Articulo de referencia

Sistemas de clasificación por país

Esta es una lista de sistemas de calificación utilizados por países del mundo, principalmente en los ámbitos de la educación secundaria y universitaria, organizada por continent...

Esta es una lista de sistemas de calificación utilizados por países del mundo, principalmente en los ámbitos de la educación secundaria y universitaria, organizada por continente con enlaces a detalles específicos en numerosas entradas.

África

Angola

El sistema de clasificación depende de los distritos de Angola. Sin embargo, este es el sistema de clasificación más utilizado:

Todas las escuelas de Angola tienen 6 niveles, que se asignan en función del rendimiento de los alumnos.

Kenia

El sistema de calificaciones utilizado en Kenia difiere según el nivel de la institución. El sistema de calificaciones de la escuela secundaria va de la A a la E, y los umbrales de calificación cambian cada año según la intensidad del examen. Los institutos y colegios otorgan los resultados de los exámenes según el sistema de calificaciones del KNEC en 4 clases (Distinción, Crédito, Aprobado, Suspenso) con 7 calificaciones del 1 al 7. El sistema de calificaciones universitarias otorga títulos en términos de clase (Primera Clase, Segunda Clase - División Superior, Segunda Clase - División Inferior y Aprobado).

A continuación se presenta un desglose del sistema de calificación de los títulos de pregrado en las universidades kenianas:

El sistema de calificación para las universidades kenianas es:

El sistema de calificación base general utilizado para el sistema de calificación en las escuelas secundarias de Kenia es:

Nigeria

La elección del sistema de calificación en las escuelas nigerianas depende de la institución y, a veces, de la facultad. Además, las escalas de calificación en las instituciones universitarias han cambiado con frecuencia. Las escalas pueden ser de 1 a 8, de 1 a 4 o de la A a la G, donde la A corresponde a una escala de 4.0 o de 5.0. La escala más común actualmente es de 1 a 7, siendo 9 la calificación más alta. Asimismo, los títulos se otorgan en una Clase, según las calificaciones obtenidas. Los títulos pueden ser de Primera Clase, Segunda Clase (División Superior), Segunda Clase (División Inferior), Tercera Clase y Aprobado. Las escalas de calificación para los certificados de educación secundaria son estándar. A continuación se muestra el sistema de calificación de las universidades nigerianas:

Sudáfrica

En Sudáfrica, algunas universidades siguen un modelo basado en el sistema británico. La Universidad de Witwatersrand considera que una calificación de A equivale a un 75% o más. Es importante aprobar el examen de ingreso a la universidad, conocido como NBT, para acceder a un centro de estudios superiores.

Tanzania

Las calificaciones proporcionadas se utilizan en el sistema de educación secundaria de nivel A de Tanzania; los estudiantes pueden matricularse en una universidad o colegio al obtener calificaciones de nivel A a D en 2 de las 3 asignaturas troncales, siendo la calificación S el requisito mínimo. Generalmente se cursan tres asignaturas troncales, con la opción de elegir asignaturas adicionales; sin embargo, la calificación en las universidades es un proceso independiente, y las calificaciones varían entre instituciones.

Asia

Los distintos países de Asia tienen diversos sistemas de calificación. A continuación se describen los sistemas de calificación de algunos países de Asia.

Afganistán

En Afganistán, la calificación máxima en las escuelas es 100, la mínima para aprobar es 40, y en las universidades la calificación máxima es 100 y la mínima para aprobar es 55 (antes de 2016 era 50). El umbral para obtener una buena nota depende de la escuela y del nivel de estudios, pero en la mayoría de los casos, 75 o más se considera una buena calificación.

Sistema de calificación escolar

Sistema de calificación de las universidades

Bangladesh

Este artículo resume el sistema de calificaciones académicas en Bangladesh . En este país existen dos tipos de sistemas de calificación: el promedio de calificaciones (GPA) y el promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA).

Sistema de calificación de la escuela secundaria

Sistema de calificación universitaria

Evaluación del título universitario con "clase" (por ejemplo, Primera Clase, Segunda Clase, Tercera Clase, Aprobado)

Los títulos de licenciatura y maestría otorgados por las universidades públicas de Bangladesh, como la Universidad de Dhaka , la Universidad de Jahangirnagar , la Universidad Agrícola de Bangladesh , la Universidad de Rajshahi , la Universidad de Chittagong y la Universidad Nacional de Gazipur, se pueden clasificar según el sistema británico de clasificación de títulos de pregrado , cuando se evalúan con una calificación de clase. Un promedio de calificaciones (GPA) igual o superior a 3 equivale a una matrícula de honor en un título de licenciatura en Bangladesh. Esto significa:

  • Promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA) de 3.00 a 4.00 = Primera clase
  • Promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA) de 2.25 a 2.99 = Segunda clase
  • Promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA) de 2.00 a 2.24 = Tercera clase

Porcelana

Este es el sistema de calificación predeterminado en China:

Para 100 puntos, la puntuación numérica no se redondeará. Por ejemplo, 84,99% se considera "Bueno", no "Excelente", y no se redondeará a 85%. Solo las puntuaciones iguales o superiores a 85% se considerarán "Excelentes".

India

Calificaciones en universidades y escuelas secundarias

Las universidades indias siguen un sistema de porcentajes , mientras que los Institutos Indios de Tecnología , los Institutos Nacionales de Tecnología , los Institutos Indios de Tecnología de la Información , los Institutos Indios de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología y otros institutos técnicos del país financiados por el gobierno central siguen un sistema de promedio de calificaciones de 10 puntos.

El sistema de porcentajes se define de la siguiente manera:

  • calificación máxima de 100 puntos,
  • una calificación mínima de 0 puntos
  • La nota mínima para aprobar es de entre 30 y 40 puntos.

Esto depende de la universidad; en varias universidades, porcentajes más bajos pueden considerarse calificaciones aprobatorias.

El sistema de porcentajes se utiliza en la CBSE y en otras juntas de educación secundaria.

Sin embargo, el sistema de promedio de calificaciones de 10 puntos utilizado en los Institutos Indios de Tecnología , los Institutos Nacionales de Tecnología , los Institutos Indios de Tecnología de la Información , los Institutos Indios de Ciencias e Ingeniería Tecnológica y otros institutos técnicos del país financiados por el gobierno central, funciona de la siguiente manera:

Otro sistema de calificación universitaria que se utiliza actualmente en la India es el GPA de ocho puntos introducido por la Universidad de Mumbai a partir del año académico 2012-2013; el sistema se clasifica de la siguiente manera: [ 3 ]

Algunas universidades utilizan un sistema de promedio ponderado para calcular el porcentaje de calificación:

El sistema de conversión de calificaciones internacionales, de World Education Services , para los porcentajes obtenidos en las universidades indias, permite localizar la calificación correspondiente en los EE. UU. o el promedio de calificaciones correspondiente para cada calificación proporcionada en una universidad india; el sistema de conversión funciona de la siguiente manera, proporcionando también la clasificación o división equivalente. [ 4 ]

Las conversiones de divisiones a grados estadounidenses funcionan de la siguiente manera:

* En determinadas instituciones, una calificación inferior puede considerarse suficiente para aprobar.

Para convertir un promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA) a porcentaje, utilice una herramienta de conversión de CGPA.

Calificaciones en la escuela secundaria

La mayoría de las juntas examinadoras en India proporcionan las calificaciones brutas obtenidas por los estudiantes, aunque algunas solo dan la calificación final obtenida por el estudiante.

Los organismos nacionales como el CBSE proporcionan las calificaciones obtenidas por el estudiante y (en el caso del CBSE) la calificación posicional , que indica el nivel del estudiante en esa materia con respecto a sus compañeros.

Algunas juntas educativas aún siguen la práctica de otorgar "divisiones": un porcentaje superior al 90% se considera excelente; entre el 70% y el 89% se considera "primera división"; entre el 50% y el 69% se considera "segunda división"; entre el 40% y el 49% se considera aprobado; aunque estas terminologías y clasificaciones dependen de la "junta de educación". Según la NEP, el sistema de calificaciones en India experimentará algunos cambios más en función de las calificaciones obtenidas por los candidatos. Los estudiantes serán promovidos en función de sus calificaciones obtenidas en la CBSE. El criterio de calificación será un rendimiento promedio o inferior al promedio en la prueba.

Más del 80-90% de calificación 'A'

Por encima del 70-80% de calificación 'B'

Por encima del 60-70% de calificación 'C'

Más del 50-60% de calificación 'D'

Por encima del 40-50% de calificación 'E'

Indonesia

Sistema de calificación predeterminado/Pendidikan nacional estándar [ 5 ]

Irán

El sistema de calificaciones iraní es similar al de Francia y a otros sistemas de calificaciones de estilo francés, como los de Bélgica, Líbano, Venezuela y Perú, en escuelas secundarias y universidades. Dado que el Ministerio de Educación iraní no proporciona una guía de calificaciones, la conversión a las escalas internacionales se realiza utilizando la guía de conversión proporcionada para los sistemas de calificaciones de estilo francés. En casos específicos, las calificaciones se convierten de acuerdo con la política de calificaciones de las instituciones de destino. La calificación mínima para aprobar es 10 y, por lo general, una calificación superior a 14 sobre 20 se considera excelente. La siguiente tabla es la más utilizada por las instituciones y universidades de todo el mundo para la conversión del sistema de calificaciones iraní: [ 6 ]

Israel

En Israel, las escuelas utilizan calificaciones del 1 al 100, a partir del cuarto grado. En las escuelas privadas, se suele usar un sistema de calificación alfabético hasta la educación secundaria. En las universidades, se pueden encontrar sistemas de calificación tanto numéricos como alfabéticos, según el sistema de cada universidad. La escala de calificación de 100 puntos es la siguiente:

Las calificaciones equivalentes se pueden encontrar a continuación:

Japón

En Japón, tras la reorganización de las universidades nacionales en 2004, el Ministerio de Educación, Deportes y Cultura ha alentado tanto a las universidades públicas como a las privadas a adoptar un sistema de promedio de calificaciones (GPA). [ 7 ]

Otras instituciones de educación superior otorgan calificaciones en una escala de 0 a 100, o algunas universidades utilizan calificaciones con letras. Si bien durante años una calificación de "A" abarcaba de 80 a 100 puntos, algunas escuelas (por ejemplo, la Universidad de Kurume ) han comenzado a otorgar una calificación especial al rango de 90 a 100 puntos para indicar excelencia. [ 8 ] Una calificación reprobatoria generalmente se denomina "E", aunque algunas instituciones utilizan "F".

Kazajistán

Según el sistema de créditos estandarizado aceptado en la República de Kazajstán, las medidas de los diferentes niveles de comprensión en el ámbito de la educación superior en la República de Kazajstán son las siguientes:

Kuwait

Kuwait utiliza un sistema de calificación de cuatro puntos y porcentajes.

[ 9 ]

Kirguistán

Kirguistán emplea un sistema de calificación de cinco puntos: [ 10 ]

Líbano

Las escuelas libanesas siguen el sistema de calificación francés o el estadounidense. La mayoría utiliza una escala de 0 a 20, donde la calificación mínima para aprobar es 10 sobre 20 (aunque la calificación mínima para aprobar puede ser tan baja como 7). Depende del programa que ofrezca la escuela: el Bachillerato francés/libanés utiliza la escala de 0 a 20, con algunas excepciones (algunas escuelas ofrecen el Bachillerato libanés, pero en lugar de la escala de 0 a 20, utilizan una escala de 100 puntos). Las escuelas del Bachillerato Internacional (IB) utilizan unánimemente una escala de 100 puntos, salvo que se utilice la escala estadounidense (consulte el sistema de calificación estadounidense).

En una escuela típica que ofrece un currículo libanés (cuyo resultado es el Bachillerato Libanés), obtener buenas calificaciones es difícil porque los profesores no utilizan la escala completa. Por ejemplo, la calificación máxima que se puede obtener en redacción en algunas escuelas es de 14 sobre 20 (con una media de la clase de 9 o 10). Cada asignatura tiene una ponderación y, por lo tanto, contribuye de manera diferente a la calificación final: la "Media General" (del francés Moyenne Générale ). Esta ponderación se determina por horas de crédito. Por ejemplo, matemáticas (6 horas/semana) x 20 (la calificación base) = 120 (ponderación).

Ejemplo: Calificaciones de muestra: (Matemáticas 13,33/20, Inglés 13,4/20, Biología 8,25/20)

Español: 5 créditos × 13,4 = 67 de un total de 100 posibles

Matemáticas: 6 créditos × 13,33 = 79,98 de un total de 120 posibles

Biología: 2 créditos × 8,25 = 16,5 de un total de 40 posibles

Puntos totales obtenidos = 163,48 de un total de 260 posibles

Promedio general / Moyenne Générale 12.575 (considerado un buen promedio, un B+ si no un A− equivalente en EE. UU., ya que los estándares son diferentes: el grado 12 en el Bachillerato Libanés o el Bachillerato Francés equivale a un estudiante de primer año de universidad en EE. UU., además, todos los programas libaneses incluyen 3 idiomas y un total de 18 asignaturas anuales con tareas de verano). Los estudiantes que se gradúan del Bachillerato Libanés o Francés ingresan a las universidades como estudiantes de segundo año, no de primer año, y pueden completar sus títulos en 3 años.

En algunas universidades se utiliza el sistema de calificaciones estadounidense. Otras emplean la escala de 0 a 100, donde la calificación mínima para aprobar es 60 o 70, según la asignatura. Las universidades con sistema francés utilizan la escala de 0 a 20.

Malasia

Malasia tiene su propio sistema de calificación educativa. Las distintas instituciones educativas utilizan un sistema de calificación diferente. Este es un ejemplo del sistema de calificación que se practica en una universidad de Malasia.

Hasta la escuela secundaria, se proporciona el porcentaje promedio. Un porcentaje superior al 80% se considera excelente; entre el 60% y el 80% se considera de "primera división"; y entre el 40% y el 60% se considera de "segunda división".

El sistema de porcentajes funciona de la siguiente manera: el número máximo de puntos posibles es 100, el mínimo es 0, y el número mínimo de puntos requerido para aprobar es 35. Los puntajes de 91–100% se consideran excelentes, 75–90% se consideran muy buenos, 55–64% se consideran buenos, 45–55% se consideran regulares, 41–44% se consideran aprobados, y 0–40% se consideran reprobados. Un porcentaje superior al 65% se denomina Primera División e indica un alto nivel intelectual. Algunas universidades siguen un patrón de promedio ponderado para calcular el porcentaje: 1.er y 2.º semestre: 40% de los puntajes totales, 3.er y 4.º semestre: 60% de los puntajes totales, 5.º y 6.º semestre: 80% de los puntajes totales, 7.º y 8.º semestre: 100% de los puntajes totales.

El promedio de calificaciones de 10 puntos se clasifica de la siguiente manera:

Un promedio de calificaciones superior a 7 se considera generalmente un indicador de un buen dominio de todas las materias.

Pakistán

En Pakistán, el sistema de calificación es el siguiente: [ 11 ]

En el antiguo sistema de calificación que consistía en un "Esquema de División", el rango de porcentaje de calificaciones era el siguiente:

Actualmente, la mayoría de las universidades de ingeniería y tecnología siguen el siguiente sistema de calificación:

Filipinas

Arabia Saudita

La mayoría de los colegios, universidades y escuelas de Arabia Saudita son similares a los de Estados Unidos, excepto por la forma en que se describen las calificaciones.

En otras universidades de Arabia Saudita, como la Universidad Imam , la Universidad Rey Saud , la Universidad Rey Abdulaziz , la Universidad Rey Khalid , la Universidad Princesa Nourah bint Abdulrahman y la Universidad Rey Faisal , se utiliza el siguiente método:

Singapur

Calificación académica en la escuela primaria (de 1.º a 6.º grado)

Primaria 5 a 6 (Fundación)

Calificación académica en la escuela secundaria (de 7.º a 10.º grado)

Calificación académica en el programa preuniversitario de nivel intermedio (grados 11 y 12)

Calificación académica para ITE/Politécnicos

Universidades autónomas

Singapur cuenta con seis universidades autónomas: la Universidad Nacional de Singapur (NUS), la Universidad Tecnológica de Nanyang (NTU), la Universidad de Administración de Singapur (SMU), el Instituto Tecnológico de Singapur (SIT), la Universidad de Ciencias Sociales de Singapur (SUSS) y la Universidad de Tecnología y Diseño de Singapur (SUTD). Cada una utiliza un sistema de calificación y clasificación de títulos diferente. Al graduarse, los estudiantes recibirán una clasificación de título según su promedio general acumulado (CGPA/CAP).

Aunque la nota mínima para aprobar en las universidades autónomas de Singapur es 1.0, los estudiantes serían expulsados ​​si su promedio general de calificaciones (CGPA/CAP) cayera por debajo de 2.0 o 2.5 durante dos semestres consecutivos, dependiendo de la carrera.

Sistemas de calificación (NUS/NTU/SIT/SUSS/SUTD) [ 12 ]

Sistemas de calificación (SMU)

Clasificaciones de títulos (NUS/NTU/SIT/SUSS/SUTD) [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ]

* Estudiante admitido antes del año académico 2012/2013

** Estudiante admitido a partir de la cohorte del año académico 2020

Clasificaciones de títulos (SMU) [ 18 ]

Corea del Sur

En la escuela secundaria (de 7.º a 9.º grado), los puntos corresponden a la puntuación bruta del estudiante en los exámenes parciales y finales (sobre 100).

Educación secundaria (de 10.º a 12.º grado)

El porcentaje representa la posición relativa del estudiante entre los demás estudiantes que cursan la misma asignatura (el 100% es la más alta y el 0% la más baja).

Universidad

Las siguientes calificaciones corresponden a las de las universidades de Corea del Sur; el sistema que se muestra es particularmente similar al utilizado en los Estados Unidos.

Tailandia

La mayoría de los estudios de pregrado en Tailandia utilizan el siguiente sistema de calificación de 8 puntos:

[ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

Para los estudios de grado y posgrado, las universidades a veces utilizan el siguiente sistema de calificación de 10 puntos:

[ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

Emiratos Árabes Unidos

La educación primaria es gratuita en las escuelas públicas. El Ministerio de Educación se encarga de la evaluación. Sin embargo, existen numerosas escuelas dirigidas por expatriados que obtienen excelentes resultados con su propio sistema de evaluación, o con un sistema aceptado en el país al que están afiliadas o con el que comparten estándares comunes. En la mayoría de las universidades y centros de enseñanza superior, el sistema de evaluación de los Emiratos Árabes Unidos es similar al de Estados Unidos.

Vietnam

La escala de calificaciones en Vietnam va del 10 al 1, donde 10 es la calificación más alta, como se muestra a continuación:

Las escuelas y universidades de Vietnam utilizan una escala de calificación de 10 puntos, donde 10 es la calificación más alta y 0 la más baja, como se muestra a continuación.

La calificación puede variar de una escuela a otra. Depende de la dificultad de cada una.

La distribución de las calificaciones difiere de los estándares de los países occidentales y depende en gran medida de la universidad. En las universidades vietnamitas, obtener un diez o un nueve es prácticamente imposible. Los estudiantes rara vez obtienen una calificación superior a 8.0 en sus resultados finales.

América Central

Costa Rica

Nicaragua

Panamá

El sistema de calificaciones en Panamá es diferente al de las universidades y las escuelas.

Las universidades utilizan una escala de calificaciones de 0 a 100 puntos, similar al sistema de calificaciones de Estados Unidos. Se requiere 71 puntos para aprobar, lo que equivale aproximadamente a una C. Las escuelas utilizan un sistema de 1 a 5 puntos, lo que significa que si un estudiante tiene un 4.5, eso equivale a una A− o a una calificación cercana a los 95 puntos.

En lo que respecta al promedio de calificaciones (GPA), Panamá utiliza una escala de 0 a 3 puntos para determinar el promedio de calificaciones del estudiante. Por ejemplo, si un estudiante tiene un GPA de 2.5, esto equivale aproximadamente a que un estudiante estadounidense tenga un GPA de 3.0 a 3.5.

Europa

Albania

En Albania se utilizan grados del 4 al 10, y algunas escuelas permiten decimales (hasta la centésima cifra) y otras solo permiten números enteros.

La mayoría de las universidades evalúan las clases con dos exámenes parciales y un examen final. El examen final abarca todo el temario del curso, mientras que los exámenes parciales suelen repasar la mitad. En algunas instituciones, si la nota media de los dos exámenes parciales es igual o superior a 7,00, el alumno puede aprobar la asignatura sin necesidad de realizar el examen final (dado que solo hay dos exámenes, algunos profesores también aprueban a alumnos con una media de 6,50; otros basan su decisión en el rendimiento del alumno en clase). Una media inferior a 4,00 supone suspenso; los alumnos con dicha media no pueden presentarse al examen final.

En las escuelas secundarias, el año se divide en tres trimestres y las clases suelen durar todo el año. Los estudiantes necesitan un promedio de 6.00 o más en los exámenes de los tres trimestres para evitar tener que presentar un examen final y aprobar la materia. En caso de que un estudiante obtenga menos de 6.00 en el tercer trimestre, deberá presentar un examen final, independientemente del promedio. Esto se considera controvertido, ya que el examen del último trimestre no es más importante que los dos primeros, pero la regla se mantiene para evitar que los estudiantes que ya han alcanzado el promedio mínimo (por ejemplo, dos 10.00 en los dos primeros trimestres dan a un estudiante el promedio más bajo posible de 6.33) no se esfuercen durante los últimos tres meses del año. El tiempo en la universidad suele durar de 3 a 5 años.

Austria

En Austria se utilizan calificaciones del 1 al 5.

La calificación general formalizada en Austria es "aprobado con distinción" ( mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden ), que se otorga por un desempeño excelente (promedio de 1,5 o superior, ninguna calificación inferior a 3) [ 28 ] y "aprobado" ( Bestanden , ninguna calificación inferior a 4). [ 29 ]

Si alguien obtiene una calificación de "aprobado con distinción" en su Matura, Diploma y Doctorado, y se le conceden todos los planes de estudio en el tiempo de duración regular, puede obtener una "promotio sub auspiciis presidentis rei publicae" (literalmente "bajo los auspicios del Presidente de la República", lo que significa que el Presidente asistirá personalmente a la ceremonia de graduación), que es el máximo honor en Austria y que solo logra 1 de cada 2500 graduados (0,04 %) anualmente. [ 30 ]

En términos generales, en el sistema educativo austriaco no existe un promedio de calificaciones acumulativo y, por lo tanto, tiene poca relevancia en el mercado laboral local.

Armenia

En Armenia, la escala de calificación de 10 puntos es la siguiente:

Para convertir la calificación a porcentaje (en una escala de 10 puntos), se multiplica por 10.

Bélgica

En las universidades belgas se utiliza una escala de 0 a 20 para cada asignatura; posteriormente, se calcula una media ponderada en dicha escala, siendo 10 la calificación mínima para aprobar. Una media total de alrededor de 14 (70 %) otorga una calificación de distinguido (cum laude), alrededor de 16 (80 %) una calificación de alto distinguido (magna cum laude) y una media de alrededor de 18 (90 %) la máxima distinción (summa/maxima cum laude). Las puntuaciones exactas para cada calificación varían entre las distintas universidades. [ 31 ] [ 32 ]

Las escuelas secundarias belgas utilizan una escala de 0 a 100 o incluso superior para los exámenes (generalmente 50 es la nota mínima para aprobar). En los boletines de calificaciones, algunas escuelas también dan notas en una escala porcentual (de 0 a 100), mientras que otras usan una escala de 0 a 10. Estas puntuaciones totales son promedios ponderados de exámenes y pruebas. En las escuelas secundarias belgas, hay 6 años. En los primeros tres años, los estudiantes deben hacer exámenes cada trimestre. Las puntuaciones generalmente se dan en porcentajes. Al final del año escolar, se da una puntuación promedio total.

Los colegios universitarios (otra forma de educación superior, no comparable con los colegios estadounidenses) utilizan la misma escala de 0 a 20 que las universidades belgas, aunque las tareas y la asistencia pueden influir a veces hasta en un 50% o más de estos 20 puntos (situación a febrero de 2011). Es más común que el examen final represente el 100% de la calificación si el curso no requiere trabajo de laboratorio. Obtener una calificación superior a 16/20 se considera muy buena, mientras que un 19 o un 20/20 es muy poco frecuente.

La escala de calificación varía significativamente según la universidad o el centro de estudios superiores.

Bosnia y Herzegovina

En Bosnia y Herzegovina , en la educación primaria y secundaria se utilizan las calificaciones del 5 al 1, mientras que en las universidades se utilizan las calificaciones del 10 al 5.

Clasificación de la educación primaria y secundaria:

Calificación universitaria:

Bulgaria

En Bulgaria , en las escuelas se utiliza la siguiente escala de calificaciones:

Para exámenes y pruebas, se suele utilizar la calificación exacta, que se representa mediante dos posiciones después del punto decimal:

Las calificaciones como Bueno (3.50) o Excelente (5.75) son comunes. Cualquier calificación aprobatoria igual o superior a 0.50 se antepone con el término de la siguiente calificación superior. La calificación más baja es 2.00; las calificaciones inferiores a 3.00 son reprobatorias, y la más alta es 6.00. También se dan calificaciones como "Muy bueno" (5-) y "Promedio" (3+), pero los signos más y menos generalmente se ignoran en los cálculos. El modificador (-) o (+) es equivalente a 0.25 puntos por debajo o por encima del número entero, pero en la mayoría de los casos estos se adjuntan solo para que el estudiante vea qué tan lejos está del punto medio de la calificación asignada. Se pueden usar hasta dos signos menos, pero solo uno más, por ejemplo (6=) o (5+). Dos signos menos se escriben de forma similar al signo igual y se leen "on rails" (на релси), por ejemplo, 6= se lee "six on rails" (шест на релси). A pesar de que equivalen a 0,25 puntos, una calificación como 3= todavía se registra en documentos oficiales como 3. La calificación Mala (1,00) está prácticamente obsoleta y rara vez se utiliza; algunos documentos electrónicos oficiales ni siquiera permiten introducirla.

En términos generales, el sistema de calificaciones búlgaro se puede equiparar al estadounidense de la siguiente manera: 6=A, 5=B, 4=C, 3=D y 2=F. Asimismo, de acuerdo con el sistema australiano, 6=HD, 5=D, 4=Cr, 3=P y 2=F.

La fórmula más común utilizada en las escuelas búlgaras actualmente es Calificación = (6 * número de respuestas correctas) / número total de preguntas. De esta manera, si un estudiante ha respondido correctamente 7 de 10 preguntas, su calificación debería ser: (6 * 7) / 10 = 4,20, que se califica como Bueno 4 o rendimiento promedio. Otra fórmula común es Calificación = 2 + ((4 * número de respuestas correctas) / total de respuestas). De esta manera, si un estudiante ha respondido correctamente 7 de 10 preguntas, su calificación sería: 2 + (4 * 7) / 10 = 4,80, que se califica como Muy Bueno 5.

Croacia

En Croacia , en las escuelas se utiliza la siguiente escala de calificaciones:

Al final de cada semestre, las calificaciones se promedian para formar un promedio de calificaciones ( prosječna ocjena ), según esta escala:

En croata coloquial, las calificaciones se expresan mediante sus valores numéricos: jedinica , dvojka , trojka , četvorka , petica . Los estudiantes con calificaciones reprobatorias (1 o F) pueden mantenerlas durante todo el año escolar, pero deben mejorarlas hasta obtener calificaciones aprobatorias (2 o superior) para poder finalizar el año. Si no aprueban una materia, el estudiante deberá repetir un año.

República Checa

En la República Checa , se utiliza una escala de calificación de cinco puntos tanto en las escuelas primarias como en las secundarias:

Los signos de más y menos se utilizan a menudo para diferenciar aún más las calificaciones. Por ejemplo, "2+" corresponde a la calificación estadounidense "B+". También se pueden usar intervalos de medio grado, como "2–3", una calificación intermedia entre 2 y 3.

En el ámbito universitario, solo se aprueban las calificaciones 1, 2 y 3; cualquier calificación inferior a 3 se considera automáticamente suspenso. Algunas universidades utilizan una escala de seis puntos, donde la 'A' corresponde a "1", la 'B' a "1-2", etc.

Dinamarca

La escala actual, syv-trins-skalaen ("La escala de 7 pasos"), se introdujo en 2007, reemplazando la antigua 13-skala ("Escala de 13"). La nueva escala está diseñada para ser compatible con la escala ECTS .

La escala Syv-trins-skalaen consta de siete grados diferentes, que van del 12 al -3, siendo el 12 el más alto. Esta nueva escala sigue siendo una escala "absoluta", lo que significa que no se tienen en cuenta las proporciones.

Estonia

En las universidades:

La Universidad Tecnológica de Tallin utiliza calificaciones numéricas del 5 (la más alta) al 0 (la más baja) con los mismos porcentajes.

Finlandia

En Finlandia se utilizan varios sistemas en diferentes instituciones educativas . El sistema de calificaciones escolares se ha basado históricamente en una escala de 0 a 10, pero se han descartado todas las calificaciones inferiores a 4. Por lo tanto, ahora se divide entre 4, la calificación de suspenso, y 5-10, las calificaciones de aprobado. La educación secundaria superior tiene las mismas calificaciones para las asignaturas y los exámenes que la educación secundaria general, pero las calificaciones del examen de acceso a la universidad están en latín. Las universidades y los centros de formación profesional utilizan una escala de 0 (suspenso) a 1-5 (aprobado) o suspenso/aprobado. Algunas escuelas, como Savon Ammatti- ja Aikuisopisto, utilizan una calificación de 0 (suspenso) a 1-3 (aprobado). El profesor selecciona el sistema de calificación que se utiliza; los cursos cortos y optativos suelen tener calificaciones de aprobado/suspenso.

Francia

En Francia, las calificaciones escolares suelen ir de 0 (peor) a 20 (mejor) o, a veces, de 0 (peor) a 10 (mejor). Una nota por debajo de la media (10 sobre 20 o 5 sobre 10, según la escala) suele ser un suspenso. Para el Bachillerato Nacional Francés ( baccalauréat ), una nota de 8 a 10 normalmente da derecho a realizar un examen oral adicional para intentar mejorar esa media a 10 y aprobar. Una nota entre 10 y 12 es un aprobado simple (sin nota); entre 12 y 14 (más raramente entre 13 y 14) la nota se llama "assez bien" (bastante bien); entre 14 y 16 se llama "bien" (bien); por encima de 16 es "très bien" (muy bien). Para el diplôme national du brevet , otorgado después de la clase de 3ème, la escala va de 0 a 800, siendo 400 la calificación mínima para aprobar, 480 y superiores "assez bien", 560 y superiores "bien", y 640 y superiores "très bien", 720 y superiores "très bien avec les félicitations du jury" [ 33 ].

Antes de la universidad, normalmente no se exige una nota mínima para pasar al siguiente curso, y la decisión recae en el consejo del centro, lo que significa que una nota media inferior a 10 puede ser suficiente para aprobar. Esto se debe a la tendencia de que en Francia sea cada vez menos frecuente suspender y repetir un curso. [ 34 ]

En los planes de estudio más difíciles, como el CPGE o el primer año de medicina , la nota media suele ser tan baja que los alumnos aprueban o suspenden dependiendo de su posición en la clase, y cualquier nota superior a 7 u 8 puede considerarse una buena nota.

Equivalencia de calificaciones de World Education Services entre Francia y los EE. UU. [ 35 ]

Alemania

En Alemania, las calificaciones escolares van del 1 (muy bien, sehr gut ) al 6 (insuficiente, ungenügend ). En los últimos cursos de los institutos de bachillerato alemanes (Gymnasium ), que preparan para los estudios universitarios, se utiliza un sistema de puntos, donde 15 puntos es la mejor calificación y 0 puntos la peor. El porcentaje de la calificación puede variar según el profesor, la asignatura y el estado. Los porcentajes que se muestran en la tabla son los que se utilizan en los últimos cursos de bachillerato (Oberstufe).

* Este esquema de conversión se presenta a modo de guía, ya que las conversiones exactas pueden variar.

Georgia

Grecia

  • Escala: 0,00–10,00 (0–100%)
  • Aprobado ( módulo ): 5.00 (50%)

La tabla que aparece a continuación muestra el sistema de calificaciones griego e ilustra aproximadamente cómo se comparan las calificaciones con las de ECTS , EE. UU. y Reino Unido :

Para la Universidad Técnica Nacional de Atenas (NTUA), las calificaciones anteriores son diferentes: 9–10 es "excelente", 7–9 es "muy bueno", 5–7 es "bueno", 0–4,9 es "suspenso".

Hungría

En Hungría se utilizan escalas de cinco y tres puntos. En la escala de cinco puntos, hay una calificación de suspenso: 1 – elégtelen (insuficiente). En general, la nota mínima para aprobar es del 50% o del 60%, o un punto más. Las calificaciones para aprobar son: 2 – elégséges (suficiente o aprobado), 3 – közepes (mediocre o satisfactorio), 4 – (bueno) y 5 – jeles (muy bueno). El desempeño general perfecto se denomina kitűnő o kiváló (excelente).

La escala básica de cinco puntos se utiliza para las calificaciones finales en todos los niveles educativos (primaria, secundaria, universidad). Sin embargo, durante el año académico, los profesores pueden usar varios modificadores, especialmente en primaria. Una coma (,) después de la calificación tiene un efecto negativo ("alá", abajo), y un apóstrofo (') después de la calificación tiene un efecto positivo ("fölé", arriba); una calificación intermedia entre dos números enteros se indica con el menor y el mayor separados por una barra oblicua: 3 / 4 ("háromnegyed") es equivalente a 3,5, y 4 / 5 está entre 4 y 5, etc. A veces se usa 5 * , cinco estrellas ("csillagos ötös") para indicar un rendimiento sobresaliente durante todo el semestre (solo en primaria, ya que se consideraría infantil en secundaria).

La escala de tres puntos puede utilizarse en entornos universitarios como calificación final para algunos cursos.

Islandia

Las universidades de Islandia clasifican sus calificaciones de la siguiente manera:

Las calificaciones de la escuela primaria se modificaron en 2011, con la adopción de un nuevo plan de estudios nacional de 0 a 10 en lo siguiente: [ 40 ]

Irlanda

Las dos titulaciones educativas reguladas por el gobierno son el Ciclo Junior (anteriormente Certificado Junior, que se suele obtener a los 15/16 años) y el Certificado de Fin de Estudios Secundarios (que se suele obtener entre los 17 y los 19 años). En abril de 2025, Helen McEntee anunció los cambios en las bandas de calificaciones, distribuyendo equitativamente las cuatro mejores calificaciones, asignando un 15 % cada una.

Aprobar o suspender el Junior Cert (o cualquier otro examen en las escuelas secundarias irlandesas) no influye en si los estudiantes pueden graduarse o continuar sus estudios.

Para el Leaving Certificate, se utiliza un sistema de puntos. Anteriormente, este consistía en calificaciones con letras y números (A1, A2, B1, B2), con cada calificación separada por un 5%, excepto la A1, que se otorgaba por una calificación superior al 90%. Sin embargo, esto se actualizó para el ciclo del Leaving Certificate 2016/2017 y estas letras fueron reemplazadas por H (nivel superior), O (nivel ordinario) y F (nivel básico). [ 41 ] Cada calificación está separada por un 10%. Se contabilizan un máximo de 6 asignaturas, con un posible máximo de 100 puntos en cada una. Para los estudiantes que realizan el examen de matemáticas de nivel superior, se pueden obtener 25 puntos adicionales al obtener una calificación superior a H6. En la práctica, la mayoría de los estudiantes cursan 7 u 8 asignaturas y se contabilizan sus 6 mejores resultados. Cada asignatura tiene 2 o 3 niveles: superior, ordinario y básico. Los puntos son:

El sistema de puntos asigna todas las plazas universitarias en Irlanda a los solicitantes irlandeses.

Las universidades irlandesas varían en sus sistemas de calificación. Por ejemplo, la UCD ( University College Dublin ) otorga calificaciones con letras y valores GPA correspondientes similares al sistema de Estados Unidos, pero 1, 2.1, 2.2, etc. para los títulos, mientras que la TCD ( Trinity College Dublin ) otorga todas las calificaciones como 1, 2.1, 2.2, etc. [ 42 ]

Italia

En Italia, las escuelas primarias no utilizan calificaciones, sino juicios descriptivos basados ​​en niveles, una nueva concepción introducida en diciembre de 2020, que no es una simple escala ordinal, sino que se utiliza para describir cada nivel a través de cuatro dimensiones principales, a saber: continuidad (¿El alumno realiza la tarea de forma consistente o solo ocasionalmente?), autonomía (¿El alumno es autónomo al realizar la tarea o necesita ayuda del profesor?), recursos (Para realizar la tarea, ¿el alumno utiliza solo los recursos proporcionados por el profesor o también otros recursos?) y contexto (¿La tarea ya es conocida como una tarea de práctica, o es una tarea nueva para los alumnos?).

Los niveles se utilizan para fundamentar juicios descriptivos sobre un conjunto de objetivos de aprendizaje específicos para cada asignatura. No se utilizan para evaluar una sola tarea, sino el desempeño de los alumnos a lo largo de un período prolongado en los boletines de calificaciones (de mitad de trimestre y finales), ya que la dimensión de continuidad requiere más de una tarea de evaluación.

Los niveles pueden ir acompañados de descripciones más extensas sobre las características específicas de cada estudiante en cada asignatura, y están orientados hacia un enfoque formativo y la mejora de los alumnos.

Las calificaciones de la escuela secundaria italiana pueden variar de 10 (excelente) a 1 (imposible de evaluar), siendo 6 la nota mínima para aprobar.

Nota: El 0 se usa muy raramente.

Cuando un profesor desea aplicar una escala y clasificación más precisa para las evaluaciones de los estudiantes, en lugar de utilizar la escala completa de 1 a 10 (lo que haría que la escala fuera inconsistente con la de otros profesores), a veces puede recurrir a una plétora de símbolos y decimales: el rango entre 5 y 6 se expresa entonces, en orden ascendente, mediante 5+, 5½ y 6− (o 5/6, denominado "5 a 6"). La calificación mínima para aprobar es 6. Como estos símbolos (excepto ½) no tienen un valor matemático claro (generalmente ±0,25), el cálculo de los promedios de fin de año puede ser algo arbitrario e inconsistente; por lo tanto, desde 2008, con la reforma Gelmini, se ha impulsado la uniformización del sistema a la escala de 1 a 10. [ 43 ]

Antes de esta reforma, las calificaciones de las escuelas primarias y secundarias utilizaban una escala de calificación diferente que expresaba una evaluación del progreso del alumno:

  • Ottimo ("Excelente")
  • Distinto ("Muy bueno")
  • Buono (Good)
  • Sufficiente (Pass)
  • Insufficiente (Fail)

A recent school reform provides for the average grade of a student to include the grade for behavior; as in academic subjects, acceptable ratings range from 6 to 10.

In universities, a point system is used for exams, with 30 points being the best grade and 18 the minimum passing grade. This stems from the practice that exams were traditionally given by 3 examiners. Each had to rate the student's examination performance on a 1–10 scale, and the final grade was the sum of the three ratings. On a 1–10 scale, passing is 6, so on a 1–30 scale the minimum passing grade is 3*6 = 18. Nowadays the form of each examination is decided by the professor (number of examiners, whether written, oral, or both, etc.), but the traditional grading system remained.

Degrees have an analogous point system, in which however the highest grade is 110. A cum laude notation (e lode in Italian) is used to augment the highest grade for both exams and degrees, in all its levels, to reflect truly outstanding performance.

Summary

  • Primary and secondary school
    • 10-point grading scale; highest result 10, pass result 6
  • Licenza media (commonly known as "Terza media")
    • 10-point grading scale; highest result 10 e lode, pass result 6
  • Maturità
    • 100-point grading scale; highest result 100 e lode, pass result 60
  • University
    • Exams: 30-point grading scale; highest result 30 e lode, pass result 18
    • Laurea (bachelor's degree) and laurea magistrale (master's degree): 110-point grading scale; highest result 110 e lode, pass result 66

Kosovo

In Kosovo, grading is as follows:

Latvia

The academic grading system in Latvia is using ten-point scale, where "10" (Latvian: desmit) is the highest achievable grade, and "1" (Latvian: viens) is awarded for extremely poor performance. The minimal passing grade is "4" (Latvian: četri). In most universities, to get the "4", you must acquire at least 50% correct on the work you hand in. Though some universities have a minimum passing grade of "5" (Latvian: pieci).

The absence of any kind of performance is indicated by "nv" (Latvian: nav vērtējuma 'no assessment possible'); in the past, The mark for absence of work was "0" (Latvian: nulle). Teachers for minor assignments are encouraged to award either grades by percentage or STAP system. For percentage grades, 0% is awarded for extremely poor performance and 100% is awarded for exceptional work. The grade of 10 is reserved for exceptional achievements. 9 is most commonly used for a United States equivalent of an A. In some cases, the grade can be rounded for example if a student got 67% the grade can sometimes be rounded to a 7.

Lithuania

In Lithuania, the grading system was changed to a 10-point scale in 1993.[44] Prior to that, Soviet Lithuania had a 5-point grading scale. 10 is the highest achievable grade for excellent performance and 1 is the lowest. Usually, 1 is given when there is no work submitted at all (called kuolas in the academic jargon, meaning 'stake'); otherwise, most teachers keep 2 as the lowest grade and rarely mark work as 1.

The lowest grade for passing a subject in the secondary education institutions is 4, while in the higher education institutions 5 is the lowest passing grade.

Notes:

  • *No answer provided, failed to complete the task (Lithuanian: Nieko neatsakė, neatliko užduoties).

Moldova

Moldova uses a 10-point scale system, 5 being the minimum grade for passing:

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, grades from 1.0 up to 10.0 are used, with 1 being worst and 10 being best. One's score is determined by dividing the number of points acquired by the total amount. Then it is multiplied by 9 and one point is added. So if one scores a 58/64 on a test their score is calculated as following: 58 / 64 * 9 + 1 = 9.2. Sometimes points are deducted for the number of faults on a test (typically, on vocabulary or topographical tests with more than 10 questions, each fault will nonetheless lead to a reduction in score of one. So 2 faults on a 50 question vocabulary test would constitute an 8). The grades 9 and 10 are hardly ever given on large examinations (on average, a 9 is awarded in only 1.5%, and a 10 in 0.5% of the cases). Generally, either one or two decimal places are predominantly used in secondary and higher education. In primary education, fractions of grades are identified with a + or −, which signifies a quarter (converted to either 0.8 or 0.3 if only one decimal place is used). Thus, a grade of 6.75 (or 6.8) could be written as 7−, whereas a grade of 7+ would count for 7.25 or 7.3.

A 5.5 constitutes a pass, whereas 5.4 and below constitute a fail. If no decimal places are used, 6 and up is a pass and 5 and below is a fail; however, in this case of grading in full numbers there exists sometimes "6-", which would officially translate to 5.75, but can be interpreted here as "barely, but just good enough". If the grade would be a 5.49 and one decimal is used, the 5.49 will be a 5.5, but if no decimals are used (usually at the end of the year) the 5.49 will end up as a 5 which indicates a fail.

Depending on the specific university, some students who finish their studies with an average of 8.0 or higher, could get the nomination cum laude (which is comparable with summa cum laude as awarded in Germany and the United States).

The grade scale with its labels:

North Macedonia

Primary and secondary education:

University grading:

Norway

In primary school (Barneskole, from age 6 to 13) no official grades are given. However, the teachers write an individual comment or analysis on tests and at the end of every term.

Lower secondary school (Ungdomsskole; age 13–16) and upper secondary school (Videregående skole; age 16–19) use a scale running from 1 through 6, with 6 being the highest and 2 the lowest passing grade. It is not possible to fail a grade in Lower Secondary School; even 1 is a passing grade. For non-final tests and mid-term evaluations the grades are often post fixed with + or − (except that there is no 6+ or 1−). It is also common to use grades such as 5/6 or 4/3 indicating borderline grades. However, the grades students get on their diploma (Vitnemål), are single-digit grades 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. The student's non-weighted grade point average is also given on the Vitnemål.

In higher education, according to the ECTS-system, grades for undergraduate and postgraduate examinations are awarded according to a graded scale from A (highest) to F (lowest), with E as the minimum passing grade. The ECTS system was implemented at Norway's universities and colleges in the early 2000s, with most schools having converted to ECTS by 2003.

Before 2003, the formerly most common system of grades used at the university level was based on a scale running from 1.0 (highest) through 6.0 (lowest), with 4.0 being the lowest passing grade. The way the new Bologna system was introduced implies that students who had started their studies while the old system still was in effect will graduate with transcripts containing grades from both systems (i.e. both numbers and letters).

An academic year has two semesters, from August to December and from January to June, although exceptions occur. Courses are measured in "studiepoeng" according to the ECTS standard (European Credit Transfer System credits). A normal full-time study progression awards 60 credits (studiepoeng/stp) per year (30 per semester). Most institutions either use a 7.5, 8, 10, 12, 15 or 20-credit block system.

Poland

The most commonly used system in Polish grade schools is as follows (with usual corresponding score percentages):

The grade 'excellent' as a final grade is usually awarded for extracurricular merit. In examinations, it is sometimes awarded for a perfect or near-perfect score (100%+, for example by answering extra-credit questions).

Grades (especially expressed numerically) can be suffixed with + (plus) or – (minus). On rare occasions, the = (double minus, 'rails') is used, especially as 2= also called "dwa na szynach" (literally: two on rails) to express the very lowest passing grade.

Before 1990, grades 1 and 6 were not used. It was grade 2 that was called "insufficient". 3=>, also called trzy na szynach (literally: three on rails) was the very lowest passing grade. The grade 6 might have been issued on rare occasions.

Post-secondary institutions use a different system, usually consisting of the following grades (with usual corresponding score percentages):

The scores corresponding to each grade vary greatly from institution to institution and from course to course, but usually, a score of 50% or 51% is required to obtain the lowest passing grade (3.0). The notations zal. (zaliczony – passed) and nzal. (niezaliczony – not passed) are used when the course only requires attendance and/or is not important (such as sports).

Portugal

In Portuguese primary and middle schools, up until the 9th grade inclusive, the grading system is as follows:

From the 10th grade onwards, including tertiary education, a 20-point grading scale is used, with 10 passing grades and 10 failing grades, with 20 being the highest grade possible and 9.5, rounded upwards to 10, the minimum grade for passing. This 20-point system is used both for test scores and grades.

Romania

The system used in Romanian primary schools is as follows:

In secondary schools, high schools, and academic institutions, a 10-point scale is used (with no official names for the grades), 5 being the minimum grade for passing:

There is no 0 and no way to have such a score, because all examinations include at least one starting point; some regular tests, especially in the lower grades, may have 2 or 3. Usually, grades are specified as numbers with two decimals (8.60). The minimum passing grade is 5.

If a student scores 86%, he will be given a grade of 8.60, which will be rounded to a 9. Further, for a score of 94%, a grade of 9.40 is given that is rounded down to 9. The average of grades have two decimals, thus a student can earn an average grade of e.g. 9.55. However, the rounding is applied before average computation, so that a student who gets the grades 8.50 and 9.75 will have them rounded to 9 and 10, making the average for that subject 9.50.

The same style of grading is used in the national exams, such as the Bacalaureat and the Evaluare Națională. However, in the Bacalaureat, the average between all subjects must be at least 6 in order to pass, besides each test's grade having to be at least 5.

In addition, no matter the starting points, the grade 1 is "awarded" to students who are caught trying to copy or engage in other means of cheating during a test.

Russia

Most Russian educational institutions use a five-point grading scale:

Qualifiers + and − are often used to add some degree of differentiation between the grades: e.g., 4+ is better than 4, but not quite as good as 5−. Grading varies greatly from school to school, university to university, and even teacher to teacher, even for courses that lend themselves to objective markings, such as mathematics and applied sciences. Even though the grades technically range from 1 to 5, 1 is not common and is rarely given for academic reasons—in a number of cases, a 1 is given as a result of failure to show up for or to complete an exam. A 2 grade usually means that the student showed no or little knowledge in a subject.

It may be worth mentioning that 1 is a fairly exotic grade in Russian schools, but it does officially exist. The generally used grades are 2 to 5. Plus (+) and minus (−) modifiers follow the same tendency; they are rarely used in middle school and almost never in colleges or universities. Some institutions and teachers, dissatisfied with the five-point scale, work with various larger ones, but these grading systems are not recognized by the state and require conversion for official use.

A considerably more complex grading system has been implemented for the recently introduced Unified state examinations. In this system, a "primary grade" is the sum of points for completed tasks, with each of the tasks having a maximum number of points allocated to it. The maximum total primary grade varies by subject so that one might obtain a primary grade of 23 out of 37 in mathematics and a primary grade of 43 out of 80 in French. The primary grades are then converted into final or "test grades" by means of a sophisticated statistical calculation, which takes into account the distribution of primary grades among the examinees. This system has been criticized for its lack of transparency.

At universities some subjects are graded "Pass/No pass" or "Credit/No Credit" (зачёт/незачёт, pronounced "zachòt/nyezachòt"); the rest are typically graded on the five-point scale. The "Pass/No Pass" grades do not have any official numeric representation. When zachòt – (credit- or pass-) type subjects are graded as "Pass/No pass", this represents a student's knowledge of a subject. Each university applies its own standards with respect to the knowledge a student must have in order to pass a subject. Zachòt equival to pass with mark of minimum 77% to maximum 100%. Students in Russia must pass all prescribed courses in order to graduate.[47]

Since the word zachòt can be translated variously into English (e.g. as "credit" or "pass"), this notation can create problems for Russian students applying to Western universities. Such grades may confuse Western universities and complicate the accurate calculation of students' GPAs in Western systems. For Western system "Pass" calculation recommended to perform based on averages. Western universities and equivalency organizations usually disregard zachòt, despite the fact that this notation is typically used for about half of a student's course results. Consequently, most Western GPA conversions of Russian degrees reflect only part of a candidate's coursework.[48]

All course examinations and zachot tests must be passed at the time each is given, as there are no repeats, resits or grade appeals. Hence only those who satisfy all the requirements during the allotted examination period for each semester graduate, leaving a huge number of students behind who in the West would have had a chance to resit examinations and even get their grades reconsidered. Furthermore, grades in Russia are determined not only by examination results but also by other criteria such as class attendance and participation, term papers and projects, in-class and homework assignments, laboratory reports, presentations, and sometimes even grooming and behavior. All these must be passed during the semester before a 'final examination mark' and final zachot is awarded.

Russian degrees do not have composite classifications such as in the British system of First Class, Upper/Lower Second Class, Third Class, Pass, etc. This is because each course is examined independently, students must pass all of them, and they do not add up or contribute to an average grade or 'class'. Another reason is that during the Russian Revolution, social stratification and classification were supposedly abolished in the interest of promoting social equality. Accordingly, all students would be expected to perform at or above the minimum level required to qualify and graduate. Calculation of an aggregate mark or GPA is not considered fair or even possible, as it would be felt to disregard much of a candidate's academic work. The zachòt notation would complicate such calculation, and the final thesis qualifying mark is usually considered as the final result. Students who have shown exceptional academic talent by getting 5's in most of their courses are awarded a 'degree with excellence', which comes in a special red cover.[47]

Serbia

Serbia has the same academic grading system of the Former Yugoslavia. In elementary schools and secondary schools, a five-point grading scale is used:

At the university the grade scale used is as follows:

Slovakia

In Slovakia, a five-point grading scale is used in primary and secondary schools:

Star (*) is often used to further elevate the mark 1 as 1* Jednotka s hviezdičkou (Grade one with star).

At the university level, the grades are slightly enhanced as: 1 Výborný A (Excellent), 1.5 Velmi Dobrý B (Very Good), 2 Dobrý C (Good), 2.5 Uspokojivo D (Adequate), and 3 Dostatočne E (Sufficient) are passing; the failing grade is 4 Nedostatočne FX (Insufficient).

Slovenia

In elementary schools and secondary schools, a 5-point grading scale is used:

  • 5 (odlično, excellent, A)
  • 4 (prav dobro, very good, B)
  • 3 (dobro, good, C)
  • 2 (zadostno, sufficient, D) is the lowest passing grade.
  • 1 (nezadostno, insufficient, F) is the lowest possible grade, and the failing one.

At the university level is used a 10-point scale grading system:

Spain

In Spain, schools grades typically range either 0 (worst) to 10 (best). A mark below 5 is usually a fail. These grades are described as follows:[49]

Sweden

Since the autumn of 2012, grades in Sweden have been given to students in the 6th grade and above. Previously, grades were given from the 8th grade for multiple years. Students below the 6th grade receive an estimation of their knowledge in each subject from their teachers. The current Swedish national grade scale has been used since 2011 and contains six grades which translate to a number of points, as shown below.

The grades A to E are passing grades, while F denotes failure. Grades A, C and E all have different requirements and the requirements for A are, naturally, the hardest to reach. The grades B and D are given when a student has met all the requirements for the grade below (E or C) and a majority of the requirements for the grade above (C or A).[50] When a student reaches the end of the Swedish nine-year-school and Upper Secondary School, their 17 best grades and points are turned into a qualification value (max 340 points) which they use to apply for their next level of education.

Switzerland

Switzerland has a grading scheme from 1 to 6, where 6 is the highest, 1 the lowest, and 4 the minimum pass mark; anything below 4 designates insufficient performance.[51] It is used on all levels of education, such as primary schools, lower and higher secondary schools, universities, and vocational education.

Except this general pattern, the meaning and the calculation of the grades is subject to the respective cantonal office of education. The cantonal office of educations usually follow the following pattern:[52]

A final mark can be any of the discrete number between 1 and 6, or anything between two of them usually rounded up or down to the next half or quarter value (.25, .5, .75), or to one or two digits behind the decimal point.

An oversimplified way to calculate a grade is: (acquired points/total points ) × 5 + 1 = grade.

Turkey

In Turkey, high school exam grades are from 0 to 100. But final grades are from 1 to 5 in the report cards given to the student at the end of every semester and education year of elementary, middle, and high schooler.

In Undergraduate education, regulations are generally according to the US grade system, depends on the university rules.

Ukraine

Current grading system was introduced in Ukraine in autumn 2000.[53]

The Ukrainian system for middle and high school provides grades that lie within 1 and 12. The lowest passing grade is 4. Additionally, the grades are divided into four levels: initial (1–3), sufficient (4–6), average (7–9) and high (10–12).

United Kingdom

England and Wales

GCSE exams are graded as follows in England and Wales. Grade marks fluctuate based on national results.[54]

A-Level

A-Level exams are graded as follows. Grade marks fluctuate based on national results.

Grading in universities

A degree may be awarded with or without honours, with the class of an honours degree usually based on a weighted average mark of the assessed work a candidate has completed. The degree classifications are:

  • First class honours (1st)
  • Second class honours, upper division (2:1)
  • Second class honours, lower division (2:2)
  • Third class honours (3rd)
  • Ordinary degree (pass)

UK Postgraduate Grading System

The postgraduate grading system for master's degrees in the UK is similar to the Honours system but differs in some points.[55] The minimum passing grade is 50% instead of 40%. The complete classifications look as follows:

  • Distinction: 70-100%
  • Merit: 60-69%
  • Pass: 50-59%
  • Fail: Less than 50%

Scotland

Despite grade marks fluctuating based on national results, the Scottish Qualifications Authority grading scheme goes as follows for National 5, Higher and Advanced Higher:

For National 3 and 4 courses in Scotland, the only grades are as follows:

European academic grading

With the exception of Liechtenstein, which uses the Swiss grading system, and Moldova, which uses the Romanian grading system, the majority of European countries create their own academic grading standards. Most involve combinations of the key elements of grading, and all are used to evaluate students' performance on a scale of passing to failing (or comprehending to not comprehending material).

Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom

North America

Canada

Conversions by province from percentage marks to letter grades and correspondent grade points are as follows:

Alberta

In Alberta's post-secondary colleges, technical institutes, or universities, the actual percentage associated with letter grade is up to the individual institution or professor teaching the course.

The 4.33 is scored as a 4.00 at the University of Alberta, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, MacEwan University, and the University of Calgary.[56]

There is no universal percentage grade associated with any letter grade in the province of Alberta and such associations are made by professors or a bell curve. A student may be awarded an Honours designation on parchment if semester and cumulative grade point average of 3.7 is achieved on the first attempt of courses required towards graduation of major. In addition, students will need to complete graduation requirements within specific time restrictions. D is the minimum general passing letter grade to receive credit for a course. Certain faculties may require higher grades to receive course credit.

Some universities in Alberta have used a nine-point stanine grading scale: 9=A+, 8=A/A–, 7=B+/B, 6=B–/C+, 5=C, 4=D, 0 to 3=F.[57]

British Columbia

The following table is only an approximation; faculties within universities sometimes follow a different system for converting percentage marks to letter grades.[58]

The University of British Columbia uses a percentage grading scale.[59]

Simon Fraser University uses a 4.33-point grading scale.[60]

Secondary schools in the School District 38 of Richmond use another grading scale.

In some faculties, such as the School of Engineering Sciences program at its Faculty of Applied Sciences, a course grade score of a D is considered a fail if it is a prerequisite course.[61]

The University of Victoria uses a 9-point grading scale alongside a percentage-based system.[62]

Manitoba

The University of Manitoba uses a 4.5-point scale GPA system.[63]

GPA is Calculated taking total "points" and divided by school credit hours.

Newfoundland and Labrador

In Newfoundland and Labrador at Memorial University:

Grade F is the sole failing mark.

Nova Scotia

In most Nova Scotia universities:

Grade F is the sole failing mark.

Ontario

Percentage and grade equivalence[64]

The University of Ottawa uses a grade point average system with numbers ranging from 0 to 10 despite multiple schools using the 12 point system.[65]

Official grading system at the University of Ottawa: Letter grade, numerical value, and percentage equivalency[66]

Quebec, New Brunswick

In Quebec and New Brunswick universities:

This scale is used by at least UQTR. The Université de Montréal[67] scale is similar but goes from A+ to F. Université Laval[68] uses a similar 4.33 scale. UQAM,[69]Concordia University and Université de Sherbrooke uses a 4.3 scale. This scale is much alike multiple other scales used in Canada.

McGill University[70] and the École Polytechnique de Montréal[67] use a 4.0 scale. Université de Sherbrooke scale is from A+ to E.[71]

The percent equivalent of each grade and the passing mark can vary. The passing mark in high school and college is 60%.

Saskatchewan

The University of Saskatchewan and University of Regina both use a percentage grade system, universal across faculties and departments.[72][73]

Mexico

Mexican schools use a scale from 0 to 10 to measure students' scores. Since decimal scores are common, a scale from 0 to 100 is often used to remove the decimal point.

In some universities, students who fail a subject have the option of taking an extraordinary test (examen extraordinario) that evaluates the contents of the entire period. Once the test is finished and the score is assessed, this score becomes the entire subject's score, thus giving failing students a chance to pass their subjects. Those who fail the extraordinary test have two more chances to take it; if the last test is failed, the subject is marked as failed and pending, and depending on the school, the student may fail the entire year.

Some private schools (particularly in higher levels of education) require a 70 to pass instead of the regular 60.

Grades are often absolute and not class-specific. It may be the case that the top of the class gets a final grade of 79. Curve-adjustment is rare. Grad-level students are usually expected to have grades of 80 or above to graduate. Students in the honor roll are usually those with an overall GPA of 90 or higher upon graduation, and some private universities will award them a "With Honors" diploma. Additionally, in some private universities, the pass scores are higher or lower depending from the kind of studies that are related with (for example, in some universities, in the case of Engineering, the minimum score is 7.3 and for Art, Sciences is 8.8).

United States

The most popular and commonly used grading system in the United States uses discrete evaluation in the form of letter grades. A number of schools use a GPA (grade-point average) system [74] in combination with letter grades. There are also multiple other systems in place. Some schools use a scale of 100 instead of letter grades. Others, including multiple Montessori schools, eschew discrete evaluation in favor of pure discursive evaluation. There is no standardized system of grading in the United States. As such, those issues are left up to individual universities, schools and the regulatory authority of the individual states.

At most schools, colleges and universities in the United States, letter grades follow a five-point system, using the letters A, B, C, D and E/F, with A indicating excellent, C indicating average and F indicating failing. Additionally, most schools calculate a student's grade point average (GPA) by assigning each letter grade a number and averaging those numerical values. Generally, American schools equate an A with a numerical value of 4.0. Most graduate schools require a 3.0 (B) average to take a degree, with C or C− being the lowest grade for course credit. Most undergraduate schools require a 2.0, or C average to obtain a degree with a minimum of D or D− to pass a course. For most secondary schools, the minimum overall and course passes are both D or D−. Some districts, such as Mount Olive Township School District in New Jersey, have eliminated D as a passing grade for their students due to a high failure rate.[75]

Whereas most American graduate schools use four-point grading (A, B, C, and E/F), several—mostly in the west, especially in California—do award D grades but still require a B average for a degree qualification. Some American graduate schools use nine- or ten-point grading scales, formerly including the Rackham School of Graduate Studies at the University of Michigan, where 9.0 = A+, 8.0 = A, 7.0 = A−, and so on. (Rackham switched to a more conventional four-point scale in August 2013.)[76]

In a handful of states, GPA scales can go above 4.0.

The percentage needed in any given course to achieve a certain grade and the assignment of GPA point values varies from school to school, and sometimes between instructors within a given school. The most common grading scales for normal courses and honors/Advanced Placement courses are as follows:

Some states may use an alternate grading scale such as the following which is commonly used.

Whether a school uses E or F to indicate a failing grade typically depends on time and geography. Around the time of World War II, several states began to use E, while the majority of the country continued to use the F, which traces to the days of Pass/Fail grading (P and F). In recent years, some schools have begun using an N for failing grades, presumably to represent "No Credit". Another letter used to represent a failing grade is U, representing "unsatisfactory."

Chromatic variants ("+" and " − ") are used. In most 100-point grading systems, the letter grade without variants is centered around a value ending in five. The "plus" variant is then assigned the values near the nine digit and the "minus" variant is assigned the values near zero. Any decimal values are usually rounded. Thus, a score of 80 to 82 is a B−, a score 83 to 86 is a B and a score of 87 to 89 is a B+. The four-point GPA scale, the letter grade without variants is assigned to the integer. The "plus" and "minus" variants are then assigned to .3 above the integer and .3 below the integer, respectively. Thus, a B is equal to 3.0, a B+ is equal to 3.3, and a B− is equal to 2.7.

The A range is often treated as a special case. In most American schools, a 4.00 is regarded as perfect and the highest GPA one can achieve. Thus, an A, being the prime grade, achieves the mark of a 4.00; for the A+ mark, most schools still assign a value of 4.00, equivalent to the A mark, to prevent deviation from the standard 4.00 GPA system. However, the A+ mark, then, becomes a mark of distinction that has no impact on the student's GPA. A few schools, however, do assign grade values of 4.33 or 4.30; but the scale is still called "4.0", because grading scales (or "quality indices") take their numerical names from the highest whole number.

In multiple American high schools, students may also score above 4.0 if taking advanced, honors, Advanced Placement, or International Baccalaureate classes (for example, a "regular" A would be worth four points, but an A earned in an advanced class might be worth 4.5 or 5 points towards the GPA.).[77] This is called a weighted GPA.

In middle and high schools that do not use a system based on academic credit, the grade point average is computed by taking the mean of all grades. In colleges and universities that use discrete evaluation, the grade-point average is calculated by multiplying the quantitative values by the credit value of the correlative course and then dividing the total by the sum of all credits.

For example:

  • Total Credits: 11
  • Total Grade Points: 35.3
  • Grade Point Average: 35.3 / 11 = 3.209 or slightly below B+

In a standards-based grading system, a performance standard is set by a committee based on ranking anchor papers and grading rubrics, which demonstrate performance which is below, meeting, or exceeding the "standard." This standard is intended to be a high, world-class level of performance, which must be met by every student regardless of ability or class, although they are actually set by a committee with no reference to any other national standard Levels are generally assigned numbers between zero and four. Writing papers may be graded separately on content (discussion) and conventions (spelling and grammar). Since grading is not based on a curve distribution, it is entirely possible to achieve a grading distribution in which all students pass and meet the standard. While such grading is generally used only for assessments, they have been proposed for alignment with classroom grading. However, in practice, grading can be much more severe than traditional letter grades. Even after ten years, some states, such as Washington, continue to evaluate over half of their students as "below standard" on the state mathematics assessment.

Here is another example of a commonly used grading scale, currently in place at Wayzata High School in Plymouth, Minnesota. The Grade Point Average is not the traditional four-point scale, but uses the 12-point scale for unweighted classes and the 15-point scale for weighted classes:

The 12-point GPA scale works as follows. Students receive 12 points for an A or A+, 11 points for an A−, 10 points for a B+, etc. for each grading period. Once a grading period is complete, the student's total grade points are divided by the total number of credits and a GPA is generated.

For example, here is one term of grades and a grade point average from a student whose school uses the 86-minute block schedule (such as Wayzata High School):

Standards-based grading

Standards-based grading is a well-known practice of assessment. It provides students with learning expectations and an in depth way of evaluation students.[78] It is not the most common assessment method but it provides students with developmental feedback. Researchers have determined that students who were previously exposed to standards-based grading reflected higher performance.[79]

Alternative grading methods

Alternative grading methods offer a diverse way of assessing student progress. Recent studies reveal that alternative grading methods may lead to more applicable growth opportunities for students over time. These methods can include portfolios, narrative evaluations, contract grading, developmental meetings and verbal feedback. These methods provide insight to evaluation methods and emphasize student progress and improvement.[80] Some alternative grading methods include contract grading, the Waldorf assessment style, and narrative evaluation.

Contract grading emphasizes learning behaviors. Most students are accepting of contract grading; however, the data shows that fewer than half of students noted they found it helpful and less stressful than letter grades. Most students that dislike this method were advanced students and found the process to be repetitive.[81]

The Waldorf assessment style consists of developmental meetings and an evaluation letter. Waldorf grading methods focused more on what they were learning rather than how well each student applied it.[80] It emphasizes positive feedback and progress. Some people may label it as unstructured, others may describe it as a personalized and relaxed style of learning and assessment. Waldorf philosophy strongly reiterates the growth and improvement of the students.

Narrative evaluation can be defined as detailed written feedback. Studies show that over half of students really like narrative evaluation.[82] It focuses on improvement and provides personal detail of how students have grown. It allows for more personalized feedback and eliminates the competitive nature of students to compare themselves to their classmates.

Cuba

Grading scale in Cuba varies by schools and colleges.

Oceania

Australia

NAPLAN gradings are specified in "Bands", approximately as follows:

The majority of tertiary institutions in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania and use the following grading structure:

The majority of tertiary institutions in ACT, Western Australia and Victoria, use the following grading structure:

Some other Australian universities have a marking system similar to the Honours system used by British universities:

Many courses also have Non-Graded Pass (NGP) and Non-Graded Fail (NGF), in which it is considered more appropriate to have qualitative than quantitative assessment. However, in some universities, an F1 category may be given a 'Pass Conceded' if the student's Weighted Average is greater than a nominated threshold. (More often than not, this is around the 53–55 range.)

Grade-point averages are not generally used in Australia below a tertiary level but are important for selection into graduate entry courses such as Medicine and Law. They are calculated according to the more complicated formula than some other nations, and may be customized for the particular course application when used as entry criteria into graduate entry degrees:

Grade Point Average (GPA) = Sum of (grade points × course unit values) / total number of credit points attempted, in which grade points are as follows:

  • High Distinction = 7
  • Distinction = 6
  • Credit = 5
  • Pass = 4
  • Fail level 1 = 1
  • Fail level 2 = 0

At some universities, among them Macquarie University, University of Technology, Sydney, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)[83] and Monash University in Melbourne, a GPA is calculated, with 4.0 being a High Distinction; 3.0 a Distinction, 2.0 a Credit, and 1.0 a pass. In certain faculties, such as law, it is, therefore, possible to graduate with "honours" with a GPA of less than 2.5. Whenever a course result is a Non-Graded Pass, the result will normally be disregarded in GPA calculations.

Some other universities, such as the University of Melbourne, University of New South Wales, University of Sydney, and University of Wollongong[84] use a Weighted Average Mark (WAM) for the same purpose as a GPA. The WAM is based on the raw percentage grades, or marks, achieved by the student, rather than grade points such as High Distinction or Distinction.

The term course unit values is used to distinguish between courses that have different weightings e.g. between a full year course and a single semester course.

For grading of secondary school graduates, the ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank) system determines which students are offered positions in tertiary courses. Government Supported Positions are offered to applicants for a course who are ranked above a particular ATAR threshold, which commonly varies from course to course, institution to institution, and year to year. (An example of this is an ATAR of 85 for Bachelor of Science at the University of Melbourne.)[85] A student's ATAR signifies that student's rank relative to their year 7 cohort, including students that did not complete year 12. A student with an ATAR of 80.00, for example, has performed, in their final year of secondary schooling, better than 80 percent of that student's year 7 cohort, had all those years 7 students completed year 12 and been eligible for an ATAR.

New Zealand

Most New Zealand secondary schools use the National Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) marking schedule, even in pre-NCEA years for commonality. There are four grades, from lowest to highest, Not Achieved (N/A or N), Achieved (A), Achieved with Merit (M), and Achieved with Excellence (E). These can also be marked at certain levels for junior exams and general assignments as well as exams once the student has started NCEA. The grading for these specific marks are as follows, Not Achieved minus (N/A1 or N1), Not Achieved plus (N/A2 or N1), Achieved (A3), Achieved plus (A4), Merit (M5), Merit plus (M6), Excellence (E7) and Excellence plus (E8). It is possible to get an achieved, merit or excellence minus, but would be marked as the first number used for the grade. The difference between an achieved plus and merit minus is simply if the student has applied all of the achieved requirements but not enough merit requirements or has applied all of the achieved requirements and just enough merit requirements to reach merit. However, these grades are often check marked if that is the case and regardless of whether the student got a merit minus or straight merit, they will be rewarded with merit level credits for the assessment. The minority of schools using other secondary school qualifications (usually CIE or IB) have different grades. Grading at tertiary institutions generally centers around a letter scale, with a corresponding nine-point GPA scale (C−=1, A+=9).

South America

Argentina

In Argentina, the GPA is calculated quarterly, each semester, or annually. Grades usually range from 1 to 10. The passing mark is typically 70% or around two thirds, which in secondary school is represented by a grade of 7.

Depending on the university, admittance may require:

  • Completion of secondary school.
  • A common basic year to all degrees or an entrance exam for some of the more popular degree programs.

University grades are also on a scale of 1 to 10, but a passing mark is represented by 4, which usually corresponds to a mark of 70–75%, or higher.

Brazil

In Brazil, the GPA – variously known as Coeficiente de Rendimento, or Índice de Rendimento Acadêmico – is updated per semester or per year or both.

Calculation

In Brazil, each school is free to define its own grading system, so exceptions may exist, but as a rule schools adopt a 0.0 or 0% (worst) to 10.0 or 100% (best) scale called a nota.[86] Letter grades are sometimes used in addition to a numerical score, in which case the particular system (and acronyms) used by the school will be described in the student's transcript. Here is one typical example:

Whatever the school, a grade below 5.0 (50%) is generally a fail, though this average varies greatly depending on region and type of school (being commonly required to be above 60% in public schools, and even up to 75% in some private institutions). In primary and secondary education, students are often permitted one recovery exam at the end of the grading period. Since Brazilian elementary and high schools are year-based and not credit-based, failing even one subject means that the student will be held back an entire year. As a result, schools may offer an interview with, or an independent evaluation by, an academic review board that has the authority to pass even those students who have failed their recovery exam, such as in the case of extenuating circumstances. These policies are all up to each individual school.

Usefulness

The High School GPA is only rarely ever used for college entrance evaluation in Brazilian universities. Although some universities allow an International Baccalaureate or High School GPA to be used as an alternate evaluation method, admission to undergraduate programs (cursos de graduação) typically involves taking an entrance exam.[87] The largest such exam is the ENEM, a national standardized test that ranks high school students and whose score is used (through the SiSU system) for admission to over 100 public universities. Other (public and private) universities have their own exams, called vestibulares. Colloquially, the term also extends to the ENEM.

Still, private schools often ask for high GPAs when considering students for scholarship programs, and the same goes for independent language schools. Besides that, many private institutions offer prizes for students that reach the highest grade averages, as an incentive for them to keep pushing for it. It is considered a point of pride for an institution how many students got into public universities, and they'll do their best to insure it happens.

In college, the minimum passing grade is also defined by each individual university, and is typically either 6.0 or 7.0. During college, GPA is much more important than in high school because it is often used not only when considering a student for scholarships, but also undergraduate research fellowships, exchange programs.[88] Some admissions to Master's programs (cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu) give more importance to the student's research and their Undergraduate Thesis or Capstone Project (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso, or "TCC").[89] However, it is usually taken into account for choosing which students will receive grants upon entering their Master's.

Chile

The Chilean grading system uses a numeric scale from 1.0 to 7.0, where one decimal place is usually included. The minimum passing grade is 4.0, although in practice this may correspond to percentages ranging from 50% to 70%, depending on institutional policies and instructors’ evaluation methods. Grades below 4.0 are considered a nota roja (“red mark”), indicating failure. The grading scale is regulated by the Ministry of Education of Chile and is used across primary, secondary, and tertiary education institutions.

Conversion to International Scales

Although not officially standardized, Chilean grades are often compared to international systems when evaluating transcripts abroad. The following equivalencies are commonly used by universities and credential evaluation services:

Numerical system from 1.0 to 7.0:

University Admission Exams

Since 2022, admission to higher education in Chile has been based on the Prueba de Acceso a la Educación Superior (PAES), which replaced the earlier PSU (Prueba de Selección Universitaria). The PAES is scored on a 100–1000 point scale, with a mean of 600 and standard deviation of 100, approximating a normal distribution. Performance is evaluated across several mandatory and elective tests, including:

  • Mathematics (M1 and M2 levels)
  • Reading Comprehension (Linguistics)
  • Elective tests in Natural Sciences or History
  • NEM (Notas de Enseñanza Media), the student's high school GPA, which is converted into the PAES scale.

Each university and program sets its own cut-off scores for admission, often giving different weights to PAES, NEM, and Ranking de Notas (relative class rank). Where can I see my NEM average in Chile?

The High School Grade Point Average (GPA), known as NEM (Notas de Enseñanza Media), is important for university admission in Chile. It reflects your academic performance throughout secondary education.

Colombia

The most used grading systems are the numerical from 0 to 5 or from 0 to 10 and commonly are approved with 3 or 6, respectively. The letter system consists of E, S, B, A, I and is approved with A. The letter system is based on the numerical, meaning that the numerical system guides the letter one. While the universities only use the numerical system, with 3.0 being the passing grade, because it is more complex and students have more difficulty in approving a course.

Numerical system from 0 to 5:

Numerical system from 0 to 10:

It is noteworthy that most schools no longer implement the grades below 1,0 as a null performance because is believed that it might cause low self-esteem in students. Conversions of the Colombian grading scale into GPA or other grading systems are often required for international academic applications.

Ecuador

In Ecuador, the rating system is 10 out of 10, including two decimal places in both primary, secondary and university, the highest score is 10 and the lowest is 0. The minimum grade required to pass a year is 7, depending on how schools are organized. Since 2012 it enjoys complete autonomy in Ecuador, so that some establishments maintain supplementary examination for those with less than 7, and other approved intensive recovery, but if the grade obtained is lower than 5, students are automatically disqualified and disciplinary actions are taken. If a student got 10 out of 10 in 90% of subjects in the first period, he is promoted to a senior year, after taking an entrance examination. Notes and academic qualifications and groups them reasoning thus:

  • 10–9.5 = Rated Excellent (A)
  • 9.4–9.0 = Rated Outstanding (B)
  • 8.9–8.0 = Very good credit rating (C)
  • 7.9–6.5 = Rating Sufficient or Good Sufficient (D)
  • 6.4–5.1 = Fail failing grade with Recovery option or supplementary examination (E)
  • 5.0–1.0 = Fail automatically (F)

This system is still applied to universities, the "Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas (ESPE)" being the only exception, as they do not allow their students to take supplementary exams after every course.

Paraguay

The grades vary from 1 to 4, where 4 is the maximum grade achievable and 1 the lowest. The minimum for a pass is 2 (equivalent to 60%).

Peru

Grades range from 0 to 20, in an almost unique grading table. The passing grade is 11 in most schools and universities. In some preschool facilities, grades usually range from D to A+, following the American system, and in a few colleges, the passing grade is 10.

For most Peruvian universities the grading system is as follows:[90][91]

Uruguay

In Uruguay, high grades are hard to achieve. In primary school, grades range in this order:

In secondary school, grades range from 1 to 12. 1 is the lowest and 12 is the highest. Passing an exam or course requires 6 out of 12 in high school or at a private university (although some subjects in secondary school require a grade of 7 or 8 to pass), and 3 out of 12 at a public university. In high school, a 6 corresponds to 50% on an exam or in a course while in a public university, a 3 corresponds to 60% in a course or exam. Grades of 10, 11, and 12 are considered excellent. Some private universities grade their students on a percentage basis, generally setting the passing benchmark between 60% and 70%.

Because of the acronym of the word "Sobresaliente" (Ste.), it is usually pronounced "Sote".

Venezuela

Grades in Venezuela may vary according to the education level, but normally the grading system is numerical, and ranges from 00 to 20, 00 being the lowest and 20 being the highest, and 10 being the pass mark, equivalent to a "D" in the United States. This system is not required, however, and several schools in Venezuela deviate from it by following a letter-grade system similar or identical to those in the United States.

As of 2022, a new grading system in Venezuela has been implemented which compares to other Spanish-speaking countries. The new grading system now ranges from 00 to 10, 00 being the lowest and 10 being the highest.

Shown here is the Venezuelan grading system in probable comparison with the United States grading system:

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