
La fuente Q (también llamada Evangelio de los Dichos , Evangelio Q , documento(s) Q o Q ; del alemán : Quelle , que significa "fuente") es una hipotética colección escrita de dichos ( λόγια , logia ) principalmente de Jesús . Q forma parte del material común que se encuentra en los Evangelios de Mateo y Lucas , pero no en el Evangelio de Marcos . Según esta hipótesis, este material se extrajo de las tradiciones evangélicas orales de la Iglesia primitiva . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
La hipótesis de Q se planteó hacia 1900 junto con la prioridad de Marcan . [ 4 ] Algunos estudiosos han postulado que Q es en realidad una pluralidad de fuentes, algunas escritas y otras orales. [ 5 ] Otros han intentado determinar las etapas en las que se compuso Q. [ 6 ] A pesar de que la hipótesis de las dos fuentes goza de amplio apoyo, la existencia de Q ha sido cada vez más cuestionada por teorías alternativas como las hipótesis de la posterioridad de Farrer y Matthean . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ]
Historia
Durante siglos, los eruditos bíblicos siguieron la hipótesis agustiniana : que el Evangelio de Mateo fue el primero en ser escrito, Marcos usó a Mateo en la escritura del suyo, y Lucas siguió tanto a Mateo como a Marcos en el suyo (el Evangelio de Juan es bastante diferente de los otros tres, que debido a su similitud se llaman Evangelios Sinópticos ). Los eruditos del Nuevo Testamento del siglo XIX que rechazaron la prioridad de Mateo en favor de la prioridad de Marcos especularon que los autores de Mateo y Lucas tomaron el material que tienen en común con el Evangelio de Marcos del Evangelio de Marcos. Sin embargo, Mateo y Lucas también comparten grandes secciones de texto que no se encuentran en Marcos. Sugirieron que ninguno de los Evangelios se basó en el otro, sino en una segunda fuente común, denominada Q. [ a ] [ 9 ] Junto con la prioridad de Marcos , Q había sido hipotetizada hacia 1900, y gozó de dominio en la erudición sinóptica desde la fundación del Proyecto Internacional Q en 1983 hasta tiempos recientes; Gran parte de esto terminó con el caso de Mark Goodacre contra Q , y muchos eruditos hoy en día han llegado a dudar de Q en lugar de defenderla. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] BH Streeter formuló una visión ampliamente aceptada de Q: que fue escrita en griego koiné ; que la mayor parte de su contenido aparece en Mateo, en Lucas o en ambos; y que Lucas conserva mejor el orden original del texto que Mateo. En la hipótesis de las dos fuentes , la hipótesis de las tres fuentes y la hipótesis Q+/Papias , tanto Mateo como Lucas utilizaron a Marcos y Q como fuentes. Algunos eruditos han postulado que Q es en realidad una pluralidad de fuentes, algunas escritas y otras orales. [ 12 ] Otros han intentado determinar las etapas en las que se compuso Q. [ 13 ]
A pesar de que la hipótesis de las dos fuentes goza de amplio apoyo, la existencia de Q ha sido cada vez más cuestionada por teorías alternativas como Farrer y la Posterioridad Mattheana . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 6 ] Una colección de dichos dominicales habría sido de gran valor para los primeros cristianos, pero figuras como Jerónimo , que tuvo acceso a la vasta Biblioteca de Cesarea , no mencionan tal documento. [ 14 ] Es posible que se considerara innecesario hacer copias de Q, ya que su contenido se conservaba en los evangelios canónicos. De hecho, es posible que los cristianos prefirieran hacer copias de los Evangelios de Mateo y Lucas, «donde los dichos de Jesús de Q fueron reformulados para evitar malentendidos y para que se ajustaran a sus propias situaciones y a su comprensión de lo que Jesús realmente había querido decir». [ 15 ]
Algunos consideran a Herbert Marsh como la primera persona en hipotetizar la existencia de una fuente «narrativa» y una fuente de «dichos», aunque incluyó en esta última parábolas exclusivas de Mateo y exclusivas de Lucas. [ 16 ] En su obra de 1801, Una disertación sobre el origen y la composición de nuestros tres primeros evangelios canónicos , utilizó la letra hebrea alef ( א ) para denotar la fuente narrativa y la letra beth ( ב ) para denotar la fuente de dichos. [ 17 ]
La siguiente persona en proponer la hipótesis de los "dichos" fue el alemán Friedrich Schleiermacher en 1832. Schleiermacher interpretó una enigmática declaración del escritor cristiano primitivo Papías de Hierápolis , c. 95-109 d. C. ("Mateo recopiló los oráculos (logia) del Señor en un lenguaje hebreo , y cada uno los tradujo lo mejor que pudo") [ 18 ] como evidencia de una fuente independiente. En lugar de la interpretación tradicional —que Papías se refería a los escritos de Mateo en hebreo—, Schleiermacher propuso que Papías se refería en realidad a una colección de dichos del apóstol Mateo que posteriormente fue utilizada, junto con elementos narrativos, por otro "Mateo" y por los demás evangelistas . [ 19 ]
In 1838, another German, Christian Hermann Weisse, took Schleiermacher's suggestion of a sayings source and combined it with the idea of Marcan priority to formulate what is now called the Two-Source Hypothesis, in which both Matthew and Luke used Mark and the sayings source. Heinrich Julius Holtzmann endorsed this approach in an influential treatment of the synoptic problem in 1863, and the two-source hypothesis has dominated ever since.
At this time, the second source was usually called the Logia, or Logienquelle ('logia-source'), because of Papias's statement, and Holtzmann gave it the symbol Lambda (Λ). However, toward the end of the 19th century, doubts began to grow about the propriety of anchoring its existence to Papias's account, with the symbol Q (which was devised by Johannes Weiss to denote Quelle, meaning 'source') adopted instead to remain neutral about the connection of Papias to the collection of sayings.
This two-source hypothesis speculates that Matthew borrowed from both Mark and Q. For most scholars, Q accounts for what Matthew and Luke share—sometimes in exactly the same words—but that are absent in Mark. Examples are the Devil's three temptations of Jesus, the Beatitudes, the Lord's Prayer, and many individual sayings.[20]
In The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins (1924), Burnett Hillman Streeter argued that a third hypothetical source, referred to as M, lies behind the material in Matthew that has no parallel in Mark or Luke, and that some material present only in Luke might have come from an also unknown L source.[21] This hypothesis posits that underlying the Gospels of Matthew and Luke are at least four sources, namely the Gospel of Mark and three lost texts: Q, M, and L.
Throughout the remainder of the 20th century, there were various challenges and refinements of Streeter's hypothesis. For example, in his 1953 book The Gospel Before Mark, Pierson Parker posited an early version of Matthew (Aramaic M or proto-Matthew) as the primary source.[22] Parker argued that it was not possible to separate Streeter's "M" material from the material in Matthew parallel to Mark.[23][24]
A principios del siglo XX, se realizaron más de una docena de reconstrucciones de Q. Sin embargo, diferían tanto entre sí que ningún versículo de Mateo estaba presente en todas ellas. Como resultado, el interés por Q disminuyó y el tema quedó en el olvido durante muchas décadas.
Tras el descubrimiento del Evangelio de Tomás en la biblioteca de Nag Hammadi , el Seminario de Jesús propuso que dicho evangelio apócrifo podría ser la fuente Q, pero muchos eruditos rechazan esta hipótesis, ya que sitúan a Tomás y apócrifos similares en la primera mitad del siglo II d. C. [ 25 ] También se ha propuesto que la fuente Q y el Evangelio de Tomás tienen otra fuente común más antigua entre ellos, denominada Fuente de Dichos Comunes .
Composición
La especulación sobre la redacción, especialmente en la obra de John S. Kloppenborg, que analiza ciertos fenómenos literarios y temáticos, sostiene que el Q se compuso en tres etapas. Según Kloppenborg, la primera etapa de su redacción consistió en una recopilación de dichos sapienciales sobre temas como la pobreza y el discipulado. Posteriormente, plantea que esta recopilación se amplió con la inclusión de un conjunto de dichos moralizantes dirigidos contra «esta generación». La etapa final incluyó el relato de la Tentación de Jesús.
Aunque Kloppenborg advirtió contra la suposición de que la historia de la composición de Q es la misma que la de la tradición de Jesús ( es decir , que la capa más antigua de Q es necesariamente la tradición de Jesús más antigua y pura), algunos investigadores recientes del Jesús histórico , incluidos miembros del Seminario de Jesús , han hecho precisamente eso. Basando sus reconstrucciones principalmente en el Evangelio de Tomás y la capa más antigua de Q, proponen que Jesús funcionó como un sabio , en lugar de un rabino , aunque no todos los miembros afirman la hipótesis de las dos fuentes. Kloppenborg es ahora miembro del Seminario de Jesús.
Sin embargo, los estudiosos que apoyan la hipótesis del desarrollo de Q en tres etapas, como Burton L. Mack , argumentan que la unidad de Q no solo proviene de que Mateo y Lucas la compartieran, sino también porque, en las capas de Q tal como se reconstruyen, las capas posteriores se basan en las anteriores y las presuponen, mientras que no ocurre lo contrario. En este argumento, la evidencia de que Q ha sido revisada no es evidencia de desunión en Q, ya que las revisiones hipotetizadas dependen de conexiones lógicas asimétricas entre lo que se postula como las capas posteriores y anteriores. [ 26 ]
Some biblical scholars believe that an unknown redactor composed a Greek-language proto-Gospel. It may have been circulating in written form about the time the Synoptic Gospels were composed (i.e., between late 50s and mid-90s AD). The name Q was coined by the German theologian and biblical scholar Johannes Weiss.[27]
Synoptic Gospels and the nature of Q
The relationship among the three synoptic gospels goes beyond mere similarity in viewpoint. The gospels often recount the same stories, usually in the same order, sometimes using the same words. Scholars note that the similarities among Mark, Matthew, and Luke are too great to be coincidental.[28][29]
If the two-source hypothesis is correct, then Q would probably have been a written document. If Q was a shared oral tradition, it is unlikely that it could account for the nearly identical word-for-word similarities between Matthew and Luke when quoting Q material. Similarly, it is possible to deduce that Q was written in Greek. If the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were referring to a document that had been written in some other language (such as Aramaic), it is highly unlikely that two independent translations would have exactly the same wording.[30]
The Q document must have been composed before Matthew and Luke; some scholars even suggest that Q predated Mark. A date for the final Q document is often placed in the 40s or 50s of the 1st century, with some arguing its so-called sapiential layer (1Q, containing six wisdom speeches) was written as early as the 30s.[31]
If Q existed, physical copies of it have since been lost. Some scholars, however, believe it can be partially reconstructed by examining elements common to Matthew and Luke (but absent from Mark). Versions of this reconstructed Q do not overtly mention key narrative events of Jesus' life, such as his birth, death and resurrection. Nevertheless, Q shows evidence of presupposing (some) of these events: Scholars widely believe[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] that the hypothetical Q source presupposes Jesus' death when referencing the "cross" in Q 14:27, the various references to opposition & persecution (6:22-23; 11:49-51; 13:34-35), with Jesus being "the culmination of the list of Wisdom’s prophetic delegates who have been consistently killed from the time of Abel onwards."[39] Other scholars likewise affirm Jesus' death in the Q source without any in-depth discussion.[40][41][42]
Case for Q
The case for Q's existence follows from the argument that neither Matthew nor Luke is directly dependent on the other in the double tradition (defined by New Testament scholars as material that Matthew and Luke share that does not appear in Mark). However, the verbal agreement between Matthew and Luke is so close in some parts of the double tradition that the most reasonable explanation for this agreement is common dependence on a written source or sources. Even if Matthew and Luke are independent (see Marcan priority), the Q hypothesis states that they used a common document. Arguments for Q being a written document include:
- Sometimes the exactness in wording is striking, for example, Matthew 6:24 and Luke 16:13,[43] (27 and 28 Greek words respectively); Matthew 7:7–8 and Luke 11:9–10,[44] (24 Greek words each).
- There is sometimes commonality in order between the two, for example the Sermon on the Plain and Sermon on the Mount.
- The presence of doublets, where Matthew and Luke sometimes each present two versions of a similar saying but in different context, only one of those versions appearing in Mark. Doublets may be considered a sign of two written sources, i.e., Mark and Q.
- Luke mentions that he knows of other written sources of Jesus' life, and that he has investigated in order to gather the most information.[45][46]
The fact that no Q manuscripts exist today does not necessarily argue against its existence. Many early Christian texts no longer exist, and are only known of through citation or mention of them in surviving texts. Once Q's text was incorporated into the body of Matthew and Luke, it may have been no longer necessary to preserve it, just as interest in copying Mark seems to have waned substantially once it was incorporated into Matthew.[47] The editorial board of the International Q Project writes: "During the second century, when the canonizing process was taking place, scribes did not make new copies of Q, since the canonizing process involved choosing what should and what should not be used in the church service. Hence they preferred to make copies of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, where the sayings of Jesus from Q were rephrased to avoid misunderstandings, and to fit their own situations and their understanding of what Jesus had really meant."[15]
Case against Q
The existence of the "minor agreements" within the two-source hypothesis has raised serious concerns. These minor agreements are those points where Matthew and Luke agree against or beyond Mark precisely within their Marcan verses (for example, the mocking question at the beating of Jesus, "Who is it that struck you?",[48] found in both Matthew and Luke but not in Mark, although this "minor agreement" falls outside the usually accepted range of Q). The "minor agreements" call into question the proposition that Matthew and Luke knew Mark but not each other, e.g. Luke might have indeed been following Matthew, or at least a Matthew-like source. Peabody and McNicol argue that until a reasonable explanation is found, the two-source hypothesis is not viable.[49]
New Testament scholar James Edwards argues that the existence of a treasured sayings document in circulation going unmentioned by early Church Fathers remains one of the great conundrums of modern Biblical scholarship.[14] Pier Franco Beatrice argues that until these issues are resolved, Q will remain in doubt.[50]
Some scholars argue that the Gospel according to the Hebrews was the basis for the synoptic tradition.[51][52] They point out that in the first section of De Viris Illustribus (Jerome), the Gospel of Mark is where it should be as it was the first gospel written and was used as a source for the later gospels.[53] Following it should be Q; but not only is Q not where it should be at the start of Jerome's work, this treasured work recording the Logia of Christ is mentioned nowhere by him.[53] Rather, the document mentioned in the second section is not Q, but the Gospel according to the Hebrews.[54]
Austin Farrer,[55]Michael Goulder,[56] and Mark Goodacre[57] have also argued against Q, maintaining Marcan priority, claiming the use of Matthew by Luke. This view has come to be known as the Farrer hypothesis. Their arguments include:
- Farrer, in his 1955 paper that first outlined this hypothesis, notes that when two documents contain common material, identical in the words and phrases they use to describe some scenes, the simplest explanation is that one of the two used the other as a source, rather than both using a third document as a source.[55]
- Goulder points to common Matthean phrases such as "brood of vipers", "make fruit", and "cast into the fire" that each appear in Luke only once, in a Q passage. Goulder's conclusion, based on writing styles, is that Matthew is the source for these "Q" sayings.[56]
- Goodacre notes that there is no extant copy of Q and that no early church writer makes an unambiguous reference to a document resembling the Q that modern scholars have reconstructed from the common material in Luke and Matthew.[58]
While supporters say that the discovery of the Gospel of Thomas supports the concept of a "sayings gospel", Mark Goodacre points out that Q has a narrative structure as reconstructed and is not simply a list of sayings.[58]
Other scholars have brought other arguments against Q:
Two documents, both correcting Mark's language, adding birth narratives and a resurrection epilogue, and adding a large amount of "sayings material", are likely to resemble each other, rather than to have such similar scope by coincidence. Specifically, there are 347 instances (by Neirynck's count) where one or more words are added to the Marcan text in both Matthew and Luke; these are called the "minor agreements" against Mark. Some 198 instances involve one word, 82 involve two words, 35 three, 16 four, and 16 instances involve five or more words in the extant texts of Matthew and Luke as compared to Marcan passages.[59]John Wenham (1913–1996) adhered to the Augustinian hypothesis that Matthew was the first Gospel, Mark the second, and Luke the third, and objected on similar grounds to those who hold to the Griesbach hypothesis. Eta Linnemann, formerly a follower of Rudolf Bultmann, rejected Q, and Marcan priority, for a variation of the Two Gospel hypothesis that holds that the Mosaic requirement for "two witnesses" made two Jewish Gospels a necessity in the Diaspora audiences.[60]
Notable contents
Some of the more notable portions of the New Testament are believed to have been first recorded in Q:[61]
- John the Baptist's "Brood of Vipers" polemic
- Some portions of the Temptation of Christ
- The Beatitudes
- Turning the other cheek
- Love your enemies
- Golden Rule[62][63]
- Judge not, lest ye be judged
- The Test of a Good Person
- The Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders
- The Parable of the Lost Sheep
- The Parable of the Wedding Feast
- The Parable of the Talents
- The Parable of the Leaven
- Parable of the blind leading the blind
- The Lord's Prayer
- Expounding of the Law
- The Birds of the Air
See also
- Agrapha – Sayings of Jesus not found in the canonical Gospels
- Common Sayings Source – Hypothesized source document containing sayings attributed to Jesus
- Gospel harmony – Compiling events of the biblical gospels
- Documentary hypothesis – A similar theory surrounding the creation of the Torah
- Apocryphal gospels
Notes
- ↑This hypothetical lost text—also called the Q Gospel, the Sayings Gospel Q, the Secret of Q, the Synoptic Sayings Source, the Q Manuscript, and (in the 19th century) The Logia—is said to have comprised a collection of Jesus' sayings. Acceptance of the theories of the existence of "Q" and the priority of Mark are the two key elements in the "two-source hypothesis". (See also the Gospel of the Hebrews and Streeter.)
References
- ↑Horsley, Richard A.; Draper, Jonathan A. (November 1999). Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance, and Tradition in Q. A&C Black. p. 150–74. ISBN 9781563382727.
- ↑Dunn, James D. G. (July 29, 2003). Jesus Remembered: Christianity in the Making. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 192–210. ISBN 9780802839312.
- ↑Mournet, Terence C. (2005). Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 54–99. ISBN 9783161484544.
- ↑Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Introduction," pp. 1–30.
- ↑Mournet, Terence C. (2005). Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 192–286. ISBN 9783161484544.
- 123"'Q.'" Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- 12Runesson, Anders (2021). Jesus, New Testament, Christian Origins. Eerdmans. p. 80. ISBN 9780802868923.
- 12The Synoptic Problem 2022: Proceedings of the Loyola University Conference. Peeters Pub and Booksellers. 2023. p. 5. ISBN 9789042950344.
- ↑D. R. W. Wood, New Bible Dictionary (InterVarsity Press, 1996), 739.
- ↑Joseph, Simon (2023). The Synoptic Problem 2022: Proceedings of the Loyola University Conference. Peeters Pub and Booksellers. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9789042950344.
- ↑Funk, Robert W., Roy W. Hoover, and the Jesus Seminar. The Five Gospels. HarperSanFrancisco. 1993. "Introduction," pp. 1–30.
- ↑Mournet, Terence C. (2005). Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 192–286. ISBN 9783161484544.
- ↑"'Q.'" Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- 12Edwards, James R. (October 16, 2009). The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 228. ISBN 9780802862341.
- 12(From the preface to the Sayings Gospel Q, International Q Project, 2001 http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~kloppen/iqpqet.htmArchived June 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine)
- ↑William R. Farmer, The Synoptic Problem, 1964, Macmillan, p. 14
- ↑Hultgren, Stephen (2002). Narrative Elements in the Double Tradition. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 4–5.
- ↑Yarbrough, Robert W. (June 1983). "The Date of Papias: A Reassessment"(PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 26 (2): 181–191. Archived from the original(PDF) on August 6, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- ↑Hultgren, Stephen (2002). Narrative Elements in the Double Tradition: A Study of Their Place within the Framework of the Gospel Narrative. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9783110175257.
- ↑Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium, Oxford University Press, pp. 80–81
- ↑Streeter, Burnett H. The Four Gospels. A Study of Origins Treating the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates. London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1924.
- ↑Pierson Parker. The Gospel Before Mark. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953.
- ↑William R. Farmer, The Synoptic Problem: a Critical Analysis, Macmillan, 1981 p. 196
- ↑Harrison, Everett Falconer (1964). Introduction to the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 152. ISBN 9780802847867.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ↑Bart D. Ehrman (1999). Jesus, apocalyptic prophet of the new millennium. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512473-6.
- ↑The Lost Gospel: The Book Q and Christian Origins. Macmillan Co. 1993.
- ↑"Britannica". Britannica. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
- ↑Tony Honoré, "A Statistical Study of the Synoptic Problem." Novum Testamentum August 10 – July (1968): 95–147. On page 96 Honoré compares the similarities between the three Gospels with the number of words in common.
- ↑Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-515462-7.
- ↑Burkett, Delbert Royce (2009). Rethinking the Gospel Sources: The unity or plurality of Q. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9781589834125.
- ↑Dunn, James D. G., Christianity in the Making Volume 1: Jesus Remembered. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2003. p. 159
- ↑Kloppenborg, John S. (August 4, 2000). Excavating Q: The History and Setting of the Sayings Gospel. Augsburg Fortress. pp. 365–374. ISBN 978-0800626013.
- ↑Arnal, William (1997). "Major Episodes in the Biography of Jesus: An assessment of the historicity of the narrative tradition". Toronto Journal of Theology. 13 (1) – via 210-211.
- ↑Walker, William O. (1985). The Two-Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal. Mercer University Pr. p. 241.
- ↑Allison Jr., Dale (1997). The Jesus Tradition in Q. Continuum International Publishing Group - Trinity. p. 100.
- ↑Tiwald, Markus (2019). Kommentar zur Logienquelle. p. 155.
- ↑Schnelle, Udo (1988). The history and theology of the New Testament writings. p. 196.
- ↑Jacobson, Arland D. (1992). The first Gospel: an introduction to Q. pp. 27–28.
- ↑Robinson, James M. (2005). The Gospel of Jesus: In Search of the Original Good News. p. 199.
- ↑Valantasis, Richard. The New Q, A Fresh Translation With Commentary. p. 195.
- ↑Smith, Jonathan Z. (1994). Drudgery Divine: On the Comparison of Early Christianities and the Religions of Late Antiquity. p. 138.
- ↑Smith, Daniel A. (January 2012). "The Trouble with Q". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on February 15, 2025. Retrieved February 15, 2026.
- ↑Matthew 6:24, Luke 16:13
- ↑Matthew 7:7–8, Luke 11:9–10
- ↑Luke 1:1–4
- ↑Thomas, Robert L.; David Farnell, F. (1998). The Jesus Crisis: The Inroads of Historical Criticism into Evangelical Scholarship. Kregel Publications. pp. 136–140. ISBN 9780825438110.
- ↑See C.M. Tuckett, "The Existence of Q", pp. 19–48, in The Gospel Behind the Gospels: Current Studies on Q. Edited by R. Piper. Leiden: Brill, 1995 (especially p. 20).
- ↑Luke 22:64,Matthew 26:68
- ↑Peabody, David B.; McNicol, Allan James; Cope, Lamar (November 2002). One Gospel from Two: Mark's Use of Matthew and Luke. A&C Black. p. 1–6. ISBN 9781563383526.
- ↑Pier Franco Beatrice, The Gospel according to the Hebrews in the Apostolic FathersArchived October 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Novum Testamentum, 2006, vol. 48, no2, pp. 147–95 (ingentaconnect.com)
- ↑Pierson Parker (December 1940). "A Proto-Lucan basis for the Gospel according to the Hebrews". Journal of Biblical Literature. 59 (4): 471–478. doi:10.2307/3262407. JSTOR 3262407.
- ↑Lillie, Arthur (2005). The Gospel According to the Hebrews. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 111–134. ISBN 978-1-4253-7051-0.
- 12Jerome, Saint (1999). Ste. Jerome, On illustrious men 1:4. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813201009.
- ↑Jerome, Saint (1999). Ste. Jerome, On illustrious men 3:1. CUA Press. ISBN 9780813201009.
- 12Austin M. Farrer, "On Dispensing with Q" in D. E. Nineham (ed.), Studies in the Gospels: Essays in Memory of R. H. Lightfoot (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955), pp. 55–88, reproduced at "On Dispensing With Q". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
- 12For example, Michael Goulder, "Is Q a Juggernaut", Journal of Biblical Literature 115 (1996), pp. 667–681, reproduced at "Is Q a Juggernaut?". Archived from the original on July 8, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2007..
- ↑ Véase, por ejemplo, Mark Goodacre, The Case Against Q: Studies in Marcan Priority and the Synoptic Problem (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 2002)
- 1 2 "Diez razones para cuestionar a Q" . Markgoodacre.org. 10 de enero de 2003. Consultado el 15 de abril de 2012 .
- ↑ Estas estadísticas provienen de un análisis realizado por Walter M. Shandruk de la obra de Frans Neirynck, The Minor Agreements of Matthew of Luke and Mark with a Cumulative List (Leuven University Press, 1974). Los resultados del análisis de Shandruk se publicaron en http://neonostalgia.blogspot.com/2005/09/minor-agreements-against-mark.html . Archivado el 9 de marzo de 2014 en Wayback Machine .
- ↑ Robert L. Thomas Tres visiones sobre los orígenes de los Evangelios Sinópticos 2002. págs. 255, 322 "El tercer axioma de Farnell señala, citando a Linnemann, que la razón de los cuatro Evangelios independientes proviene del principio legal de Deuteronomio 19:15b: '[S]e confirmará un asunto por el testimonio de dos o tres testigos'".
- ↑ Reconstrucción de Q por el Proyecto Internacional Q.
- ↑ Clayton N. Jefford (1989). Los dichos de Jesús en la enseñanza de los doce apóstoles . BRILL. ISBN 978-9004091276. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2012 .
- ↑ AMH Saari (26 de julio de 2006). Las muchas muertes de Judas Iscariote: Una meditación sobre el suicidio . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203087480. Consultado el 29 de abril de 2012 .
Lecturas adicionales
Bibliografías
- John S. Kloppenborg: Q, el Evangelio más antiguo: Una introducción a las historias y dichos originales de Jesús. Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville 2008, ISBN 978-0-664-23222-1
- Klaus-Stefan Krieger: ¿Fue sagte Jesus wirklich?. Vier Türme, Münsterschwarzach 2003, ISBN 3-87868-641-2
- Thomas RW Longstaff, Page A. Thomas: El problema sinóptico. Una bibliografía 1716–1988. New Gospel Studies 4. Mercer, Macon 1988, ISBN 0-86554-321-6
- Frans Neirynck, J. Verheyden, R. Corstjens: El Evangelio de Mateo y la Fuente Q de los Dichos. Una bibliografía acumulativa 1950–1995. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 140. 2 volúmenes, University Press, Lovaina 1998, ISBN 90-6186-933-1
- David M. Scholer: Suplemento de la bibliografía Q. Documentos del seminario de la Sociedad de Literatura Bíblica. Scholars Press, Atlanta, 1965-2003, ISSN 0160-7588 . 127.1991, págs. 1 y ss .; 128.1992, págs. 1 y ss.; 129.1993, págs. 1 y ss.; 130.1994, págs. 1 y ss.; 131.1995, págs. 1 y ss.; 132.1996, págs. 1 y ss.; 133.1997, págs. 750-756; 134.1998, págs. 1005-1012; Introducción
Estudios
- Marcus J. Borg, Thomas Moore (Eds.): El Evangelio perdido Q: El dicho original de Jesús. Ulysses Press 1996, ISBN 1-56975-100-5
- Maurice Casey: Un enfoque arameo de Q: Fuentes para los Evangelios de Mateo y Lucas. Cambridge University Press 2002, ISBN 0-521-81723-4
- Adolf von Harnack : Sprüche und Reden Jesu. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1907
- Harry T. Fleddermann: Q: Reconstrucción y comentario. Peeters Press, Lovaina, 2005, ISBN 9042916567
- Paul Hoffmann, Christoph Heil (Eds.): Die Spruchquelle Q. Studienausgabe Griechisch und Deutsch. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2002 (2.ª edición 2007 / 3.ª edición 2009 / 4.ª edición 2013), ISBN 978-3-534-26266-3
- Frans Neirynck (Ed.): Sinopsis Q. Los pasajes de la doble tradición en griego. Studiorum Novi Testamenti Auxilia 13. University Press, Lovaina 1988 (2.ª edición ampliada 1995, 2001), ISBN 90-5867-165-8
- Atanasio Polag: Fragmenta Q. Neukirchener Verlag, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1979/1982, ISBN 3-7887-0541-8
- James M. Robinson ua (Eds.): Documenta Q. Peeters, Lovaina 1996 y ss. (hasta ahora doce volúmenes: Q 4, 1–13 [1996], Q 6, 20–21 [2001], Q 6, 37–42 [2011], Q 7, 1–10 [2002], Q 11, 2b–4 [1996], Q 11, 39–44 [2012], Q 11, 46–52 [2012], Q 12, 8–12 [1997], Q 12, 33–34 [2007], Q 12, 49–59 [1997], Q 13, 34–35 [2014], Q 22, 28.30 [1998]), ISBN 978-90-429-3053-7
- James M. Robinson, Paul Hoffmann, John S. Kloppenborg (Eds.): Edición crítica de Q. Sinopsis que incluye los Evangelios de Mateo y Lucas, Marcos y Tomás con traducciones al inglés, alemán y francés de Q y Tomás. Editor responsable: Milton C. Moreland . Peeters Press, Lovaina, 2000, ISBN 978-90-429-0926-7/ Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2000, ISBN 978-0-8006-3149-9
- James M. Robinson, Paul Hoffmann, John S. Kloppenborg (Eds.): Los dichos del Evangelio Q en griego e inglés con paralelos de los Evangelios de Marcos y Tomás. Editor responsable: Milton C. Moreland. Peeters Press, Lovaina, 2001, ISBN 978-90-429-1056-0/ Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2002, ISBN 978-0-8006-3494-0
- James M. Robinson (Ed.): Los dichos de Jesús: El Evangelio de los Dichos Q en inglés. Fortress Press, Minneapolis 2002, ISBN 978-0-8006-3451-3
Enlaces externos
- Texto y recursos en línea para el Evangelio de los Dichos Perdidos Q
- Proyecto Q Internacional Archivado el 2 de febrero de 2017 en Wayback Machine
- El portal del Nuevo Testamento: Sitios web sobre problemas sinópticos. Archivado el 9 de julio de 2007 en la Wayback Machine.
- Materiales web de Q archivados el 17 de diciembre de 2016 en Wayback Machine .
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Enciclopedia Católica . Nueva York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Crítica bíblica
- Fuentes bíblicas hipotéticas
- Problema sinóptico