Inmigración a los Estados Unidos

Aviso de bienvenida para los nuevos inmigrantes

La inmigración ha sido una fuente importante de crecimiento demográfico y cambio cultural en los Estados Unidos a lo largo de gran parte de su historia . En enero de 2025, los Estados Unidos tenían la mayor población inmigrante del mundo en términos absolutos, con 53,3 millones de residentes nacidos en el extranjero, lo que representa el 15,8 % de la población total de los EE. UU., ambos máximos históricos. ^{[ 1 ]} Si bien los Estados Unidos representaban alrededor del 4 % de la población mundial total en 2024, el 17 % de todos los migrantes internacionales residían en los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 2 ]} En marzo de 2025, la Federación para la Reforma de la Inmigración Estadounidense (FAIR) estimó que aproximadamente 18,6 millones de inmigrantes indocumentados residían en los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 3 ]} En 2024, los inmigrantes y sus hijos nacidos en los EE . UU. sumaban más de 93 millones de personas, o el 28 % de la población total de los EE. UU. ^{[ 2 ]} Según el Anuario de Estadísticas de Inmigración de 2016, Estados Unidos admitió un total de 1,18 millones de inmigrantes legales (618.000 recién llegados, 565.000 ajustes de estatus) en 2016. ^{[ 4 ]} De estos, el 48% eran familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos estadounidenses , el 20% fueron patrocinados por familiares, el 13% eran refugiados o solicitantes de asilo , el 12% eran preferencias basadas en el empleo, el 4,2% eran parte del programa de Visas de Inmigrante por Diversidad , el 1,4% eran víctimas de un delito (U1) o sus familiares lo eran (U2 a U5), ^{[ 5 ]} y al 1,0% se les otorgó la Visa Especial de Inmigrante (SIV) para iraquíes y afganos empleados por el Gobierno de Estados Unidos. ^{[ 4 ]} El 0,4% restante incluía un número reducido de varias otras categorías, incluido el 0,2% a quienes se les otorgó la suspensión de la deportación como familiares inmediatos de un ciudadano (Z13); ^{[ 6 ]} personas admitidas en virtud de la Ley de Alivio para Nicaragua y Centroamérica ; niños nacidos después de la emisión de la visa de un padre; y ciertos funcionarios en libertad condicional de la antigua Unión Soviética, Camboya, Laos y Vietnam a quienes se les negó el estatus de refugiado. ^{[ 4 ]}

Entre 1921 y 1965, políticas como la Fórmula de Orígenes Nacionales limitaron las oportunidades de inmigración y naturalización para personas de áreas fuera del noroeste de Europa. Las leyes de exclusión promulgadas ya en la década de 1880 generalmente prohibían o restringían severamente la inmigración de Asia, y las leyes de cuotas promulgadas en la década de 1920 restringieron la inmigración del sur y este de Europa. El movimiento por los derechos civiles llevó a la sustitución ^{[ 7 ]} de estas cuotas étnicas por límites por país para visas de preferencia basadas en patrocinio familiar y empleo. ^{[ 8 ]} Entre 1970 y 2007, el número de inmigrantes de primera generación que vivían en los Estados Unidos se cuadruplicó de 9,6 millones a 38,1 millones de residentes. ^{[ 9 ]}^{[ 10 ]} Las estimaciones del censo muestran 45,3 millones de residentes nacidos en el extranjero en los Estados Unidos a marzo de 2018 y 45,4 millones en septiembre de 2021, el menor aumento trienal en décadas. ^{[ 11 ]}

Tasa de crecimiento demográfico con y sin migración en Estados Unidos

En 2017, de la población nacida en el extranjero en Estados Unidos, aproximadamente el 45 % (20,7 millones) eran ciudadanos naturalizados, el 27 % (12,3 millones) eran residentes permanentes legales, el 6 % (2,2 millones) eran residentes temporales legales y el 23 % (10,5 millones) eran residentes ilegales no autorizados. ^{[ 12 ]} Estados Unidos lideró el mundo en el reasentamiento de refugiados durante décadas, admitiendo más refugiados que el resto del mundo en conjunto. ^{[ 13 ]}

Las causas de la migración incluyen la pobreza , la delincuencia , ^{[ 14 ]}^{[ 15 ]} el colapso social y la degradación ambiental . ^{[ 16 ]}

Algunas investigaciones sugieren que la inmigración es beneficiosa, en general, para la economía de Estados Unidos. Además, la evidencia indica que, en promedio, la inmigración tiene efectos económicos positivos en la población nativa existente, pero hay datos que sugieren que la inmigración de trabajadores poco cualificados afecta negativamente a los nativos poco cualificados. Los estudios también muestran que los inmigrantes tienen tasas de delincuencia más bajas que los nativos en Estados Unidos. ^{[ 17 ]}^{[ 18 ]}^{[ 19 ]} Los aspectos económicos, sociales y políticos de la inmigración han generado controversia en relación con cuestiones como el mantenimiento de la homogeneidad étnica , los trabajadores para empleadores frente a los empleos para no inmigrantes, los patrones de asentamiento, el impacto en la movilidad social ascendente , la delincuencia y el comportamiento electoral.

Historia

Debido a su historia, Estados Unidos puede describirse como un país de inmigración . La historia de la inmigración estadounidense se puede dividir en cuatro épocas: el período colonial, mediados del siglo XIX, principios del siglo XX y después de 1965. Cada período trajo a Estados Unidos distintos grupos nacionales, razas y etnias.

Período colonial

Durante el siglo XVII, más de 170.000 ingleses emigraron a los Estados Unidos modernos. ^{[ 20 ]} Constituían el 83,5% de la población blanca en el momento del primer censo en 1790. ^{[ 21 ]} De 1700 a 1775, entre 350.000 y 500.000 europeos inmigraron: las estimaciones varían en las fuentes. Con respecto a los colonos ingleses del siglo XVIII, una fuente dice que 52.000 ingleses emigraron durante el período de 1701 a 1775, aunque esta cifra probablemente sea demasiado baja. ^{[ 22 ]}^{[ 23 ]} 400.000–450.000 de los migrantes del siglo XVIII eran escoceses, escoceses-irlandeses del Ulster, alemanes , suizos y hugonotes franceses . ^{[ 24 ]} Más de la mitad de todos los inmigrantes europeos a la América colonial durante los siglos XVII y XVIII llegaron como sirvientes por contrato . ^{[ 25 ]} Su número ascendía a 350 000. ^{[ 26 ]} De 1770 a 1775 (año en que comenzó la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos ), 7000 ingleses, 15 000 escoceses, 13 200 escoceses-irlandeses, 5200 alemanes y 3900 católicos irlandeses emigraron a las Trece Colonias . ^{[ 27 ]} Según Butler (2000), hasta la mitad de los inmigrantes ingleses del siglo XVIII podrían haber sido hombres jóvenes, solteros, artesanos bien capacitados y cualificados, como los hugonotes. ^{[ 28 ]} Según análisis académicos, el inglés era el origen étnico más numeroso en todos los estados de EE. UU. en el momento del primer censo en 1790, con un rango que iba desde un máximo del 82 % en Massachusetts hasta un mínimo del 35,3 % en Pensilvania, donde los alemanes representaban el 33,3 %.

Orígenes de la población inmigrante en 1790

La Oficina del Censo publicó estimaciones preliminares de los orígenes de la población colonial estadounidense mediante la clasificación académica de los nombres de todos los jefes de familia blancos registrados en el censo de 1790 en un informe de 1909 titulado Un siglo de crecimiento demográfico . ^{[ 29 ]} Estas estimaciones iniciales fueron examinadas y rechazadas tras la aprobación de la Ley de Inmigración de 1924 , cuando el gobierno exigió estimaciones oficiales precisas de los orígenes de la población colonial como base para calcular las cuotas de inmigración de la Fórmula de Orígenes Nacionales en la década de 1920. En 1927, las cuotas propuestas basadas en las cifras de CPG fueron rechazadas por el Comité Presidencial presidido por los Secretarios de Estado , Comercio y Trabajo , y el Presidente informó al Congreso que "la información estadística e histórica disponible plantea serias dudas sobre el valor total de estos cálculos como base para los fines previstos". ^{[ 30 ]} Al concluir que CPG "no había sido aceptado por los académicos como mejor que una primera aproximación a la verdad", se produjo una extensa revisión científica, en colaboración con el Consejo Estadounidense de Sociedades Científicas (ACLS), como base para calcular las cuotas de inmigración legal contemporáneas. ^{[ 31 ]} Para esta tarea, los académicos estimaron la proporción de nombres de derivación única de cada uno de los principales grupos nacionales presentes en la población según el censo de 1790. Los resultados finales, publicados posteriormente también en la revista de la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense , se presentan a continuación: ^{[ 30 ]}

Nacionalidades estimadas de la población blanca estadounidense en los Estados Unidos continentales según el censo de 1790 ^{[ 30 ]}

↑ Y galés ; los galeses étnicos representan aproximadamente entre el 7 y el 10 % de los colonos procedentes de Inglaterra y Gales.
↑ Y finlandeses (incluidos los finlandeses del bosque ); los finlandeses étnicos constituyen más de la mitad delos colonos de Nueva Suecia ^{[ 32 ]}

Los historiadores estiman que menos de un millón de inmigrantes se trasladaron a los Estados Unidos desde Europa entre 1600 y 1799. ^{[ 33 ]} En comparación, en el primer censo federal, en 1790, la población de los Estados Unidos se estimó en 3.929.214. ^{[ 34 ]}

Estas estadísticas no incluyen al 17,8% de la población que estaba esclavizada, según el censo de 1790 .

Los primeros años de Estados Unidos

La Ley de Naturalización de 1790 limitaba la naturalización a las "personas blancas libres"; se amplió para incluir a las personas negras en la década de 1860 y a las personas asiáticas en la década de 1950. ^{[ 35 ]} Esto convirtió a Estados Unidos en una excepción, ya que las leyes que establecían distinciones raciales eran poco comunes en el mundo en el siglo XVIII. ^{[ 36 ]}

El Tratado de Jay de 1794 otorgó libertad de movimiento a los estadounidenses, súbditos británicos y nativos americanos dentro de las jurisdicciones británicas y estadounidenses, con excepción de las tierras de la Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson . El tratado sigue vigente en la medida en que permite a los nativos americanos nacidos en Canadá (sujetos a una prueba de pureza de sangre ) ingresar libremente a los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 37 ]}^{[ 38 ]}^{[ 39 ]}

En los primeros años de Estados Unidos, la inmigración (sin contar a los esclavizados , que eran tratados como mercancía y no como personas) era inferior a 8000 personas al año, ^{[ 40 ]} incluyendo a los refugiados franceses de la revuelta de esclavos en Haití . La importación legal de africanos esclavizados se prohibió después de 1808, aunque muchos fueron introducidos de contrabando para su venta. Después de 1820, la inmigración aumentó gradualmente. Entre 1836 y 1914, más de 30 millones de europeos emigraron a Estados Unidos. ^{[ 41 ]}

Primeras leyes estadounidenses que restringen la inmigración

Tras una oleada inicial de inmigración procedente de China a raíz de la Fiebre del Oro de California , las actitudes racistas hacia la población china de la Costa Oeste llevaron al Congreso a aprobar la primera ley estadounidense que restringía la inmigración: la Ley Page de 1875 , que prohibía la entrada a mujeres chinas que, según se alegaba, llegaban para ejercer la prostitución . ^{[ 42 ]} A esta le siguió la Ley de Exclusión China de 1882, que prohibió prácticamente toda la inmigración procedente de China hasta su derogación en 1943. A finales del siglo XIX, la inmigración procedente de otros países asiáticos , especialmente a la Costa Oeste, se hizo más común.

Era de exclusión

El año de mayor inmigración europea fue 1907, cuando 1.285.349 personas ingresaron al país. ^{[ 43 ]} Para 1910, 13,5 millones de inmigrantes vivían en los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 44 ]}

Si bien la Ley de Exclusión China de 1882 ya había excluido a los inmigrantes de China, la inmigración de personas de países asiáticos además de China fue prohibida por la Ley de Inmigración de 1917 , también conocida como la Ley de Zona Prohibida Asiática, que también prohibía a los homosexuales, las personas con discapacidad intelectual y las personas con una visión del mundo anarquista. ^{[ 45 ]} La Ley de Cuotas de Emergencia se promulgó en 1921, limitando la inmigración del Hemisferio Oriental mediante cuotas nacionales equivalentes al 3 por ciento del número de nacidos en el extranjero de cada nación en el censo de 1910. La Ley tenía como objetivo restringir aún más a los inmigrantes del sur y este de Europa, particularmente a los italianos, eslavos y judíos, que habían comenzado a ingresar al país en grandes cantidades a partir de la década de 1890. ^{[ 46 ]} El sistema de cuotas temporales fue reemplazado por la Fórmula de Orígenes Nacionales de la Ley de Inmigración de 1924 , que calculaba las cuotas nacionales como una fracción de 150.000 en proporción a los orígenes nacionales de toda la población blanca estadounidense según el censo de 1920 , excepto aquellos con orígenes en los países no sujetos a cuotas del hemisferio occidental (que permanecieron sin restricciones). ^{[ 47 ]}^{[ 48 ]}

Orígenes de la población inmigrante en 1920

La fórmula de Orígenes Nacionales fue un cálculo único que intentó medir la contribución total de "sangre" de cada origen nacional como porcentaje del total de estadounidenses blancos en 1920, contabilizando a los inmigrantes, los hijos de inmigrantes y los nietos de inmigrantes (y generaciones posteriores), además de estimar la población colonial descendiente de quienes inmigraron durante el período colonial y fueron censados en el censo de 1790. Los estadounidenses de ascendencia europea siguieron siendo predominantes, aunque se observaron cambios hacia el sur , el centro y el este de Europa debido a la inmigración entre 1790 y 1920. La fórmula determinó que la ascendencia derivada de Gran Bretaña representaba más del 40% del acervo genético estadounidense, seguida de la ascendencia alemana con un 16% y la ascendencia irlandesa con un 11%. El restrictivo sistema de cuotas de inmigración establecido por la Ley de Inmigración de 1924 , revisado y reafirmado por la Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad de 1952 , buscaba preservar esta composición demográfica de Estados Unidos mediante la asignación de cuotas en proporción a la cantidad de sangre que cada origen nacional había aportado al total de la población en 1920, como se presenta a continuación: ^{[ 31 ]}

La población blanca de los Estados Unidos en 1920, distribuida según la fórmula de origen nacional prescrita por el artículo 11(c) de la Ley de Inmigración de 1924. Aproximadamente el 56,5 % de los estadounidenses blancos se consideraban descendientes de inmigrantes poscoloniales en 1920 , mientras que el 43,5 % se consideraban descendientes de inmigrantes coloniales . Las cuotas de inmigración subsiguientes, vigentes hasta 1965, se basaron en estos cálculos. ^{[ 49 ]}

Estadounidenses de origen europeo en 1790 por nacionalidad, estimados por clasificación de apellidos, según una estimación preliminar de 1909 en el informe de la Oficina del Censo Un siglo de crecimiento demográfico (mitad superior) y cifras revisadas según un estudio científico de la Oficina del Censo en colaboración con el Consejo Estadounidense de Sociedades Científicas encargado en la década de 1920 (mitad inferior) ^{[ 29 ]}^{[ 30 ]}

Los patrones de inmigración de la década de 1930 se vieron afectados por la Gran Depresión . En el último año próspero, 1929, se registraron 279.678 inmigrantes, ^{[ 50 ]} pero en 1933, solo 23.068 se mudaron a los EE. UU. ^{[ 33 ]} A principios de la década de 1930, más personas emigraron de los EE. UU. que hacia ellos. ^{[ 51 ]} El gobierno de los EE. UU. patrocinó un programa de repatriación mexicana que tenía como objetivo alentar a las personas a mudarse voluntariamente a México, pero miles fueron deportados contra su voluntad. ^{[ 52 ]} En total, aproximadamente 400.000 mexicanos fueron repatriados; la mitad de ellos eran ciudadanos estadounidenses. ^{[ 53 ]} A la mayoría de los refugiados judíos que huían de los nazis y de la Segunda Guerra Mundial se les prohibió venir a los EE. UU. ^{[ 54 ]} En la era de la posguerra, el Departamento de Justicia lanzó la Operación Espaldas Mojadas , bajo la cual 1.075.168 mexicanos fueron deportados en 1954. ^{[ 55 ]}

Desde 1965

La Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad de 1965 , también conocida como Ley Hart-Celler, abolió el sistema de cuotas por origen nacional. Al igualar las políticas de inmigración, la ley dio lugar a una nueva inmigración procedente de países no europeos, lo que cambió la demografía étnica de los Estados Unidos . ^{[ 58 ]} En 1970, el 60 % de los inmigrantes procedían de Europa; este porcentaje se redujo al 15 % en el año 2000. ^{[ 59 ]}

La Ley de Inmigración y Naturalización de los Estados Unidos de 1965 abolió el antiguo sistema de cuotas y dio preferencia a las personas con habilidades consideradas "especialmente ventajosas" para los Estados Unidos, lo que resultó en un aumento de la inmigración desde Asia. ^{[ 60 ]} En la década de 1980, esto se aceleró cuando el gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos fomentó la inmigración de ingenieros, matemáticos y científicos de Asia, particularmente de India y China, para ayudar a apoyar los esfuerzos relacionados con STEM en el país. ^{[ 61 ]} La inmigración calificada de estos países se fortaleció a través de la Ley de Inmigración de 1990. [ ^{62 ] La} Academia Nacional de Ciencias ha apoyado a los legisladores estadounidenses para diseñar leyes que atraigan a matemáticos, ingenieros y científicos extranjeros a emigrar a los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 63 ]}

En 1986, el presidente Ronald Reagan firmó una reforma migratoria que otorgó amnistía a 3 millones de inmigrantes indocumentados en el país. ^{[ 64 ]}

En 1990, George H. W. Bush firmó la Ley de Inmigración de 1990 , ^{[ 65 ]} que aumentó la inmigración legal a los Estados Unidos en un 40%. ^{[ 66 ]} En 1991, Bush firmó la Ley de Ajuste de Inmigración de las Fuerzas Armadas de 1991 , que permitió a los miembros del servicio extranjero que habían servido 12 años o más en las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos calificar para la residencia permanente y, en algunos casos, la ciudadanía.

En noviembre de 1994, los votantes de California aprobaron la Proposición 187 , que modificaba la constitución estatal y negaba la ayuda financiera estatal a los inmigrantes indocumentados. Los tribunales federales anularon este cambio, dictaminando que violaba la constitución federal. ^{[ 67 ]}

Nombrada por el presidente Bill Clinton , ^{[ 68 ]} la Comisión de Reforma Migratoria de los Estados Unidos recomendó reducir la inmigración legal de aproximadamente 800.000 personas por año a aproximadamente 550.000. ^{[ 69 ]} Si bien una afluencia de nuevos residentes de diferentes culturas presenta algunos desafíos, "Estados Unidos siempre se ha visto impulsado por sus poblaciones inmigrantes", dijo el presidente Bill Clinton en 1998. "Estados Unidos ha extraído constantemente fuerza y espíritu de oleada tras oleada de inmigrantes ... Han demostrado ser las personas más inquietas, más aventureras, más innovadoras y más trabajadoras". ^{[ 70 ]}

En 2001, el presidente George W. Bush discutió un posible acuerdo con el presidente mexicano Vicente Fox . Debido a los atentados del 11 de septiembre , el posible acuerdo no se concretó. Entre 2005 y 2013, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos debatió diversas formas de controlar la inmigración. El Senado y la Cámara de Representantes no lograron llegar a un acuerdo. ^{[ 67 ]}

Casi 8 millones de personas inmigraron a los Estados Unidos entre 2000 y 2005; 3,7 millones de ellas ingresaron sin papeles. ^{[ 71 ]}^{[ 72 ]} Los inmigrantes hispanos sufrieron pérdidas de empleo durante la recesión de finales de la década de 2000, ^{[ 73 ]} pero desde el fin de la recesión en junio de 2009, los inmigrantes registraron una ganancia neta de 656 000 empleos. ^{[ 74 ]}

Casi 14 millones de inmigrantes ingresaron a los Estados Unidos entre 2000 y 2010, ^{[ 75 ]} y más de un millón de personas se naturalizaron como ciudadanos estadounidenses en 2008. El límite por país ^{[ 8 ]} aplica el mismo máximo en el número de visas a todos los países, independientemente de su población, y por lo tanto ha tenido el efecto de restringir significativamente la inmigración de personas nacidas en naciones populosas como México, China, India y Filipinas, los principales países de origen de los inmigrantes admitidos legalmente en los Estados Unidos en 2013; ^{[ 76 ]} sin embargo, China, India y México fueron los principales países de origen de los inmigrantes en general a los Estados Unidos en 2013, independientemente de su estatus legal, según un estudio de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos . ^{[ 77 ]}

Más de un millón de inmigrantes obtuvieron la residencia legal en 2011. ^{[ 78 ]}

Para quienes ingresan ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos a través de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos y otros lugares, la migración es difícil, costosa y peligrosa. ^{[ 79 ]} Prácticamente todos los inmigrantes indocumentados no tienen vías para ingresar legalmente a los Estados Unidos debido a las limitaciones legales restrictivas de las tarjetas de residencia y la falta de visas de inmigrante para trabajadores poco calificados. ^{[ 80 ]} Los participantes en los debates sobre inmigración a principios del siglo XXI pidieron aumentar la aplicación de las leyes existentes que rigen la inmigración ilegal a los Estados Unidos , construir una barrera a lo largo de parte o la totalidad de la frontera entre México y Estados Unidos de 2000 millas (3200 km) , o crear un nuevo programa de trabajadores temporales . Durante gran parte de 2006, el país y el Congreso estuvieron inmersos en un debate sobre estas propuestas. A partir de abril de 2010 Pocas de estas propuestas se habían convertido en ley, aunque se había aprobado una valla fronteriza parcial que posteriormente fue cancelada. ^{[ 81 ]}

Intentos de reforma modernos

Desde Ronald Reagan en la década de 1980, presidentes de ambos partidos políticos han incrementado progresivamente el número de agentes de la patrulla fronteriza e instituido medidas punitivas más severas para las infracciones migratorias. Ejemplos de estas políticas incluyen la Ley de Reforma y Control de la Inmigración de Ronald Reagan de 1986 y la estrategia de Prevención mediante la Disuasión de la era Clinton . El sociólogo Douglas Massey ha argumentado que estas políticas han logrado generar una percepción de control fronterizo, pero han fracasado en gran medida en prevenir la emigración desde América Latina. Cabe destacar que, en lugar de reducir la inmigración ilegal, el aumento de agentes de la patrulla fronteriza disminuyó la migración circular a través de la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México, incrementando así la población hispana en Estados Unidos ^{[ 82 ].}

Presidentes de ambos partidos han empleado una retórica antiinmigrante para atraer a su base política o para obtener apoyo bipartidista para sus políticas. Si bien republicanos como Reagan y Donald Trump han sido pioneros en presentar a los inmigrantes hispanos como criminales, Douglas Massey señala que "el momento actual de racismo y xenofobia abiertos no podría haber ocurrido con la aquiescencia demócrata". ^{[ 83 ]} Por ejemplo, al cabildear a favor de su proyecto de ley de inmigración de 1986, Reagan presentó la inmigración no autorizada como un asunto de "seguridad nacional" y advirtió que "los terroristas y subversivos están a solo dos días de viaje en coche" de la frontera. ^{[ 83 ]} Presidentes posteriores, incluidos los demócratas Bill Clinton y Barack Obama, utilizaron una retórica de "seguridad" similar en sus esfuerzos por obtener el apoyo republicano para una reforma migratoria integral. En su discurso sobre el Estado de la Unión de 2013, Obama dijo: "Una reforma real significa una seguridad fronteriza sólida, y podemos aprovechar el progreso que mi administración ya ha logrado : desplegar más efectivos en la frontera sur que en cualquier otro momento de nuestra historia". ^[⁸⁴^]

Primeras políticas de la administración Trump

ICE informa que deportó a 240.255 inmigrantes en el año fiscal 2016, así como a 226.119 en el año fiscal 2017 y a 256.085 en el año fiscal 2018. Los ciudadanos de países centroamericanos (incluido México) representaron más del 90% de las deportaciones en el año fiscal 2017 y más del 80% en el año fiscal 2018. ^{[ 85 ]}

En enero de 2017, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Donald Trump, firmó una orden ejecutiva que suspendía temporalmente la entrada a Estados Unidos de ciudadanos de siete países de mayoría musulmana . Esta fue reemplazada por otra orden ejecutiva en marzo de 2017 y por una proclamación presidencial en septiembre de 2017, con varios cambios en la lista de países y exenciones. ^{[ 86 ]} Las órdenes fueron suspendidas temporalmente por tribunales federales, pero posteriormente la Corte Suprema permitió que siguieran vigentes, a la espera de un fallo definitivo sobre su legalidad. ^{[ 87 ]} Otra orden ejecutiva exigía la construcción inmediata de un muro en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México , la contratación de 5000 nuevos agentes de la patrulla fronteriza y 10 000 nuevos oficiales de inmigración, y sanciones de financiación federal para las ciudades santuario . ^{[ 88 ]}

La política de "tolerancia cero" se implementó en 2018, la cual permite legalmente la separación de niños de adultos que ingresan ilegalmente a Estados Unidos. Esto se justifica al considerar a todos los adultos que ingresan ilegalmente como delincuentes, sometiéndolos así a un proceso penal. ^{[ 89 ]} La Administración Trump también argumentó que su política tenía precedentes bajo la Administración Obama, la cual había abierto centros de detención familiar en respuesta al creciente uso de niños por parte de migrantes para introducir adultos al país. Sin embargo, la Administración Obama detuvo a familias juntas en centros de detención administrativa, no penal. ^{[ 90 ]}^{[ 91 ]}

Otras políticas se centraron en lo que significa para un solicitante de asilo alegar temor fundado. ^{[ 92 ]} Para reducir aún más la cantidad de solicitantes de asilo en Estados Unidos, el Fiscal General Jeff Sessions emitió una decisión que restringe a quienes huyen de la violencia de pandillas y el abuso doméstico como "delitos privados", lo que hace que sus solicitudes no sean elegibles para asilo. ^{[ 93 ]} Estas nuevas políticas que se habían implementado fueron controvertidas por poner en riesgo la vida de los solicitantes de asilo, hasta el punto de que la ACLU demandó a Jeff Sessions junto con otros miembros de la Administración Trump. La ACLU alegó que las políticas implementadas por la Administración Trump socavaban los derechos humanos fundamentales de quienes inmigran a Estados Unidos, específicamente las mujeres. También alegaron que estas políticas violaban décadas de legislación de asilo establecida. ^{[ 94 ]}

En abril de 2020, el presidente Trump dijo que firmaría una orden ejecutiva para suspender temporalmente la inmigración a los Estados Unidos debido a la pandemia de COVID-19 en los Estados Unidos . ^{[ 95 ]}^{[ 96 ]}

políticas de la administración Biden

En enero de 2023, en relación con la crisis fronteriza entre México y Estados Unidos , Joe Biden anunció una nueva política migratoria que permitiría la entrada de 30 000 migrantes mensuales procedentes de Cuba, Haití, Nicaragua y Venezuela ^{[ 97 ]} , pero que también expulsaría a los migrantes de aquellos países que infringieran las leyes de inmigración estadounidenses. ^{[ 98 ]} Esta política ha recibido críticas de «defensores de la reforma migratoria y abogados que denuncian cualquier ampliación del Título 42». ^{[ 97 ]}

El 31 de octubre de 2023, el secretario de Seguridad Nacional, Alejandro Mayorkas, testificó ante el Comité de Seguridad Nacional del Senado que más de 600.000 personas ingresaron ilegalmente a Estados Unidos sin ser detenidas por agentes fronterizos durante el año fiscal 2023. ^{[ 99 ]}^{[ 100 ]}

En el año fiscal 2022, a más de un millón de inmigrantes (la mayoría de los cuales ingresaron a través de la reunificación familiar ) se les otorgó la residencia legal , ^{[ 101 ]} frente a los 707 000 de 2020. ^{[ 102 ]}

Reforma de la seguridad fronteriza y del asilo en la Ley de Asignaciones Suplementarias de Seguridad Nacional de Emergencia de 2024

La Ley de Asignaciones Suplementarias de Seguridad Nacional de Emergencia de 2024 representa un cambio en el sistema de inmigración, centrándose en fortalecer la seguridad fronteriza y mejorar los procesos de asilo. Este proyecto de ley, respaldado por ambos senadores republicanos y avalado por el presidente Biden, busca abordar el aumento de cruces fronterizos en la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México, revolucionando la forma en que las autoridades fronterizas procesan a los migrantes y solicitantes de asilo . Más específicamente, los oficiales de asilo podrán considerar ciertos obstáculos para el asilo durante las entrevistas de evaluación, que anteriormente solo eran considerados por los jueces de inmigración. La legislación tiene como objetivo simplificar las disposiciones para una gestión eficaz.

La ley propuesta introduce un procedimiento de asilo en la frontera de los EE. UU. , donde los oficiales de asilo del Servicio de Ciudadanía e Inmigración de los EE. UU. (USCIS) pueden revisar las solicitudes de asilo a un ritmo más rápido. Este nuevo proceso, llamado procedimientos de expulsión, se detalla en una nueva sección de la Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad (INA), específicamente la Sección 235B. ^{[ 103 ]} El proyecto de ley establece un requisito para aprobar una evaluación de asilo al exigir un estándar de "posibilidad razonable" en lugar del estándar anterior de "temor creíble". Requiere más evidencia en las etapas de evaluación preliminar al mismo nivel que se necesita para una audiencia completa. En particular, excluye a las personas detenidas entre puertos de entrada de la elegibilidad para el asilo, excepto bajo excepciones limitadas. ^{[ 104 ]} Este ajuste hace que sea más difícil para los solicitantes de asilo calificar para una audiencia ante un juez de inmigración y ha planteado preguntas con respecto a posibles violaciones contra el derecho a buscar asilo y el debido proceso .

Además, la legislación establece una autoridad de expulsión de emergencia que faculta a la rama para expulsar a migrantes y solicitantes de asilo durante "circunstancias migratorias extraordinarias". Cuando el promedio de encuentros entre puertos de entrada durante siete días supera los 2500, entran en vigor las restricciones. ^{[ 105 ]} Las restricciones se mantienen hasta que el promedio desciende por debajo de 1500 durante 14 días consecutivos. Si esto ocurre, el Secretario del DHS puede enviar de inmediato a los migrantes de regreso a su país de origen, a menos que puedan demostrar que corren riesgo de persecución o tortura.

La legislación propuesta contempla alrededor de 18.300 millones de dólares en fondos para el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional (DHS) para llevar a cabo las políticas fronterizas y los cambios en el proceso de asilo. Además, destina 2.300 millones de dólares para apoyar a los refugiados que llegan a través del programa de "Asistencia para Refugiados y Recién Llegados". ^{[ 103 ]} El programa está diseñado para financiar una amplia gama de servicios sociales para los refugiados recién llegados, tanto a través de los estados como de subvenciones directas para servicios. El proyecto de ley describe disposiciones para otorgar estatus a aliados que protejan a la mayoría de los "Dreamers Documentados" y emitir 250.000 visas de inmigrante adicionales. ^{[ 106 ]} Introduce un programa de repatriación que permite a los solicitantes de asilo regresar a sus países de origen en cualquier momento durante el proceso. La legislación propuesta también contiene cláusulas que no afectan las iniciativas de libertad condicional humanitaria de la administración Biden para personas de Venezuela, Cuba, Haití y Nicaragua. ^{[ 107 ]} A estas personas se les otorga autorización para viajar y un período temporal de libertad condicional en los Estados Unidos.

Orígenes de la población inmigrante en Estados Unidos, 1960-2016

Nota: "Otros países de Latinoamérica" incluye Centroamérica, Sudamérica y el Caribe.

Número de refugiados

Según el Departamento de Estado, en el año fiscal 2016 se admitieron en Estados Unidos 84.988 refugiados procedentes de todo el mundo. En el año fiscal 2017, se admitieron 53.691 refugiados. Tras la llegada de Trump al poder, se produjo un descenso significativo que continuó en el año fiscal 2018, cuando solo se admitieron 22.405 refugiados. Esto evidencia una drástica caída en la admisión de refugiados desde que la administración Trump asumió el cargo. ^{[ 110 ]}

El 26 de septiembre de 2019, la administración Trump anunció que planeaba permitir el reasentamiento de solo 18.000 refugiados en Estados Unidos durante el año fiscal 2020, el nivel más bajo desde que comenzó el programa moderno en 1980. ^{[ 111 ]}^{[ 112 ]}^{[ 113 ]}^{[ 114 ]}

En 2020, la administración Trump anunció que planeaba reducir drásticamente la admisión de refugiados a EE. UU. para 2021 a un mínimo histórico de 15.000 refugiados, frente al límite de 18.000 para 2020, lo que convirtió a 2021 en el cuarto año consecutivo de disminución de la admisión de refugiados durante el mandato de Trump. ^{[ 115 ]}^{[ 116 ]}^{[ 117 ]}

La administración Biden se comprometió a acoger a 125.000 refugiados en 2024. ^{[ 118 ]}

Inmigración contemporánea

Una ceremonia de naturalización en Salem, Massachusetts, en 2007.

A partir de 2018Aproximadamente la mitad de los inmigrantes que viven en Estados Unidos provienen de México y otros países latinoamericanos. ^{[ 121 ]}

Hasta la década de 1930, la mayoría de los inmigrantes legales eran hombres. Para la década de 1990, las mujeres representaban poco más de la mitad de todos los inmigrantes legales. ^{[ 122 ]} Los inmigrantes contemporáneos tienden a ser más jóvenes que la población nativa de los Estados Unidos, con una sobrerrepresentación sustancial de personas entre los 15 y los 34 años. ^{[ 123 ]} Los inmigrantes también tienen más probabilidades de estar casados y menos probabilidades de estar divorciados que los estadounidenses nativos de la misma edad. ^{[ 124 ]}

Es probable que los inmigrantes se muden y vivan en áreas pobladas por personas con antecedentes similares. Este fenómeno se ha mantenido constante a lo largo de la historia de la inmigración a los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 125 ]} Siete de cada diez inmigrantes encuestados por Public Agenda en 2009 dijeron que tenían la intención de establecerse permanentemente en los EE. UU., y el 71% dijo que si pudieran volver atrás, volverían a venir a los EE. UU. En el mismo estudio, el 76% de los inmigrantes afirma que el gobierno se ha vuelto más estricto en la aplicación de las leyes de inmigración desde los ataques del 11 de septiembre ("11-S"), y el 24% reporta haber experimentado personalmente algún grado o mucha discriminación. ^{[ 126 ]}

Las actitudes públicas sobre la inmigración en Estados Unidos se vieron fuertemente influenciadas tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre. Después de los ataques, el 52% de los estadounidenses creía que la inmigración era algo positivo para Estados Unidos en general, una cifra inferior al 62% del año anterior, según una encuesta de Gallup de 2009. ^{[ 127 ]} Una encuesta de Public Agenda de 2008 reveló que la mitad de los estadounidenses afirmó que un mayor control de la inmigración contribuiría en gran medida a mejorar la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos. ^{[ 128 ]} El politólogo e historiador de Harvard, Samuel P. Huntington, argumentó en su libro de 2004, ¿Quiénes somos? Los desafíos a la identidad nacional de Estados Unidos, que una posible consecuencia futura de la continua inmigración masiva procedente de América Latina, especialmente de México, podría conducir a la bifurcación de Estados Unidos. ^{[ 129 ]}^{[ 130 ]}

La población estimada de inmigrantes mexicanos indocumentados en EE. UU. disminuyó de aproximadamente 7 millones en 2007 a 6,1 millones en 2011 ^{[ 131 ].} Los analistas vinculan el cambio en la tendencia migratoria con la recesión económica que comenzó en 2008 y que significó menos empleos disponibles, y con la introducción de leyes migratorias estrictas en muchos estados. ^{[ 132 ]}^{[ 133 ]}^{[ 134 ]}^{[ 135 ].} Según el Pew Hispanic Center , la inmigración neta de personas nacidas en México se había estancado en 2010 y tendía a ser negativa. ^{[ 136 ] .}

Según un informe de Indeed , la proporción de solicitantes de empleo internacionales que buscaban trabajar en Estados Unidos disminuyó drásticamente en 2025. La desaceleración del mercado laboral y las políticas de inmigración más estrictas, iniciadas con la administración Biden y acentuadas bajo la presidencia de Trump, han contribuido a una mayor disminución de la demanda de empleos en Estados Unidos. ^{[ 137 ]}

Más de 80 ciudades en los Estados Unidos, ^{[ 138 ]} incluyendo Washington DC, Nueva York, Los Ángeles, Chicago, San Francisco, San Diego , San José , Salt Lake City , Phoenix , Dallas , Fort Worth , Houston , Detroit, Jersey City , Minneapolis , Denver , Baltimore , Seattle , Portland, Oregón y Portland, Maine , tienen políticas de santuario , que varían localmente. ^{[ 139 ]}

Causas de la migración

"El debate actual ... se centra casi exclusivamente en qué hacer con los inmigrantes cuando llegan aquí. Pero el gran problema que falta en la mesa es qué hemos estado haciendo allí que los trae aquí, que los impulsa a venir", según Jeff Faux , economista e investigador distinguido del Instituto de Política Económica .

Muchos centroamericanos huyen debido a las desesperadas circunstancias sociales y económicas en sus países. Algunos creen que la gran cantidad de refugiados centroamericanos que llegan a Estados Unidos puede explicarse como una consecuencia de políticas como las intervenciones militares y las operaciones encubiertas estadounidenses que instalaron o mantuvieron en el poder a líderes autoritarios aliados con terratenientes adinerados y corporaciones multinacionales que obstaculizan la agricultura familiar y los esfuerzos democráticos, lo que ha provocado una marcada desigualdad social, pobreza generalizada y delincuencia desenfrenada. ^[¹⁴^] La austeridad económica dictada por las políticas neoliberales impuestas por el Fondo Monetario Internacional y su aliado, Estados Unidos, también se ha citado como un factor determinante de las precarias condiciones sociales y económicas, al igual que la " guerra contra las drogas " de Estados Unidos, que se ha entendido como un factor que alimenta la violencia de pandillas asesinas en la región. ^[¹⁵^]

Otro importante motor de migración desde Centroamérica (Guatemala, Honduras y El Salvador) son las malas cosechas, que son causadas (en parte) por el cambio climático . ^{[ 140 ]}^{[ 141 ]}^{[ 142 ]}^{[ 143 ]}

La mitad de las personas que migran de Latinoamérica a Estados Unidos provienen del Corredor Seco , una zona climática que se extiende por Guatemala , El Salvador y Honduras y que sufre diversos impactos del cambio climático, lo que genera un flujo migratorio hacia Estados Unidos. Solo entre 2007 y 2017, la inmigración de esta región a Estados Unidos aumentó en un 25%, y se espera que esta tendencia continúe, dado que el cambio climático seguirá provocando un aumento de la sequedad y el calor en la región. El cambio climático es fundamental para comprender la migración desde esta zona, ya que influye en diversos factores socioeconómicos de expulsión. Los cambios en los patrones climáticos son parte de las causas que impulsan la migración de mexicanos tanto dentro como fuera del país. Entre 2008 y 2021, 2.2 millones de mexicanos fueron desplazados por razones relacionadas con el cambio climático. ^{[ 16 ]}

Países de origen

Antes de 2021, el término América incluía tanto América del Norte (incluidas las regiones de América Central y el Caribe) como América del Sur.

Fuente: Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos, Oficina de Estadísticas de Inmigración ^{[ 147 ]}^{[ 149 ]}^{[ 150 ]}^{[ 151 ]}^{[ 152 ]}

Gráficos

Entrada de nuevos residentes permanentes legales por continente en 2023:

América (48,0%)
Asia (35,7%)
África (9,00%)
Europa (6,80%)
Australia y Oceanía (0,40%)
Desconocido (0,10%)

Idiomas hablados entre los inmigrantes en Estados Unidos, 2016: ^{[ 108 ]}

Solo en inglés (16,0%)
Español (43,0%)
Chino (6,00%)
Hindi y lenguas afines (5,00%)
Filipino/Tagalo (4,00%)
Francés (3,00%)
Vietnamita (3,00%)
Árabe (2,00%)
Otros (18,0%)

Demografía

Alcance y destinos

Una multitud en el desfile del Día de la Independencia de Filipinas en la ciudad de Nueva York.

2010, ^{[ 157 ]} 2017, ^{[ 158 ]} 2018 ^{[ 159 ]}^{[ 160 ]}

Ver datos de origen .

Estados Unidos admitió entre diez y once millones de inmigrantes legales entre 1991 y 2000, más que en cualquier década anterior. En la década más reciente, los diez millones de inmigrantes legales que se establecieron en Estados Unidos representan aproximadamente un tercio del crecimiento anual, ya que la población estadounidense aumentó en 32 millones (de 249 millones a 281 millones). En comparación, la década anterior con mayor número de inmigrantes fue la de 1900, cuando llegaron 8,8 millones de personas, lo que incrementó la población total de Estados Unidos en un uno por ciento cada año. Específicamente, "casi el 15% de los estadounidenses eran nacidos en el extranjero en 1910, mientras que en 1999, solo alrededor del 10% lo eran". ^[¹⁶¹^]

En 1970, los inmigrantes representaban el 4,7 por ciento de la población estadounidense, cifra que aumentó al 6,2 por ciento en 1980 y se estimó en un 12,5 por ciento en 2009. ^{[ 162 ]} A partir de 2010El 25% de los residentes de EE. UU. menores de 18 años eran inmigrantes de primera o segunda generación. ^{[ 163 ]} El ocho por ciento de todos los bebés nacidos en EE. UU. en 2008 pertenecían a padres inmigrantes indocumentados, según un análisis reciente de datos de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. realizado por el Pew Hispanic Center. ^[¹⁶⁴^]

La inmigración legal a los EE. UU. aumentó de 250.000 en la década de 1930, a 2,5 millones en la década de 1950, a 4,5 millones en la década de 1970, y a 7,3 millones en la década de 1980, antes de estabilizarse en alrededor de 10 millones en la década de 1990. ^{[ 165 ]} Desde 2000, los inmigrantes legales a los Estados Unidos suman aproximadamente 1.000.000 por año, de los cuales unos 600.000 son Cambio de Estatus que ya están en los EE. UU. Los inmigrantes legales a los Estados Unidos ahora están en su nivel más alto de la historia, con poco más de 37.000.000 de inmigrantes legales. En informes de 2005-2006, las estimaciones de inmigración ilegal oscilaron entre 700.000 y 1.500.000 por año. ^[¹⁶⁶^]^[¹⁶⁷^] La inmigración provocó un aumento del 57,4% en la población nacida en el extranjero entre 1990 y 2000. ^[¹⁶⁸^]

La inmigración de personas nacidas en el extranjero ha provocado que la población de Estados Unidos continúe su rápido crecimiento, duplicándose la población nacida en el extranjero de casi 20 millones en 1990 a más de 47 millones en 2015. ^{[ 169 ]} En 2018, había casi 90 millones de inmigrantes y niños nacidos en Estados Unidos hijos de inmigrantes ( estadounidenses de segunda generación ), lo que representaba el 28% de la población total de Estados Unidos. ^{[ 170 ]}

Si bien la inmigración aumentó drásticamente durante el siglo XX, la proporción de población nacida en el extranjero, con un 13,4%, se sitúa ligeramente por debajo de su máximo histórico de 1910, que fue del 14,7%. Diversos factores pueden atribuirse a la disminución de la representación de residentes nacidos en el extranjero en Estados Unidos. El más significativo ha sido el cambio en la composición de los inmigrantes; antes de 1890, el 82% de los inmigrantes procedían del norte y oeste de Europa. Entre 1891 y 1920, esa cifra se redujo al 25%, con un aumento de inmigrantes procedentes del este, centro y sur de Europa, que sumaron el 64%. La animosidad hacia estos inmigrantes de diferente origen étnico aumentó en Estados Unidos, lo que dio lugar a numerosas leyes para limitar la inmigración durante el siglo XX. ^{[ 171 ]}

Origen

Población nacida en el extranjero en los Estados Unidos en 2019 por país de nacimiento ^{[ 159 ]}^{[ 179 ]}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 No se contabilizan por separado; se agrupan en la categoría "Otros".
↑ Excluyendo Hong Kong y Taiwán
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Los datos provienen del documento de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. de 2006 que se cita. Las cifras de este país no aparecen en el documento de la Oficina del Censo de 1965.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 La información proviene del documento del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.
↑ Además de Corea del Norte
↑ Incluyendo las dependencias de la Corona
↑ Rusia no era un país en ese momento. El número de personas contabilizadas corresponde a las procedentes de la Unión Soviética.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 El país no era independiente; se contaba bajo "Rusia" .
↑ Además de la Franja de Gaza
↑ Solo Francia metropolitana
1 2 3 Myanmar era conocido anteriormente como Birmania. Los datos provienen del informe de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.
↑ No incluye los Territorios Palestinos ni los Altos del Golán.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Los datos provienen del documento de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.
↑ Incluyendo los Altos del Golán
↑ El documento del censo de 2006 no menciona si esto incluye los Altos del Golán.
↑ Solo Países Bajos europeos
↑ No incluye el Sáhara Occidental
↑ Además de Cisjordania
↑ La información proviene de un documento del Censo de EE. UU. de 2006. Belice no era un país independiente en ese momento y se conocía como Honduras Británica.
↑ Excluyendo Hong Kong y también Taiwán (República de China).
↑ Incluyendo a Corea del Norte.
↑ Incluyendo las Dependencias de la Corona .
↑ Incluida la Franja de Gaza .
↑ Solo Francia metropolitana .
↑ Excluyendo los Altos del Golán y los territorios palestinos .
↑ Incluyendo los Altos del Golán .
↑ Incluida Cisjordania .
↑ Solo Países Bajos europeos.
↑ Excluyendo el Sáhara Occidental .

Opiniones sobre los inmigrantes

Religión

En la Encuesta sobre el panorama religioso de 2023-2024 realizada por el Pew Research Center entre los nacidos fuera de los Estados Unidos, el 58% se identificó como cristiano, el 14% como perteneciente a otras religiones y el 26% dijo no estar afiliado. ^{[ 180 ]}

Efectos de la inmigración

La inmigración a los Estados Unidos aumenta significativamente la población. La Oficina del Censo estima que la población de los EE. UU. aumentará de 317 millones en 2014 a 417 millones en 2060 con la inmigración, cuando casi el 20% serán nacidos en el extranjero. ^{[ 181 ]} En particular, la población de hispanos y asiático-americanos aumenta significativamente con la inmigración, y se espera que ambas poblaciones experimenten un crecimiento importante. ^{[ 182 ]}^{[ 183 ]} En general, el Informe Pew predice que la población de los Estados Unidos aumentará de 296 millones en 2005 a 441 millones en 2065, pero solo a 338 millones sin inmigración. ^{[ 182 ]} La prevalencia de la segregación de inmigrantes ha puesto en tela de juicio la precisión de describir a los Estados Unidos como un crisol de culturas . ^{[ 184 ]}^{[ 185 ]} La inmigración a los Estados Unidos también ha aumentado la diversidad religiosa, con el Islam , el Hinduismo , el Budismo y el Sikhismo creciendo en los Estados Unidos debido a la inmigración. ^{[ 186 ]} Los cambios demográficos como resultado de la inmigración han afectado las afiliaciones políticas. Los inmigrantes son más propensos que los nativos a apoyar al Partido Demócrata . ^{[ 58 ]}^{[ 187 ]}^{[ 188 ]} Los grupos de interés que cabildean a favor y en contra de la inmigración juegan un papel en la política de inmigración, siendo los grupos religiosos, étnicos y empresariales los más propensos a cabildear en temas de inmigración. ^{[ 189 ]}^{[ 190 ]}

No se ha encontrado que los inmigrantes aumenten la delincuencia en los Estados Unidos, y los inmigrantes en general están asociados con tasas de delincuencia más bajas que los nativos. ^{[ 17 ]}^{[ 18 ]}^{[ 19 ]}^{[ 191 ]} Algunas investigaciones incluso sugieren que los aumentos en la inmigración pueden explicar en parte la reducción en la tasa de delincuencia de los EE. UU. ^{[ 192 ]}^{[ 193 ]} Según un estudio, las ciudades santuario —que adoptan políticas diseñadas para no procesar a las personas únicamente por ser inmigrantes ilegales— no tienen un efecto estadísticamente significativo en la delincuencia. ^{[ 194 ]} Las investigaciones sugieren que las prácticas policiales, como el perfil racial , el exceso de vigilancia policial en áreas pobladas por minorías y el sesgo endogrupal pueden resultar en números desproporcionadamente altos de inmigrantes entre los sospechosos de delitos. ^{[ 195 ]}^{[ 196 ]}^{[ 197 ]}^{[ 198 ]} Las investigaciones también sugieren que puede haber una posible discriminación por parte del sistema judicial, lo que contribuye a un mayor número de condenas para los inmigrantes. ^{[ 199 ]}^{[ 200 ]}^{[ 201 ]}^{[ 202 ]}^{[ 203 ]} La crimmigración ha surgido como un campo en el que los académicos críticos de la inmigración conceptualizan el sistema actual de aplicación de la ley de inmigración. ^{[ 204 ]}

El aumento de la inmigración a los Estados Unidos ha causado históricamente discriminación y disturbios raciales. Las áreas con poblaciones minoritarias más altas pueden estar sujetas a un mayor control policial ^[¹⁹⁵^]^[¹⁹⁶^]^[²⁰⁵^]^[¹⁹⁸^] y sentencias más severas. ^[¹⁹⁹^]^[²⁰⁰^]^[²⁰¹^]^[²⁰²^]^[²⁰³^] Se ha encontrado que el profesorado en las instituciones educativas es más receptivo hacia los estudiantes blancos, ^[²⁰⁶^] aunque las políticas de acción afirmativa pueden hacer que las universidades favorezcan a los solicitantes de minorías. ^[²⁰⁷^] La evidencia también muestra la existencia de discriminación racial en el mercado de la vivienda ^[²⁰⁸^]^[²⁰⁹^]^[²¹⁰^] y el mercado laboral. ^[²⁰⁸^]^[²¹¹^]^[²¹²^] También existe discriminación entre diferentes grupos de inmigrantes. ^[²¹³^]^[²¹⁴^] Según un estudio de 2018 sobre ingresos longitudinales, la mayoría de los inmigrantes se asimilan económicamente a los Estados Unidos en un lapso de 20 años, igualando las situaciones económicas de los no inmigrantes de raza y etnia similares. ^[²¹⁵^]

Se ha constatado que la inmigración tiene poco impacto en la salud de los nativos. ^{[ 216 ]} Los investigadores también han descubierto lo que se conoce como el "efecto del inmigrante sano", según el cual los inmigrantes en general tienden a ser más saludables que las personas nacidas en los EE. UU. ^{[ 217 ]}^{[ 218 ]} Sin embargo, se cree que algunas enfermedades se introdujeron en los Estados Unidos o aumentaron debido a la inmigración. ^{[ 219 ]} Los inmigrantes tienen más probabilidades que los estadounidenses nativos de recibir una visita médica etiquetada como atención no remunerada . ^{[ 220 ]}

Una proporción significativa de científicos e ingenieros estadounidenses son inmigrantes. Los estudiantes de posgrado tienen más probabilidades de ser inmigrantes que los estudiantes de pregrado, ya que los inmigrantes suelen completar su formación de pregrado en su país de origen antes de emigrar. ^{[ 221 ]} El 33 % de todos los doctorados en ciencias e ingeniería de EE. UU. se otorgaron a estudiantes de posgrado nacidos en el extranjero en 2004. ^{[ 222 ]}

Impacto económico

Se ha constatado que tanto la inmigración de trabajadores altamente cualificados como la de trabajadores poco cualificados mejoran las condiciones económicas para el inmigrante medio ^{[ 223 ]} y el estadounidense medio. ^{[ 224 ]}^{[ 225 ]} El impacto general de la inmigración en la economía tiende a ser mínimo. ^{[ 226 ]}^{[ 227 ]} La investigación sugiere que la diversidad tiene un efecto positivo neto en la productividad ^{[ 228 ]}^{[ 229 ]} y la prosperidad económica. ^{[ 230 ]}^{[ 231 ]}^{[ 232 ]} Un informe de 2026 del Instituto Cato reveló que, entre 1994 y 2023, las contribuciones de los inmigrantes a través de la tributación y la actividad económica superaron el coste de los servicios utilizados por los inmigrantes de forma anual y acumulada. El estudio también halló que, durante todo el período, los inmigrantes generaron un superávit fiscal de 14,5 billones de dólares en dólares de 2024 y ahorraron al país 3,9 billones de dólares en intereses de la deuda nacional. El artículo concluye que los inmigrantes han evitado una crisis fiscal y que, sin su impacto, la deuda nacional sería del 205 % del PIB, casi el doble de su proporción actual. ^{[ 233 ]} En general, la inmigración no ha tenido mucho efecto en la desigualdad salarial de los nativos ^{[ 234 ]}^{[ 235 ]} pero la inmigración de baja cualificación se ha relacionado con una mayor desigualdad de ingresos en la población nativa. ^{[ 236 ]} Históricamente, los sindicatos se han opuesto a la inmigración por motivos económicos. ^{[ 237 ]}

También se ha descubierto que los inmigrantes aumentan la productividad económica, ya que son más propensos a ocupar puestos de trabajo que los nativos no están dispuestos a realizar. ^{[ 238 ]} La investigación indica que los inmigrantes son más propensos a trabajar en empleos de riesgo que los trabajadores nacidos en EE. UU., en parte debido a diferencias en las características promedio, como la menor capacidad de los inmigrantes en inglés y su menor nivel educativo. ^{[ 239 ]} Se ha descubierto que los refugiados se integran más lentamente en el mercado laboral que otros inmigrantes, pero también se ha descubierto que aumentan los ingresos gubernamentales en general. ^{[ 240 ]}^{[ 241 ]}^{[ 242 ]} La inmigración también se ha correlacionado con un aumento de la innovación y el espíritu empresarial, y los inmigrantes son más propensos a iniciar negocios que las personas nacidas en los Estados Unidos. ^{[ 243 ]}^{[ 244 ]}^{[ 245 ]}

También se ha constatado que los inmigrantes indocumentados tienen un efecto positivo en las condiciones económicas de Estados Unidos. ^{[ 246 ]}^{[ 247 ]}^{[ 248 ]} Según NPR en 2005, alrededor del 3 % de los inmigrantes indocumentados trabajaban en la agricultura , ^{[ 249 ]} y la visa H-2A permite a los empleadores estadounidenses traer a ciudadanos extranjeros a Estados Unidos para cubrir puestos de trabajo agrícolas temporales . ^{[ 250 ]} Se ha constatado que los estados que impusieron leyes de inmigración más estrictas sufrieron pérdidas económicas significativas. ^{[ 251 ]}^{[ 252 ]}

En mayo de 2024, una investigación realizada en el Banco de la Reserva Federal de Kansas City sugirió que la inmigración a Estados Unidos aumentó considerablemente durante 2022-2023 y que la afluencia de migrantes al país actuó como un poderoso catalizador para enfriar los mercados laborales sobrecalentados y moderar el crecimiento salarial en todos los sectores y estados. El estudio mostró que, entre diciembre de 2021 y diciembre de 2023, existía una correlación negativa entre el crecimiento del empleo migrante en un sector y el crecimiento salarial: un aumento de 1 punto porcentual en el crecimiento del empleo migrante conllevaba una reducción de 0,7 puntos porcentuales en el crecimiento salarial. Se encontró que un aumento de 1 punto porcentual en el crecimiento del empleo, derivado de los trabajadores migrantes, conllevaba una reducción de 0,5 puntos porcentuales en las tasas de vacantes de empleo. ^[²⁵³^]

Opinión pública

Historial de acciones de control migratorio, cifras brutas según lo informado por el Departamento de Seguridad Nacional de los Estados Unidos ^{[ 254 ]}

Como porcentaje de la población estadounidense, las cifras recientes de acciones coercitivas son similares a las de varias décadas pasadas. ^{[ 255 ]}

La ambivalencia generalizada de los estadounidenses hacia los inmigrantes se evidencia en una actitud positiva hacia los grupos que han estado presentes durante un siglo o más, y una actitud mucho más negativa hacia los recién llegados. Por ejemplo, una encuesta nacional de 1982 realizada por el Centro Roper de la Universidad de Connecticut mostró a los encuestados una tarjeta con una lista de varios grupos y les preguntó: «Pensando tanto en lo que han aportado a este país como en lo que han recibido de él, dígame si, en general, cree que han sido algo bueno o malo para este país». Los resultados se muestran en la tabla. «Por amplios márgenes, los estadounidenses indicaron a los encuestadores que la inmigración de polacos, italianos y judíos a Estados Unidos fue muy positiva. Una vez más, son los recién llegados quienes generan recelo. En esta ocasión, son los mexicanos, los filipinos y los caribeños quienes inquietan a los estadounidenses». ^{[ 257 ]}^{[ 258 ]}

En un estudio de 2002, realizado poco después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre, el 55% de los estadounidenses se mostró a favor de disminuir la inmigración legal, el 27% a favor de mantenerla al mismo nivel y el 15% a favor de aumentarla. ^{[ 259 ]}

En 2006, el grupo de expertos Center for Immigration Studies, que aboga por la reducción de la inmigración, publicó una encuesta que reveló que el 68% de los estadounidenses considera que los niveles de inmigración en EE. UU. son demasiado altos, y solo el 2% opina que son demasiado bajos. También hallaron que el 70% afirmó ser menos propenso a votar por candidatos que favorecen el aumento de la inmigración legal. ^{[ 260 ]} En 2004, el 55% de los estadounidenses creía que la inmigración legal debería mantenerse en el nivel actual o aumentar, y el 41% opinaba que debería disminuir. ^{[ 261 ]} Cuanto menor sea el contacto de un estadounidense nativo con los inmigrantes, mayor será la probabilidad de que tenga una visión negativa de ellos. ^{[ 261 ]}

Uno de los factores más importantes en cuanto a la opinión pública sobre la inmigración es el nivel de desempleo ; el sentimiento antiinmigrante se da donde el desempleo es más alto, y viceversa. ^{[ 262 ]}

Las encuestas indican que el público estadounidense distingue claramente entre inmigración legal e ilegal, y generalmente ve con más simpatía a quienes considera que "cumplen las reglas" que a los inmigrantes que han entrado ilegalmente al país. ^{[ 263 ]}

Según una encuesta de Gallup de julio de 2015, la inmigración es el cuarto problema más importante que enfrenta Estados Unidos y el siete por ciento de los estadounidenses dijo que era el problema más importante que enfrenta Estados Unidos en la actualidad. ^{[ 264 ]} En marzo de 2015, otra encuesta de Gallup ofreció información sobre la opinión pública estadounidense sobre la inmigración; la encuesta reveló que el 39% de las personas estaban preocupadas por la inmigración "mucho". ^{[ 265 ]} Una encuesta de enero mostró que solo el 33% de los estadounidenses estaban satisfechos con el estado actual de la inmigración en Estados Unidos. ^{[ 266 ]}

Antes de 2012, la mayoría de los estadounidenses apoyaba la seguridad de las fronteras de Estados Unidos en comparación con el manejo de la inmigración ilegal en el país. En 2013, esa tendencia se revirtió y el 55% de las personas encuestadas por Gallup reveló que elegiría "desarrollar un plan para lidiar con los inmigrantes que actualmente se encuentran ilegalmente en Estados Unidos". Los cambios con respecto al control fronterizo son consistentes entre los partidos políticos, con el porcentaje de republicanos que dijeron que "asegurar las fronteras de Estados Unidos para detener el flujo de inmigrantes ilegales" es extremadamente importante disminuyendo del 68% en 2011 al 56% en 2014. Mientras tanto, los demócratas que eligieron extremadamente importante pasaron del 42% en 2011 al 31% en 2014. ^{[ 267 ]} En julio de 2013, el 87% de los estadounidenses dijo que votaría a favor de una ley que "permitiría a los inmigrantes que ya se encuentran en el país convertirse en ciudadanos estadounidenses si cumplen ciertos requisitos, incluidos el pago de impuestos, una verificación de antecedentes penales y el aprendizaje del inglés". Sin embargo, en la misma encuesta, el 83% también dijo que apoyaría el endurecimiento de la seguridad fronteriza de EE . UU. ^{[ 268 ]}

La campaña presidencial de Donald Trump se centró en una retórica de reducción de la inmigración ilegal y fortalecimiento de la seguridad fronteriza. En julio de 2015, el 48% de los estadounidenses pensaba que Donald Trump gestionaría mal los problemas migratorios. En noviembre de 2016, el 55% de los votantes de Trump creía que haría lo correcto con respecto a la inmigración ilegal. En general, los partidarios de Trump no están de acuerdo sobre cómo abordar la inmigración. En diciembre de 2016, se encuestó a votantes de Trump y el 60% afirmó que "a los inmigrantes indocumentados en EE. UU. que cumplen ciertos requisitos se les debería permitir permanecer legalmente". ^{[ 269 ]} Después de que Trump afirmara durante su campaña presidencial de 2024 que los inmigrantes están "envenenando la sangre de nuestro país", una encuesta del Public Religion Research Institute mostró que el 34% de los estadounidenses estaba de acuerdo, y el 35% coincidía en que "los inmigrantes están invadiendo nuestro país y reemplazando nuestra herencia cultural y étnica". ^{[ 270 ]}

La opinión de los estadounidenses sobre cómo los inmigrantes afectan al país y cómo el gobierno debería responder a la inmigración ilegal ha cambiado con el tiempo. En 2006, de todos los adultos estadounidenses encuestados, el 28% declaró creer que el creciente número de inmigrantes ayudaba a los trabajadores estadounidenses y el 55% creía que los perjudicaba. En 2016, esas opiniones habían cambiado: el 42% creía que ayudaba y el 45% creía que perjudicaba. ^{[ 271 ]} El Atlas de Valores Estadounidenses de PRRI de 2015 mostró que entre el 46% y el 53% de los estadounidenses creía que "el creciente número de recién llegados de otros países ... fortalece la sociedad estadounidense". En el mismo año, entre el 57% y el 66% de los estadounidenses optó por que Estados Unidos debería "permitir [a los inmigrantes que viven ilegalmente en Estados Unidos] una forma de convertirse en ciudadanos siempre que cumplan ciertos requisitos". ^{[ 272 ]}

En febrero de 2017, el American Enterprise Institute publicó un informe sobre encuestas recientes acerca de temas de inmigración. En julio de 2016, el 63% de los estadounidenses se mostró a favor de las prohibiciones temporales de entrada a inmigrantes de zonas con altos niveles de terrorismo, y el 53% opinó que Estados Unidos debería permitir la entrada de menos refugiados. En noviembre de 2016, el 55% de los estadounidenses se opuso a la construcción de un muro fronterizo con México. Desde 1994, el Centro de Investigación Pew ha registrado un cambio del 63% de los estadounidenses que consideraban a los inmigrantes una carga para el país al 27%. ^{[ 273 ]}

La política de tolerancia cero de la administración Trump generó reacciones negativas en la opinión pública. Una de las principales preocupaciones era el trato que recibían los niños detenidos, hijos de inmigrantes indocumentados. Debido a las pésimas condiciones, se inició una campaña llamada "Cierren los campamentos". ^{[ 274 ]} Los centros de detención se compararon con campos de concentración e internamiento. ^{[ 275 ]}^{[ 276 ]}

Después de la evacuación de Afganistán en agosto de 2021, una encuesta de NPR/Ipsos (±4,6%) encontró que el 69% de los estadounidenses apoyaba el reasentamiento en los Estados Unidos de afganos que habían trabajado con los EE. UU., con un 65% de apoyo para los afganos que "temen la represión o persecución de los talibanes". ^{[ 277 ]} Hubo un apoyo menor para otros refugiados: 59% para aquellos "que huyen de la violencia y los conflictos civiles en África", 56% para aquellos "que huyen de la violencia en Siria y Libia", y 56% para "centroamericanos que huyen de la violencia y la pobreza". El 57% apoyó la política de la era Trump de permanecer en México , y el 55% apoyó la legalización del estatus de aquellos que fueron traídos ilegalmente a los EE. UU. siendo niños (como se propuso en la Ley DREAM ).

respuestas religiosas

Religious figures in the United States have stated their views on the topic of immigration as informed by their religious traditions.

Catholicism – Due to persecution abroad, Catholics comprised the largest group of migrants to the U.S. during the mid-19th and early-20th centuries.^[278] As a result of the large immigrant population within the Church, as well as anti-Catholic sentiment within the U.S., the Catholic church organized resources to support recently arrived immigrants.^[279] While the rate of Catholic migration has slowed, the Church has largely remained supportive of humanitarian migration due to biblical principals.^[280] In 1988, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops established the Catholic Legal Immigration Network (CLINIC) to help meet the increased demand for legal assistance following major immigration reform. CLINIC is now the largest nonprofit immigration law organization in the U.S.^[281] In 2018, Catholic leaders stated that asylum-limiting laws proposed by the Trump administration were immoral. Some bishops considered imposing sanctions (known as "canonical penalties") on church members who have participated in enforcing such policies.^[282]
Judaism – American Jewish rabbis from various denominations have stated that their understanding of Judaism is that immigrants and refugees should be welcomed, and even assisted. The exception would be if there is significant economic hardship or security issues faced by the host country or community, in which case immigration may be limited, discouraged or even prohibited altogether.^[283] Some liberal denominations place more emphasis on the welcoming of immigrants, while Conservative, Orthodox and Independent rabbis also consider economic and security concerns.^[284] Some provide moral arguments for both the right of country to enforce immigration standards as well as for providing some sort of amnesty for illegal migrants.^[285]

Legal issues

Laws concerning immigration and naturalization include the Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT), the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA), the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), the Naturalization Act of 1790, the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and the Johnson-Reed Act of 1924. AEDPA and IIRARA exemplify many categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and have imposed mandatory detention for certain types of cases. The Johnson-Reed Act limited the number of immigrants and the Chinese Exclusion Act banned immigration from China altogether.^[286]^[287]

Refugees are able to gain legal status in the United States through the asylum process laid out in Title 8 of the United States Code, Sections 1157 and 1158. Under U.S. law, the term refugee refers to an individual who applies for asylum prior to entering the U.S., while the term asylum seeker refers to an individual who applies for asylum after entering the U.S.^[288] The number of refugees admitted annually under Section 1157 is determined by the President, in consultation with Congress. In 2014, the number of asylum seekers accepted into the U.S. was about 120,000. By comparison, about 31,000 were accepted in the UK and 13,500 in Canada.^[289] Asylum offices in the United States receive more applications for asylum than they can process every month and every year, and these continuous applications cause a significant backlog.^[290]

Removal proceedings are considered administrative proceedings under the authority of the United States Attorney General, and thus part of the executive branch rather than the judicial branch of government.^[291] in removal proceedings in front of an immigration judge, cancellation of removal is a form of relief that is available for some long-time residents of the United States.^[292] Eligibility may depend on time spent in the United States, criminal record, or family in the country.^[293]^[294] Members of Congress may submit private bills granting residency to specific named individuals.^[295] The United States allows immigrant relatives of active duty military personnel to reside in the United States through a green card.^[296]^[297]

As of 2015, there are estimated to be 11 to 12 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States, making up about 5% of the civilian labor force.^[298]^[299] Under the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, unauthorized immigrants that arrived as children were granted exemptions to immigration law.^[300] According to an August 2025 Pew Research Center report, the unauthorized immigrant population grew by 3.5 million between 2021 and 2023, reaching a record 14 million.^[301]

Most immigration proceedings are civil matters, though criminal charges are applicable when evading border enforcement, committing fraud to gain entry, or committing identity theft to gain employment. Due process protections under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution have been found to apply to immigration proceedings, but those of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution have not due to their nature as civil matters.^[302]^[291]

In Department of State v. Muñoz, the U.S. Supreme court decided that U.S. citizens do not have a fundamental liberty to admit their foreign spouses.^[303]

On January 14, 2026 the State Department announced it was suspending visa processing for 75 nations including Somalia, Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Brazil, Nigeria, and Thailand.^[304]

Immigration in popular culture

This 1888 cartoon in *Puck* magazine criticized businessmen for welcoming large numbers of low-paid immigrants, leaving the American men unemployed.^[305]

The history of immigration to the United States is the history of the country itself, and the journey from beyond the sea is an element found in American folklore, appearing in many works, such as The Godfather, Gangs of New York, "The Song of Myself", Neil Diamond's "America", and the animated feature An American Tail.^[306]

From the 1880s to the 1910s, vaudeville dominated the popular image of immigrants, with very popular caricature portrayals of ethnic groups. The specific features of these caricatures became widely accepted as accurate portrayals.^[307]

In The Melting Pot (1908), playwright Israel Zangwill (1864–1926) explored issues that dominated Progressive Era debates about immigration policies. Zangwill's theme of the positive benefits of the American melting pot resonated widely in popular culture and literary and academic circles in the 20th century; his cultural symbolism –in which he situated immigration issues –likewise informed American cultural imagining of immigrants for decades, as exemplified by Hollywood films.^[308]^[309]

The popular culture's image of ethnic celebrities often includes stereotypes about immigrant groups. For example, Frank Sinatra's public image as a superstar contained important elements of the American Dream while simultaneously incorporating stereotypes about Italian Americans that were based in nativist and Progressive responses to immigration.^[310]

The process of assimilation has been a common theme of popular culture. For example, "lace-curtain Irish" refers to middle-class Irish Americans desiring assimilation into mainstream society in counterpoint to the older, more raffish "shanty Irish". The occasional malapropisms and social blunders of these upward mobiles were lampooned in vaudeville, popular song, and the comic strips of the day such as Bringing Up Father, starring Maggie and Jiggs, which ran in daily newspapers for 87 years (1913 to 2000).^[311]^[312] In The Departed (2006), Staff Sergeant Dignam regularly points out the dichotomy between the lace-curtain Irish lifestyle Billy Costigan enjoyed with his mother, and the shanty Irish lifestyle of Costigan's father. Since the late 20th century popular culture has paid special attention to Mexican immigration;^[313] the film Spanglish (2004) tells of a friendship of a Mexican housemaid (played by Paz Vega) and her boss (played by Adam Sandler).

Immigration in literature

Maggie and Jiggs from Bringing Up Father, January 7, 1940 — Maggie and Jiggs from *Bringing Up Father*, January 7, 1940

Novelists and writers have captured much of the color and challenge in their immigrant lives through their writings.^[314]

Regarding Irish women in the 19th century, there were numerous novels and short stories by Harvey O'Higgins, Peter McCorry, Bernard O'Reilly and Sarah Orne Jewett that emphasize emancipation from Old World controls, new opportunities and expansiveness of the immigrant experience.^[315]

Fears of population decline have at times fueled anti-emigration sentiment in foreign countries. Hladnik studies three popular novels of the late 19th century that warned Slovenes not to migrate to the dangerous new world of the United States.^[316] In India some politicians oppose emigration to the United States because of a supposed brain drain of highly qualified and educated Indian nationals.^[317]

Jewish American writer Anzia Yezierska wrote her novel Bread Givers (1925) to explore such themes as Russian-Jewish immigration in the early 20th century, the tension between Old and New World Yiddish culture, and women's experience of immigration. A well established author Yezierska focused on the Jewish struggle to escape the ghetto and enter middle- and upper-class America. In the novel, the heroine, Sara Smolinsky, escapes from New York City's "down-town ghetto" by breaking tradition. She quits her job at the family store and soon becomes engaged to a rich real-estate magnate. She graduates college and takes a high-prestige job teaching public school. Finally Sara restores her broken links to family and religion.^[318]

The Swedish author Vilhelm Moberg, in the mid-20th century, wrote a series of four novels describing one Swedish family's migration from Småland to Minnesota in the late 19th century, a destiny shared by almost one million people. The author emphasizes the authenticity of the experiences as depicted (although he did change names).^[319] These novels have been translated into English (The Emigrants, 1951, Unto a Good Land, 1954, The Settlers, 1961, The Last Letter Home, 1961). The musical Kristina från Duvemåla by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on this story.^[320]^[321]

The Immigrant is a musical by Steven Alper, Sarah Knapp, and Mark Harelik. The show is based on the story of Harelik's grandparents, Matleh and Haskell Harelik, who traveled to Galveston, Texas in 1909.^[322]

Documentary films

A 1970 video about the history of immigration to the United States

In their documentary How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories, filmmakers Shari Robertson and Michael Camerini examine the American political system through the lens of immigration reform from 2001 to 2007. Since the debut of the first five films, the series has become an important resource for advocates, policy-makers and educators.^[323]

That film series premiered nearly a decade after the filmmakers' landmark documentary film Well-Founded Fear which provided a behind-the-scenes look at the process for seeking asylum in the United States. That film still marks the only time that a film crew was privy to the private proceedings at the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), where individual asylum officers ponder the often life-or-death fate of immigrants seeking asylum.

The documentary Trafficked with Mariana van Zeller argued that weapons smuggling from the United States contributed to insecurity in Latin America, itself triggering more migration to the United States.^[324]

Overall approach to regulation

The Statue of Liberty was a common sight to many immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island.

University of North Carolina School of Law professor Hiroshi Motomura has identified three approaches the United States has taken to the legal status of immigrants in his book Americans in Waiting: The Lost Story of Immigration and Citizenship in the United States. The first, dominant in the 19th century, treated immigrants as in transition; in other words, as prospective citizens. As soon as people declared their intention to become citizens, they received multiple low-cost benefits, including the eligibility for free homesteads in the Homestead Act of 1862,^[325] and in many states, the right to vote. The goal was to make the country more attractive, so large numbers of farmers and skilled craftsmen would settle new lands.

By the 1880s, a second approach took over, treating newcomers as "immigrants by contract". An implicit deal existed where immigrants who were literate and could earn their own living were permitted in restricted numbers. Once in the United States, they would have limited legal rights, but were not allowed to vote until they became citizens, and would not be eligible for the New Deal government benefits available in the 1930s.

The third policy is "immigration by affiliation", originating in the later half of the 20th century, which Motomura argues is the treatment which depends on how deeply rooted people have become in the country. An immigrant who applies for citizenship as soon as permitted, has a long history of working in the United States, and has significant family ties, is more deeply affiliated and can expect better treatment.^[326]

The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination, any American can achieve a better life, usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal freedom of choice.^[327] According to historians, the rapid economic and industrial expansion of the U.S. is not simply a function of being a resource rich, hard working, and inventive country, but the belief that anybody could get a share of the country's wealth if he or she was willing to work hard.^[328] This dream has been a major factor in attracting immigrants to the United States.^[329]

Notes

↑Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;^[172] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census
↑Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;^[173] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census

References

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External links

History

Immigrant Servants Database
Asian-Nation: Early Asian Immigration to the U.S.Archived July 12, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Irish Catholic Immigration to AmericaArchived August 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
Scotch-Irish Immigration to Colonial AmericaArchived February 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
GG Archives Immigration Historical Documents, Articles, and ImmigrantsArchived December 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
Maurer, Elizabeth. "New Beginnings: Immigrant Women and the American Experience". National Women's History Museum. 2014.

Immigration policy

Immigration policyArchived December 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Brookings Institution
Immigration policyArchived April 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine reports from the Urban Institute
Permanent Legal Immigration to the United States: Policy OverviewArchived June 5, 2018, at the Wayback MachineCongressional Research Service (May 2018)
A Primer on U.S. Immigration PolicyArchived December 5, 2017, at the Wayback MachineCongressional Research Service (November 2017)

Current immigration

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServicesArchived September 17, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
U.S. Immigration and Customs EnforcementArchived November 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
Cornell University's Legal Information Institute: ImmigrationArchived November 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
Yearbook of Immigration StatisticsArchived March 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine – United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics 2004, 2005 editions available.
"Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2005"Archived June 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine M. Hoefer, N. Rytina, C. Campbell (2006) "Population Estimates (August). U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.

Economic impact

Abramitzky, Ran; Boustan, Leah (2017). "Immigration in American Economic History". Journal of Economic Literature. 55 (4): 1311–45. doi:10.1257/jel.20151189. PMC 5794227. PMID 29398723.

[32] Y galés ; los galeses étnicos representan aproximadamente entre el 7 y el 10 % de los colonos procedentes de Inglaterra y Gales.

[34] Y finlandeses (incluidos los finlandeses del bosque ); los finlandeses étnicos constituyen más de la mitad delos colonos de Nueva Suecia ^{[ 32 ]}

[NotCountedSeparately-183] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 No se contabilizan por separado; se agrupan en la categoría "Otros".

[184] Excluyendo Hong Kong y Taiwán

[2006CensusdataNOT1965doc-185] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Los datos provienen del documento de la Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. de 2006 que se cita. Las cifras de este país no aparecen en el documento de la Oficina del Censo de 1965.

[2006Censusdata-186] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 La información proviene del documento del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.

[187] Además de Corea del Norte

[188] Incluyendo las dependencias de la Corona

[Russia1960-189] Rusia no era un país en ese momento. El número de personas contabilizadas corresponde a las procedentes de la Unión Soviética.

[NotCountedSeparatelyRussia-190] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 El país no era independiente; se contaba bajo "Rusia" .

[191] Además de la Franja de Gaza

[192] Solo Francia metropolitana

[MyanmarNameChange2006CensusPaper-193] 1 2 3 Myanmar era conocido anteriormente como Birmania. Los datos provienen del informe de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.

[194] No incluye los Territorios Palestinos ni los Altos del Golán.

[2006CensusPaper-195] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Los datos provienen del documento de la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos de 2006.

[196] Incluyendo los Altos del Golán

[2006CensusdocumentforIsrael1960-197] El documento del censo de 2006 no menciona si esto incluye los Altos del Golán.

[198] Solo Países Bajos europeos

[199] No incluye el Sáhara Occidental

[200] Además de Cisjordania

[2006CensusdocumentBelize-201] La información proviene de un documento del Censo de EE. UU. de 2006. Belice no era un país independiente en ese momento y se conocía como Honduras Británica.

[203] Excluyendo Hong Kong y también Taiwán (República de China).

[204] Incluyendo a Corea del Norte.

[205] Incluyendo las Dependencias de la Corona .

[206] Incluida la Franja de Gaza .

[207] Solo Francia metropolitana .

[208] Excluyendo los Altos del Golán y los territorios palestinos .

[209] Incluyendo los Altos del Golán .

[210] Incluida Cisjordania .

[211] Solo Países Bajos europeos.

[212] Excluyendo el Sáhara Occidental .

[ACS2015-175] Refers to 2013–2017 American Community Survey data;^[172] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census

[ACS2010-177] Refers to 2008–2012 American Community Survey data;^[173] the last Decennial Census where foreign-born population data was collected was in the 2000 census

[UNdef-1] Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen (March 12, 2025). "Foreign-Born Number and Share of U.S. Population at All-Time Highs in January 2025". CIS.org. Retrieved May 16, 2025.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[:4-2] 12Batalova, Jeanne Batalova Jeanne (March 11, 2025). "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". migrationpolicy.org. Retrieved May 16, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

[3] "How Many Illegal Aliens Are in the United States? 2025 Update | FAIRUS.org". www.fairus.org. March 7, 2025. Retrieved May 16, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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[5] "Green Card for a Victim of a Crime (U Nonimmigrant)". www.uscis.gov. May 23, 2018. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved July 30, 2019.

[6] "INS Class of Admission Codes"(PDF). www.hplct.org. Retrieved July 30, 2019.

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[per-country-8] 1 2"Per Country Limit". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. in 1965.

[migrationinformation-9] "Immigrants in the United States and the Current Economic CrisisArchived April 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine", Demetrios G. Papademetriou and Aaron Terrazas, Migration Policy Institute, April 2009.

[google1-10] "Immigration Worldwide: Policies, Practices, and TrendsArchived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". Uma A. Segal, Doreen Elliott, Nazneen S. Mayadas (2010),

[11] Camarota, Steven A.; Zeigler, Karen (November 2, 2021). "Monthly Census Bureau Data Shows Big Increase in Foreign-Born". Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021.

[KeyFindings-12] "Key findings about U.S. immigrants". Pew Research Center. June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2023.

[PewRefugees-13] Jens Manuel Krogstad (October 7, 2019). "Key facts about refugees to the U.S." Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2023.

[Guardian-14] 1 2The Guardian, December 19, 2019 "Fleeing a Hell the U.S. Helped Create: Why Central Americans Journey North –The region's inequality and violence, in which the US has long played a role, is driving people to leave their homes"

[Nation-15] 1 2The Nation, October 18, 2017, "How US Foreign Policy Helped Create the Immigration Crisis: Neoliberal Strictures, Support for Oligarchs, and the War on Drugs Have Impoverished Millions and Destabilized Latin America"Archived July 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine

[Martinez-16] 1 2Martínez, Andrea; Martín, Isabel; Rosas, Victoria; Barrales, Denise (October 23, 2024). "Climate refugees in Northern and Central America". University of California Alianza MX. Retrieved July 4, 2025.

[NASEM-2015-17] 1 2The Integration of Immigrants into American Society. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2015. doi:10.17226/21746. ISBN 978-0-309-37398-2. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2018. Americans have long believed that immigrants are more likely than natives to commit crimes and that rising immigration leads to rising crime ... This belief is remarkably resilient to the contrary evidence that immigrants are in fact much less likely than natives to commit crimes.

[doleac-18] 1 2Doleac, Jennifer (February 14, 2017). "Are immigrants more likely to commit crimes?". Econofact. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017.

[crimearticles-19] 1 2
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[mwJLI] Graif, Corina; Sampson, Robert J. (July 15, 2009). "Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects of Immigration and Diversity on Neighborhood Homicide Rates". Homicide Studies. 13 (3): 242–60. doi:10.1177/1088767909336728. ISSN 1088-7679. PMC 2911240. PMID 20671811.

[mwJMU] Lee, Matthew T.; Martinez, Ramiro; Rosenfeld, Richard (September 1, 2001). "Does Immigration Increase Homicide?". Sociological Quarterly. 42 (4): 559–80. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2001.tb01780.x. ISSN 1533-8525. S2CID 143182621.

[mwJNM] Ousey, Graham C.; Kubrin, Charis E. (October 15, 2013). "Immigration and the Changing Nature of Homicide in US Cities, 1980–2010". Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 30 (3): 453–83. doi:10.1007/s10940-013-9210-5. S2CID 42681671. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.

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