyon near the site of today's Zion Lodge during the summer, and wintered in Springdale. Behunin is credited with naming Zion, a reference to the place of peace mentioned in the Bible.[5] Two more families settled Zion Canyon in the next couple of years, bringing with them cattle and other domesticated animals. The canyon floor was farmed until Zion became a Monument in 1909.[20]

The Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869 entered the area after their first trip through the Grand Canyon.[20]John Wesley Powell visited Zion Canyon in 1872 and named it Mukuntuweap, under the impression that that was the Paiute name.[35] Powell Survey photographers John K. Hillers and James Fennemore first visited the Zion Canyon and Kolob Plateau region in the spring of 1872.[20] Hillers returned in April 1873 to add more photographs to the "Virgin River Series" of photographs and stereographs.[36] Hillers described wading the canyon for four days and nearly freezing to death to take his photographs.[36]

Protection and tourism

Painting of Zion Canyon by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh (1903)

Paintings of the canyon by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh were exhibited at the Saint Louis World's Fair in 1904,[20] followed by a favorable article in Scribner's Magazine the next year. The article and paintings, along with previously created photographs, paintings, and reports, led to President William Howard Taft's proclamation on July 31, 1909, that created Mukuntuweap National Monument.[32] In 1917, the acting director of the newly created National Park Service visited the canyon and proposed changing its name from the locally unpopular Mukuntuweap to Zion, a name used by the local Mormon community.[37] The United States Congress added more land and established Zion National Park on November 19, 1919.[5] A separate Zion National Monument, the Kolob Canyons area, was proclaimed on January 22, 1937, and was incorporated into the park on July 11, 1956.[38]

Travel to the area before it was a national park was rare due to its remote location, lack of accommodations, and the absence of real roads in southern Utah. Old wagon roads were upgraded to the first automobile roads starting about 1910, and the road into Zion Canyon was built in 1917 leading to the Grotto, short of the present road that now ends at the Temple of Sinawava.[30]

1938 poster of Zion National Park

Touring cars could reach Zion Canyon by the summer of 1917.[30] The first visitor lodging in Zion Canyon, called Wylie Camp, was established that same year as a tent camp.[30] The Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, acquired Wylie Camp in 1923, and offered ten-day rail/bus tours to Zion, nearby Bryce Canyon, the Kaibab Plateau, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.[39] The Zion Lodge complex was built in 1925 at the site of the Wylie tent camp.[30] Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood designed the Zion Lodge in a rustic architectural style, while the Utah Parks Company funded the construction.[30]

Infrastructure improvements

Work on the Zion – Mount Carmel Highway started in 1927 to enable reliable access between Springdale and the east side of the park.[5] The road opened in 1930 and park visit and travel in the area greatly increased.[40] The most famous feature of the Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is its 1.1-mile (1.8 km) tunnel, which has six large windows cut through the massive sandstone cliff.[20]

In 1896, local rancher John Winder improved the Native American footpath up Echo Canyon, which later became the East Rim Trail.[41] Entrepreneur David Flanigan used this trail in 1900 to build cableworks that lowered lumber into Zion Canyon from Cable Mountain. More than 200,000 board feet (470 m3) of lumber were lowered by 1906.[41] The auto road was extended to the Temple of Sinawava, and a trail built from there 1 mile (1.6 km) to the start of the Narrows.[42] Angel's Landing Trail was constructed in 1926 and two suspension bridges were built over the Virgin River.[35] Other trails were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s.[35]

More recent history

The Altar of Sacrifice (center) with reddish, blood-like streaks

Zion National Park has been featured in numerous films, including The Deadwood Coach (1924), Arizona Bound (1927), Nevada (1927), Ramrod (1947) and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).[43]

Zion Canyon Scenic Drive provides access to Zion Canyon. Traffic congestion in the narrow canyon was recognized as a major problem in the 1990s and a public transportation system using propane-powered shuttle buses was instituted in the year 2000.[44] As part of its shuttle fleet, Zion has two electric trams each holding up to 36 passengers.[45] Usually from early April through late October, the scenic drive in Zion Canyon is closed to private vehicles and visitors ride the shuttle buses.[44] The National Park Service has contracted the management of the shuttle bus system to transit operator RATP Dev.[46]

Zion shuttle bus stops are marked with numbers

On April 12, 1995, heavy rains triggered a landslide that blocked the Virgin River in Zion Canyon.[47] Over a period of two hours, the river carved away part of the only exit road from the canyon, trapping 450 guests and employees at the Zion Lodge.[47] A one-lane, temporary road was constructed within 24 hours to allow evacuation of the Lodge.[47] A more stable albeit temporary road was completed on May 25, 1995, to allow summer visitors to access the canyon.[47] This road was replaced with a permanent road during the first half of 1996.[47]

The Zion – Mount Carmel Highway can be travelled year-round. Access for oversized vehicles requires a special permit, and is limited to daytime hours, as traffic through the tunnel must be one way to accommodate large vehicles. The 5-mile (8.0 km)-long Kolob Canyons Road was built to provide access to the Kolob Canyons section of the park.[48] This road often closes in the winter.

In March 2009, President Barack Obama signed into law the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009, which designated and further protected 124,406 acres (50,345 ha) of park land, about 85% of the park, as the Zion Wilderness.[49]

In 2011, Zion National Park was featured in the Honest Hearts downloadable content pack for the game Fallout: New Vegas.

In September 2015, flooding trapped a party of seven in Keyhole Canyon, a slot canyon in the park. The flash flood killed all seven members of the group, whose remains were located after a search lasting several days.[50]

In 2017, some scenes from the TV series Extinct were shot in the park.[51]

On February 2, 2024, a hiker fell to their death while traversing one of the park's steep trails, highlighting the ongoing risks associated with the park’s rugged terrain.[52] This incident brings the total recorded deaths in the park to 60 since 2007, with many fatalities resulting from falls, heat-related illnesses, and flash floods. These events highlight the importance of preparation and safety when visiting the park's challenging landscape.[53]

Geology

The Three Patriarchs in Zion Canyon are made of Navajo Sandstone.

The nine known exposed geologic formations in Zion National Park are part of a super-sequence of rock units called the Grand Staircase. Together, these formations represent about 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation in that part of North America. The formations exposed in the Zion area were deposited as sediment in very different environments:

The Kolob Canyons are a set of finger canyons cut into the Kolob Plateau. Timber Top Mountain to right.

Uplift affected the entire region, known as the Colorado Plateaus, by slowly raising these formations more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) higher than where they were deposited.[54] This steepened the stream gradient of the ancestral Virgin and other rivers on the plateau.

The faster-moving streams took advantage of uplift-created joints in the rocks. Eventually, all Cenozoic-aged formations were removed and gorges were cut into the plateaus. Zion Canyon was cut by the North Fork of the Virgin River in this way. During the later part of this process, lava flows and cinder cones covered parts of the area.[55]

High water volume in wet seasons does most of the downcutting in the main canyon. These flood events are responsible for transporting most of the 3 million short tons (2.7 million metric tons) of rock and sediment that the Virgin River transports yearly.[20] The Virgin cuts away its canyon faster than its tributaries can cut away their own streambeds, so tributaries end in waterfalls from hanging valleys where they meet the Virgin.[20] The valley between the peaks of the Twin Brothers is a notable example of a hanging valley in the canyon.

Biology

Taylor Creek with Horse Ranch Mountain in background. Desert, riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest habitats are all visible.

The Great Basin, Mojave Desert, and Colorado Plateau converge at Zion and the Kolob canyons.[57] This, along with the varied topography of canyon–mesa country, differing soil types, and uneven water availability, provides diverse habitat for the equally diverse mix of plants and animals that live in the area. The park is home to 289 bird, 79 mammals, 28 reptiles, 7 fish, and 6 amphibian species.[58] These organisms make their homes in one or more of four life zones found in the park: desert, riparian, woodland, and coniferous forest.[59]

Las condiciones desérticas persisten en los fondos de los cañones y las cornisas rocosas alejadas de los arroyos perennes. Son comunes la artemisa , el cactus de nopal y el chamizo , junto con la datura sagrada y el pincel indio . [ 60 ] También se pueden encontrar el penstemon de Utah y el aster dorado. [ 61 ] La astrágalo y la pluma del príncipe se encuentran en zonas de suelos ricos en selenio . [ 59 ]

Entre los animales comunes durante el día se incluyen el venado bura , la ardilla de roca , el arrendajo piñonero y los lagartos de cola larga y de collar . Los conejos del desierto , [ 62 ] las liebres y las ratas canguro de Merriam salen por la noche. Los pumas , los linces rojos , los coyotes , los tejones , los zorros grises y los gatos de cola anillada son los principales depredadores . [ 62 ]

Las condiciones más frescas persisten en las laderas de elevación media, de 3900 a 5500 pies (1200 a 1700 m) . [ 59 ] Bosques raquíticos de pino piñonero y enebro coexisten aquí con arbustos de manzanita , rosa de acantilado , amelanchier , roble arbustivo y yuca . [ 59 ] Rodales de pino ponderosa , roble de Gambel , abeto de Douglas de las Montañas Rocosas , abeto blanco , manzanita y álamo pueblan las mesetas y acantilados por encima de los 6000 pies (1800 m) . [ 59 ]  

Es frecuente ver borregos cimarrones del desierto cerca de la carretera en el parque.

Golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, peregrine falcons, and white-throated swifts can be seen in the area.[63]Desert bighorn sheep were reintroduced in the park in 1973.[64]California condors were reintroduced in the Arizona Strip and in 2014 the first successful breeding of condors in the park was confirmed.[65][66] Nineteen species of bat also live in the area.[67]

Boxelder, Fremont cottonwood, maple, and willow dominate riparian plant communities.[59] Animals such as bank beavers, flannel-mouth suckers, gnatcatchers, dippers, canyon wrens, the virgin spinedace, and water striders all make their homes in the riparian zones.[68]

Activities

Rangers at the visitor centers in Zion Canyon and Kolob Canyons can help visitors plan their stay. Guided horseback riding trips, nature walks, and evening programs are available from late March to early November.[69] The Junior Ranger Program for children ages 4 and up is active year-round at the Nature Center, Human History Museum, and the visitor centers.[70] A bookstore attached to the Zion Canyon visitor center offers books, maps, and souvenirs.[71] The Grotto in Zion Canyon, the visitor center, and the viewpoint at the end of Kolob Canyons Road have the only designated picnic sites.[18] The visitor center also utilizes multiple types of environmental technology, including windcatchers for passive cooling and cross ventilation, which bring the center's temperature down during hot summer weather, a trombe wall to keep heat in during the winter, and solar panels for an electrical source (excess energy goes to the power grid).[72]

Trails

The Subway, a slot canyon within the Kolob Terrace section

Seven trails with round-trip times of half an hour (Weeping Rock) to 4 hours (Angels Landing) are found in Zion Canyon.[73] Two popular trails, Taylor Creek (4 hours round trip) and Kolob Arch (8 hours round trip), are in the Kolob Canyons section of the park, near Cedar City.[73] Hiking up into The Narrows from the Temple of Sinawava is popular in summer, but hiking beyond Big Springs requires a permit. The entire Narrows from Chamberlain's Ranch is a 16-mile one way trip that typically takes 12 hours of strenuous hiking.[74] A shorter alternative is to enter the Narrows via Orderville Canyon. Both Orderville and the full Narrows require a back country permit. Entrance to the Parunuweap Canyon section of the park downstream of Labyrinth Falls is prohibited. Other often-used backcountry trails include the West Rim and LaVerkin Creek.[75] The more primitive sections of Zion include the Kolob Terrace and the Kolob Canyons.[18] A network of trails totaling 50 miles in distance connect Zion's northwest corner of the park (Lee Pass Trailhead) to its southeast section (East Rim Trailhead). Popularly known as the Zion Traverse, the route offers backpackers a diverse experience of the park.

Zion is a center for rock climbing, with short walls like Spaceshot, Moonlight Buttress, Prodigal Son, Ashtar Command, and Touchstone being the most popular, highly rated routes.[76][77]

Camping and lodging

Zion Lodge accommodations

Lodging in the park is available at Zion Lodge, located halfway through Zion Canyon. Just outside the park more lodging is available in Springdale.[78]

Zion has three campgrounds: South and Watchman at the far southern side of the park, and a primitive site at Lava Point in the middle of the park off Kolob Terrace Road.[79] Overnight camping in the backcountry requires permits.[80]

See also

References

  1. ↑"Listing of acreage – December 31, 2012"(XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 31, 2013. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
  2. ↑"Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway and Tunnel". National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  3. 12"Public Interest in National Parks Remains Strong as Visits Top 323 Million in 2025". National Park Service. Retrieved July 10, 2026.
  4. ↑Cordell, Linda (1994). Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
  5. 123456Tufts 1998, p. 45
  6. 12"The Development of Zion National Park". historytogo.utah.gov. Retrieved September 8, 2025.
  7. ↑Nicolas Brulliard: How Mukuntuweap National Monument Became One of the Nation's Most Popular Parks, npca.org, Mar 15, 2018
  8. ↑Rothman, Hal (1989). Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments. University of Illinois Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-252-01548-9.
  9. ↑"An Act To establish the Zion National Park in the State of Utah (Library of Congress)"(PDF). Library of Congress. Archived(PDF) from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
  10. ↑"Notes On The History Of The Kolob Canyons". wchsutah.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  11. ↑Tufts 1998, p. 43
  12. ↑"Foundation Document Zion National Park"(PDF). National Park Service. October 2013. p. 4. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  13. ↑"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Washington County, UT"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 14–15, 25–26, 37–39, 48–50, 59–61 (PDF pp. 15–16, 26–27, 38–40, 49–51, 60–62/82). Archived(PDF) from the original on November 4, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  14. ↑"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Iron County, UT"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 37–38 (PDF pp. 38–39/49). Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  15. ↑"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Kane County, UT"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 27 (PDF p. 28/54). Archived(PDF) from the original on November 4, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  16. ↑"2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Washington County, UT"(PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. pp. 49, 60 (PDF p. 50, 61/82). Archived(PDF) from the original on November 4, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  17. ↑NPS website, How to get here
  18. 123NPS website, Accessibility
  19. ↑Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 33
  20. 12345678910Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 29
  21. ↑Alexander, Charles P (January 1948). "Records and Descriptions of North American Crane-Flies (Diptera). Part VII. The Tipuloidea of Utah". American Midland Naturalist. 39 (1). The University of Notre Dame: 1–82. doi:10.2307/2421428. JSTOR 2421428.
  22. ↑NPS website, Zion Narrows (archiveArchived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
  23. ↑NPS website, Freestanding Arches
  24. ↑"Maps - Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Archived from the original on January 31, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  25. 123456NPS website, Weather and Climate
  26. ↑"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  27. ↑"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  28. ↑NPS website, History and Culture
  29. ↑NPS website, Archeology (archiveArchived December 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
  30. 12345678910111213NPS website, People
  31. 12NPS website, Human History (archiveArchived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
  32. 1234Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 457
  33. ↑Arrington, Leonard J. (1994), "Colonization of Utah", Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, archived from the original on November 1, 2013, retrieved December 6, 2012
  34. ↑2009 Centennial Newspaper, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 2009, archived from the original on June 9, 2012, retrieved December 6, 2012
  35. 123Powell, Allen Kent (1994), "Zion National Park", in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.), Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, pp. 576–579, ISBN 0-87480-425-6, OCLC 30473917, archived from the original on October 9, 2014, retrieved November 12, 2013 Retrieved on January 1, 2009.
  36. 12Stoffer, Phil (ed.). Virgin River Canyons: Historic 3D Photographs of Powell Survey in the Zion National Park Area. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009. (public domain text)
  37. ↑ Albright, Horace M.; Schenck, Marian Albright; Utley, Robert M. (1999). "18 - Explorando un nuevo mundo de parques, 1917" . Creando el Servicio de Parques Nacionales: Los años perdidos (PDF) . University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Publishing. pág. 243. Archivado del original (PDF) el 10 de enero de 2009. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2009 . 
  38. ↑ "Apéndice C". Principios de No Dejar Rastro . Washington, DC: Servicio de Parques Nacionales .
  39. ↑ Cape Royal Road (PDF) . Washington, DC: Servicio de Parques Nacionales . c. 1968. pág. 4. HAER AZ-40. Archivado del original (PDF) el 25 de febrero de 2009. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2009 . 
  40. ↑ Sitio web del NPS • El túnel Zion-Mount Carmel
  41. 1 2 Guía de los senderos: Parque Nacional Zion . Springdale, Utah: Asociación de Historia Natural de Zion. pág. 10. Archivado del original el 17 de septiembre de 2008. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2009 . 
  42. ↑ Kiver y Harris 1999 , pág. 465 
  43. ↑ Maddrey, Joseph (2016). Los vivos, los muertos y los resucitados: Las múltiples vidas del western cinematográfico . McFarland. Página 178. ISBN 9781476625492.
  44. 1 2 Sitio web del NPS , Transporte ecológico: El servicio de transporte de Zion
  45. ↑ "Informe de mitigación del tráfico de Zion, Departamento de Transporte" . Departamento de Transporte de los Estados Unidos, Administración Federal de Carreteras. Archivado del original el 5 de enero de 2010. Consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2009 .
  46. ↑ "RATP Dev USA renueva contrato con el Servicio de Tránsito del Parque Nacional Zion" . 12 de marzo de 2020. Archivado del original el 24 de octubre de 2020. Consultado el 16 de marzo de 2020 .
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 Mentz, Kevin M.; Worrell, Eric; Zanetell, F. Dave (1997). "El proyecto del parque es un paradigma de colaboración" . Carreteras públicas . 60 (4). Administración Federal de Carreteras, Departamento de Transporte de los Estados Unidos. Archivado del original el 17 de enero de 2009. Recuperado el 18 de enero de 2009 .
  48. ↑Kona, Srividya. "Zion National Park, Utah". Travel. Texas Tech University. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  49. ↑"Wilderness Designated in Zion National Park - Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  50. ↑Mims, Bob (September 17, 2015). "7 dead in Zion National Park flash flood". CNN.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
  51. ↑Sernaker, Matt (September 29, 2017). "Exclusive Interview with Chad Michael Collins on BYUtv's EXTINCT". ComicsOnline. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  52. ↑Bittan, Ryan (February 2, 2025). "BREAKING: Hiker falls to his death at Zion National Park". ABC4 Utah. Archived from the original on February 11, 2025. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
  53. ↑Team, Legal (February 5, 2025). "Zion National Park Death Statistics [2025]". We Win Injury Law. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
  54. ↑Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 461
  55. ↑Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 42
  56. ↑"Geology Fieldnotes: Zion National Park". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2009. (public domain text and table)
  57. ↑NPS website, Home page
  58. ↑"Wilderness Stewardship Plan Handbook". Washington, D.C. p. 31. Archived from the original(doc) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2008.
  59. 123456Leach 2007, p. 39
  60. ↑NPS website, Plants (subpages)
  61. ↑NPS website, Wildflowers
  62. 12NPS website, Animals (subpages)
  63. ↑NPS website, Bird list
  64. ↑ División de Recursos de Vida Silvestre de Utah, Departamento de Recursos Naturales: - Plan de Gestión Estatal del Borrego Cimarrón de Utah Archivado el 9 de marzo de 2016 en Wayback Machine ,
  65. ↑ "Biólogos avistan por primera vez un polluelo de cóndor en Utah - Parque Nacional Zion (Servicio de Parques Nacionales de EE. UU.)" . www.nps.gov . Archivado del original el 12 de febrero de 2023. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2023 .
  66. ↑ Williams, Carter (8 de septiembre de 2021). "Un polluelo de cóndor de California se convierte en el segundo en abandonar el nido en el Parque Nacional Zion" . KSL News . Consultado el 9 de septiembre de 2021 .
  67. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Lista de mamíferos
  68. ↑ Leach 2007 , pág. 40 
  69. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Actividades al aire libre
  70. ↑ "Conviértete en Guardaparques Junior - Parque Nacional Zion (Servicio de Parques Nacionales de EE. UU.)" . www.nps.gov . Archivado del original el 12 de noviembre de 2021. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2023 .
  71. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Tours comerciales
  72. ↑ Soelberg, Chris; Rich, Julie (13 de mayo de 2014). «Métodos de construcción sostenibles utilizando la antigua tecnología BAD GIR (captador de viento)». Congreso de Investigación en Construcción 2014. págs. 1576–1585 . doi : 10.1061/9780784413517.161 . ISBN  978-0-7844-1351-7.
  73. 1 2 Sitio web del NPS , Senderismo de un día ( archivo archivado el 1 de febrero de 2009 en Wayback Machine )
  74. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Zion Narrows
  75. ↑ Planificador de zonas remotas (PDF) . Washington, DC: Servicio de Parques Nacionales. 2008. pág. 10. Archivado del original (PDF) el 25 de febrero de 2009. Consultado el 18 de enero de 2009 . 
  76. ↑ "Escalada en el Parque Nacional Zion" . mountainproject.com . Adventure Projects, Inc. Archivado del original el 11 de noviembre de 2019. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2019 .
  77. ↑ "Permisos para escalar en zonas silvestres" . nps.gov . Servicio de Parques Nacionales. 21 de junio de 2018. Archivado del original el 11 de noviembre de 2019. Consultado el 11 de noviembre de 2019 .
  78. ↑ "Comer y dormir - Parque Nacional Zion (Servicio de Parques Nacionales de EE. UU.)" . www.nps.gov . Archivado del original el 21 de mayo de 2022. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2023 .
  79. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Campamentos
  80. ↑ Sitio web del NPS , Mochilero

Bibliografía

  • Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther ; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (1997). "2: Parque Nacional Zion, suroeste de Utah". Geología de los parques nacionales (5.ª  ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing. págs. 28–42 . ISBN  0-7872-5353-7.
  • Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geología de los parques estadounidenses (5.ª  ed.). Nueva York: John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0-471-33218-6.
  • Leach, Nicky (2007). Parque Nacional Zion: Santuario en el desierto (6.ª  ed.). Mariposa, California: Sierra Press. ISBN 978-1-58071-020-6.
  • "Parque Nacional Zion, sitio web oficial" . Washington, DC: Servicio de Parques Nacionales.(texto de dominio público)
  • Schneider, Stuart (2001). Guía de carreteras de los cañones de Kolob . Asociación de Historia Natural de Zion. ISBN 0-915630-28-1.
  • Tufts, Lorraine Salem (1998). Secretos de los parques nacionales del Gran Cañón, Zion y Bryce Canyon (3.ª  ed.). North Palm Beach, Florida: National Photographic Collections. ISBN 0-9620255-3-4.
  • Woodbury, Angus M. (julio-octubre de 1944). Historia del sur de Utah y sus parques nacionales . Vol.  XII. Sociedad Histórica del Estado de Utah .

Lecturas adicionales

  • Waite, Nathan N. y Reid L. Neilson, editores. A Zion Canyon Reader . Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-60781-347-7
  • Sitio web oficial delServicio de Parques Nacionales.Edit this at Wikidata
  • Legislación del Parque Nacional Zion de la Biblioteca del Congreso
  • Biblioteca fotográfica del Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos