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FTP-MOI

The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance . ...

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The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance. A wing composed mostly of foreigners, the MOI maintained an armed force to oppose the German occupation of France during World War II. The Main-d'œuvre immigrée was the "Immigrant Movement" of the FTP.

The last surviving member of the FTP-MOI's Manouchian Group, resistance fighter Arsène Tchakarian, died in August 2018.[1]

History

The FTP-MOI groups were organized in the Paris region in 1941, at the same time as the Francs-tireurs et partisans. Their ranks were filled with foreign communists living in France who were not part of the French Communist Party. Although integrated with the FTP, these groups depended directly on Jacques Duclos, who passed on orders from the Communist International (Comintern). The national manager of the MOI was Adam Rayski, who recommended members for the FTP-MOI.[2]

Members also included other immigrants, especially many young Hungarian writers, artists and intellectuals. Among them were the painter Sándor Józsa; sculptor István Hajdú (Étienne Hajdu); journalists László Kőrösi and Imre Gyomra; photographers André (Andras) Steiner, Lucien Hervé, and Ervin Marton; and printer Ladislas Mandel.[3][4]

The FTP-MOI were among the most active and determined of the resistance groups; particularly because they were foreigners and mostly Jews, they were under the direct watch of the Vichy regime and the Germans. Without maintaining strict secrecy, they risked internment, deportation and death. Because they depended directly on the Comintern, with Duclos as their intermediary, they were often on the front line when the order to fight came from Moscow. The various French groups were more attentive to the French national political climate.

The Parisian groups were initially led by Boris Holban, then the poet turned activist Missak Manouchian. After Manouchian was arrested in 1943 and executed in February 1944, Holban took over again.

El FTP-MOI es particularmente conocido debido al sonado juicio de numerosos miembros del Grupo Manouchiano. Tras ser rastreados, arrestados e interrogados por la policía francesa, los 23 miembros fueron sometidos a un juicio farsa ante un tribunal militar alemán en el Hôtel Continental . Comenzó el 17 de febrero de 1944, duró entre dos y cuatro días, y tras una deliberación de 30 minutos, el tribunal dictó el siguiente veredicto: todos los acusados ​​fueron condenados a muerte, sin posibilidad de apelación. [ 5 ]

Todos menos dos fueron fusilados inmediatamente el 21 de febrero en Mont-Valérien . La ejecución de Olga Bancic fue suspendida para una investigación más exhaustiva y porque la ley francesa prohibía ejecutar a mujeres por fusilamiento. [ 6 ] En una nueva sentencia dictada el día de su cumpleaños, el 10 de mayo de 1944, en Stuttgart , fue condenada a muerte. Fue decapitada poco después de la sentencia. Uno de los acusados, Migratulski, fue transferido a la jurisdicción francesa.

Affiche rouge

Tras el juicio y las ejecuciones, los alemanes crearon un cartel con fondo rojo que mostraba a diez hombres del grupo manouchiano con sus nombres, fotos y supuestos crímenes; se le conoció como el Affiche Rouge . Los alemanes distribuyeron miles de copias del cartel por toda la ciudad para animar a los parisinos a considerar a los partisanos como extranjeros criminales y "no franceses", y desalentar la resistencia; sin embargo, los carteles rojos inspiraron a los ciudadanos a actuar. Algunos marcaron los carteles con frases como ¡ Murieron por Francia !

Estructura del FTP-MOI

Región de París, Grupo Manouchian

El grupo en París estuvo al mando de Boris Holban desde abril de 1942 hasta julio de 1943. Desde julio de 1943 hasta noviembre de 1943, el grupo estuvo dirigido por Joseph Epstein y Missak Manouchian . Holban volvió a comandar el grupo desde diciembre de 1943 hasta agosto de 1944. El grupo armado estaba compuesto por los siguientes miembros:

Lyon region, Compagnie Carmagnole-Liberté

The armed group Carmagnole in Lyon and the armed group Liberté in Grenoble had the following members:

Toulouse region, 35th Brigade

The 35th Brigade took its name from the thirty-five divisions of gunners of the International Brigades, to which Marcel (Mendel) Langer, head of the regional FTP-MOI, had claimed to belong. In February 1943, Langer was arrested carrying explosives. He was tried by the section spéciale of the Toulouse appeals court. The avocat général, Lespinasse, demanded his execution and, on 21 March 1943, Langer was sentenced to death. He was executed on 23 July 1943.

The 35th Brigade then called themselves the Brigade Marcel Langer in his honor. Eighteen members were arrested by the Vichy police and handed over to the Germans. Two died of unknown causes on the train transporting them to be deported. Four were shot.

  • The Spanish writer Jorge Semprún wrote a postwar novel referring to the FTP-MOI in Paris. He had also served in the Resistance, first with the FTP-MOI, and then with the FTP after he joined the Communist Party. He was captured and deported, but survived internment at Buchenwald.
  • There have been numerous portrayals of the Resistance in novels.

Filmography

  • Stéphane Courtois and Mosco Boucault, Des terroristes à la retraite, broadcast by Antenne 2 in 1983, included interviews of surviving FTP-MOI members and families of the victims. It accused the Communist Party in France (PCF) of betraying the Manouchian Group.
  • Mosco Boucault (director), Ni travail, ni famille, ni patrie – Journal d’une brigade FTP-MOÏ (1993), documentary about the Toulouse 35th Brigade
  • Étrangers et nos frères pourtant (Foreigners and yet our brothers) – 2x26mn (1994), First part: Liberté, guérilla urbaine à Lyon et Grenoble Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main-d’œuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), Second part: Carmagnole : l’insurrection de Villeurbanne. About actions of the FTP-MOI in Lyon and Grenoble. A video documentary by Claude and Denis Collins Cugnot, the title was taken from the poem/song "L'affiche rouge" (Words: Louis Aragon . Music: Jean Ferrat, Maurice Vandair).
  • La traque de l’Affiche rouge, a documentary produced by Denis Peschanski and Jorge Amat, broadcast by France 2 on 15 March 2007, refuted Courtois and Boucault's allegations.[8]
  • The dramatic film L'Armée du crime (2009) features the story of the Manouchian Group. Directed by Robert Guédiguian, a Marseille-based filmmaker of German and Armenian parentage, it was adapted from a story by Serge Le Péron. It reflects some of the divisions among the Résistance.[9]

Bibliography

  • Claude COLLIN, Carmagnole et Liberté. Les étrangers dans la Résistance en Rhône-Alpes, PUG, 2000
  • Claude LEVY(*), Raymond LEVY(*), Une histoire vraie, Paris : Les éditeurs français réunis, 1953
  • Claude LEVY(*), Les parias de la résistance, Paris : Calmann-Lévy, 1970
  • Jean-Yves BOURSIER, La guerre de partisans dans le Sud-Ouest de la France, 1942–1944. La 35e Brigade FTP-MOI, Paris : L’Harmattan, 1992
  • Gérard de VERBIZIER, Ni travail, ni famille, ni patrie. Journal d’une brigade F.T.P.-M.O.I., Toulouse, 1942–1944, Paris : Calmann-Lévy, 1994
  • Marc BRAFMAN(*), « Les origines, les motivations, l’action et les destins des combattants juifs (parmi d’autres immigrés) de la 35e Brigade FTP-MOI de Marcel Langer, Toulouse 1942-1944 », in : Le Monde juif, n° 152, pp. 79–95, 09-12/1994
  • Damira TITONEL-ASPERTI(*), Carmela MALTONE, Ecrire pour les autres. Mémoires d’une résistante. Les antifascistes italiens en Lot-et-Garonne sous l’occupation, Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 1999
  • Jean-Loup GASSEND, Autopsy of a Battle, the Allied Liberation of the French Riviera, Schiffer, 2014
  • Greg LAMAZERES, Marcel Langer, une vie de combats. 1903-1943. Juif, communiste, résistant... et guillotiné, Toulouse : Privat, 2003
  • Henri SOUM, Chronique des bords de Garonne, t. 3 « Le Vent des Fous », Ed. Signes du monde, 1994
  • Marc Levy, Les enfants de la liberté, Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, 2007.
  • F.F.I. – F.T.P.F., Pages de gloire des vingt-trois, Paris: Immigration, 1951.
  • Philippe Robrieux, L'Affaire Manouchian – Vie et mort d'un héros communiste, Paris: Fayard, 1986.

(*) Former member of the 35 Brigade FTP-MOI "Marcel Langer"

See also

References

  1. 12"French foreign-resistance fighter Arsene Tchakarian dies at 101". Deutsche Welle. 5 August 2018. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  2. ↑Courtois, Stéphane (19 March 2008). "Adam Rayski, responsable de la section juive du Parti communiste français". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  3. ↑"'Art proscrit' (Száműszött művészet), Exposition à Budapest du 17 avril au 15 aout 2010", Blog des Mardis hongrois (French), reprinted from Török Zsuzsanna, Száműszött művészet, Budapest: Holokauszt Emlékközpont (HDKE), 2010, accessed 30 August 2010
  4. ↑Art in Exile series: Belated Homecoming, 17 April to 15 Aug 2010, Holocaust Museum (HDKE), Budapest, accessed 7 Sep 2010
  5. ↑Source : F.F.I. – F.T.P.F., p. 104, et P. Robrieux, pp. 325 et 347
  6. ↑(in French)"Olga Bancic", Souviens-toi des déportes
  7. ↑Mort de Léon Landini, dernier résistant des FTP-MOI
  8. ↑Denis Peschanski – Jorge Amat, La traque de l’Affiche rouge, 72 minutes, compagnie des Phares et Balises en collaboration avec la Fondation Gabriel Péri et L’Humanité, 2006. Resume of the filmArchived 15 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine(in French)
  9. ↑STEPHEN HOLDEN, "'The Army of Crime': Outsiders in French Society, Battling Occupiers and Collaborators", The New York Times, 19 Aug 2010, accessed 17 November 2010

Further reading

  • Collin, Claude (2005). "Les italiens dans la M.O.I et les FTP-MOI à Lyon et Grenoble". Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains. 218 (2): 67–83. doi:10.3917/gmcc.218.0067.
  • Alternative, International Socialist (9 March 2024). "Behind the Myth of the "Dead for France"... Missak and Mélinée Manouchian at the Panthéon". International Socialist Alternative. Retrieved 4 June 2025.
  • Léon Landini, member of the Carmagnole-Liberté group (French vidéo)
  • "Evidence of Léon Landini, president of the Amicale Carmagnole-Liberté", Patriote Résistant, 2002, FNDIRP
  • "Herbert Herz", Carmagnole-Liberté group (French), Herbert Herz Website
  • "Affiche Rouge" (French)