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Evolución territorial de los Estados Unidos

Mapa animado de la evolución territorial de los Estados Unidos. Expansión territorial de los Estados Unidos; el área punteada es la Compra de Luisiana . Los Estados Unidos de Am...

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Mapa animado de la evolución territorial de los Estados Unidos.
Expansión territorial de los Estados Unidos; el área punteada es la Compra de Luisiana .

Los Estados Unidos de América se formaron después de que trece colonias británicas en Norteamérica declararan su independencia del Imperio Británico el 4 de julio de 1776. En la Resolución Lee , aprobada por el Segundo Congreso Continental dos días antes, las colonias resolvieron ser estados libres e independientes. La unión se formalizó en los Artículos de la Confederación , que entraron en vigor el 1 de marzo de 1781, tras ser ratificados por los trece estados. Su independencia fue reconocida por Gran Bretaña en el Tratado de París de 1783, que puso fin a la Guerra de Independencia de los Estados Unidos . Este tratado extendió las fronteras de la nueva nación hacia el oeste, más allá de la Línea de Proclamación, hasta el río Misisipi . Este territorio se organizó en territorios y luego en estados, aunque persistieron algunos conflictos con las concesiones territoriales que reclamaban algunas de las colonias originales. Con el tiempo, estas concesiones fueron cedidas al gobierno federal.

La primera gran expansión del país se produjo con la Compra de Luisiana en 1803, que duplicó su territorio, aunque la frontera sureste con la Florida española fue objeto de mucha disputa hasta que, en 1821, tanto esta como las reclamaciones españolas sobre el Territorio de Oregón fueron cedidas a Estados Unidos. El Territorio de Oregón le dio a Estados Unidos acceso al Océano Pacífico , aunque durante un tiempo lo compartió con el Reino Unido . La anexión de la República de Texas en 1845 condujo directamente a la Guerra Mexicano-Estadounidense , tras la cual los victoriosos Estados Unidos obtuvieron la mitad norte del territorio mexicano , incluyendo lo que se convertiría en el estado de California .

A medida que el país se expandía hacia el oeste, la cuestión de la esclavitud cobró mayor relevancia, con debates sobre si los nuevos territorios la permitirían y eventos como el Compromiso de Misuri y la Guerra de Kansas, que reflejaron esa tensión. Los gobiernos de los estados del sur proclamaron la secesión en 1860 y 1861, formando los Estados Confederados de América . La Guerra Civil Estadounidense terminó con la derrota de la Confederación en 1865 y la posterior readmisión de los estados del sur al Congreso .

Estados Unidos comenzó su expansión más allá de Norteamérica en 1856 con la aprobación de la Ley de las Islas del Guano , lo que provocó que se reclamaran numerosas islas pequeñas e inhabitadas, pero de gran importancia económica, en el mar Caribe y el océano Pacífico. La mayoría de estas reclamaciones fueron finalmente abandonadas, principalmente debido a las reclamaciones contrapuestas de otros países. La expansión en el Pacífico culminó con la anexión de Hawái en 1898, tras el derrocamiento de su gobierno cinco años antes. Alaska , la última gran adquisición en Norteamérica, fue comprada a Rusia en 1867. El apoyo a la independencia de Cuba del Imperio español y el hundimiento del USS Maine condujeron a la Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense en 1898, en la que Estados Unidos obtuvo Puerto Rico , Guam y Filipinas , y ocupó Cuba durante varios años. Samoa Americana fue adquirida en 1900 tras el fin de la Segunda Guerra Civil Samoana . Estados Unidos compró las Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos a Dinamarca en 1917.

Tras la guerra, las Naciones Unidas confiaron numerosas islas a Estados Unidos . Si bien las Islas Marianas del Norte se convirtieron en territorio estadounidense, las Islas Marshall , los Estados Federados de Micronesia y Palaos emergieron del territorio en fideicomiso como naciones independientes. El último cambio internacional importante fue la adquisición en 1904, y su posterior devolución a Panamá en 1979, de la Zona del Canal de Panamá , un territorio estadounidense no incorporado que controlaba el Canal de Panamá . La transferencia definitiva del control formal de la región a Panamá se completó en 1999.

Los estados generalmente han conservado sus fronteras iniciales una vez establecidos. Solo tres estados ( Kentucky , Maine y Virginia Occidental ) se han creado directamente a partir de territorio perteneciente a otro estado (aunque en el momento de su admisión, Vermont acordó un pago monetario para que Nueva York renunciara a su reclamo); todos los demás estados se crearon a partir de territorios federales o mediante adquisiciones. Cuatro estados ( Luisiana , Misuri , Nevada y Pensilvania ) se han expandido sustancialmente mediante la adquisición de territorio federal adicional después de su admisión inicial a la Unión . En 1912, Arizona fue el último estado establecido en los Estados Unidos continentales . En 1959, Hawái se convirtió en el quincuagésimo y más reciente estado admitido.

1776–1784 (Revolución Americana)

1784–1803 (Organización del territorio)

1803–1818 (Compra de Luisiana)

1819–1845 (Expansión hacia el noroeste)

1845–1860 (Expansión hacia el suroeste)

1860–1865 (Guerra Civil)

1866–1897 (Reconstruction and western statehood)

1898–1945 (Pacific and Caribbean expansion)

1946–present (Decolonization)

Bancos along the Rio Grande

An example of a banco, created when a meander is cut off by a new, shorter channel, leaving a cut-off section of land surrounded by a U-shaped (oxbow) lake

The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.[557] The sudden changes often created bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.[558] In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging from 1-acre (4,000 m2) to 646 acres (261 ha)) and uninhabited.[559][560][561]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑Even though there were borders drawn as far as the Mississippi River, the early United States was only settled along the east coast. As the states were surveyed, these lines were solidified, though often missing their intended mark. By the time the country was surveying its western acquisitions in the mid-19th century, the process had improved and was being conducted through the United States General Land Office; the western borders were rarely controversial. Border surveys are given their own entry in this list if they were performed east of the Mississippi River, involved legislation, or were otherwise notable; the rest are detailed in footnotes in the relevant statehood or cession entries.
  2. ↑The boundaries of the country would be defined in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, with the general claim being everything north of the Floridas, south of Quebec, and east of the Mississippi River.[1]
  3. ↑The Connecticut General Assembly adopted the name "State of Connecticut" during their session beginning October 10, 1776.[2][3]
  4. ↑Georgia formally became the "State of Georgia" with the adoption of their constitution on February 5, 1777.[8][9]
  5. ↑Maryland formally became the "State of Maryland" with the adoption of their constitution around November 11, 1776.[11][12]
  6. ↑The Massachusetts Bay House of Representatives adopted the name "State of Massachusetts Bay" on December 7, 1776.[14][15]
  7. ↑New Hampshire formally adopted the name "State of New Hampshire" on September 11, 1776.[17][B]
  8. ↑New Jersey formally adopted the name "State of New Jersey" on September 20, 1777.[21][C]
  9. ↑New York formally became the "State of New York" with the adoption of their constitution on April 20, 1777;[24] the New York Provincial Congress adopted the name "Convention of the Representatives of the State of New-York" on July 10, 1776.[25][26]
  10. ↑North Carolina formally became the "State of North Carolina" with the adoption of their constitution on December 18, 1776.[28][29]
  11. ↑Pennsylvania was first formally referred to as the "State of Pennsylvania" on July 25, 1776.[31][32]
  12. ↑Rhode Island formally adopted the name "State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations" on July 20, 1776.[34][35]
  13. ↑South Carolina formally became the "State of South Carolina" with the adoption of their constitution on March 19, 1778.[39][40]
  14. ↑Virginia formally became the "Commonwealth of Virginia" with the adoption of their constitution on June 29, 1776.[42][43]
  15. ↑Sources disagree on whether the constitution took effect on September 20[50] or September 21.[51]
  16. ↑Sources disagree on whether this formally occurred on January 15[54] or January 17.[55]
  17. ↑The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Apthorp (now Littleton), Bath, Canaan, Cardigan (now Orange), Cornish, Dresden (now part of Hanover), Enfield, Franconia, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Haverhill, Landaff, Lebanon, Lyman, Lyme, Orford, and Piermont.[58]
  18. ↑The New Hampshire towns petitioning to join Vermont were: Acworth, Alstead, Bath, Cardigan (now Orange), Charlestown, Chesterfield, Claremont, Cornish, Croydon, Dorchester, Dresden, Franconia, "Gilsom" (likely Gilsum), Grafton, Grantham, Gunthwaite (now Lisbon), Hanover, Haverhill, Hinsdale, Landaff, Lancaster, Lebanon, "Leinster" (possibly Lempster), Lincoln, Lyman, Lyme, Marlow, Newport, Piermont, Plainfield, Richmond, Saville (now Sunapee), Surry, Walpole, and Westmoreland.[65]
  19. ↑The New York towns petitioning to join Vermont were: "Black-Creek" (unknown; possibly is or is near Hebron), Cambridge, Fort Edward, Granville, "Greenfield" (unknown; there is a town named Greenfield but it is west of the Hudson River, which was explicitly the western extent of the West Union), Hoosick, Kingsbury, "Little Hoosack" (unknown; presumably near Hoosick), Saratoga, "Scorticook" (possibly Schaghticoke), Skeensborough (now Whitehall), and "Upper-White-Creek" (probably White Creek).[66]
  20. ↑The Supreme Court noted in 1933 that this occurred on February 22,[E] but a 1823 printing of the Vermont State Papers indicates it was February 23.[69]
  21. ↑New York made the cession on March 1, 1781, and Congress accepted it on October 29, 1782.[F]
  22. ↑It is unclear from where this claim came; many sources state that New York had surrendered it, but few elaborate on how it was obtained, beyond some saying it was a cession from the Six Nations.[73][74]
  23. ↑Virginia made the cession during the session beginning October 20, 1783, and Congress accepted it on March 1, 1784.[G]
  24. ↑The agreement was made provisionally on August 31, 1779;[80] approved by Virginia on June 23, 1783; and approved by Pennsylvania on April 1, 1784.[81]
  25. ↑The treaty was signed September 3, 1783, ratified January 14, 1784, and entered into force May 12, 1784.[H]
  26. ↑The treaty established the boundaries of the new country, from the Bay of Fundy: up the "St. Croix River" (which river this referred to was disputed) to its source; north to the height of the land (the "Northwest Angle of Nova Scotia"); along the height of the land to the "northwesternmost Head" of the Connecticut River (which source this referred to was disputed); down that to 45° north; west to the St. Lawrence River; up that to the Great Lakes, through Lake Ontario, the Niagara River, Lake Erie, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior; to "Long Lake" (which lake this referred to was disputed) towards the Lake of the Woods; to the northwest angle of the Lake of the Woods; then west to the Mississippi River. However, the Lake of the Woods was north of the source of the Mississippi River; maps universally show this undefined boundary as a straight line, nearly straight south, between the two points. From there, it followed the Mississippi River down to 31° north; east to the Chattahoochee River; down that to the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers; a line from there to the source of the St. Mary's River; then down that to the Atlantic Ocean.[H]
  27. ↑All sources show Georgia enlarging to fill the new borders,[86] but an act in 1798 referred to the federal and Georgia governments having "interfering claims" over the region.[I]
  28. ↑There is some confusion over if the state was named Franklin or Frankland, complicated by another attempt at a state in the region using the name Frankland.[88]
  29. ↑Massachusetts made the cession on November 13, 1784, and Congress accepted it on April 19, 1785.[K]
  30. ↑Massachusetts' ceded claim was a strip west of New York and Pennsylvania stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter: on the north by a line west from one league north of Lake Winnipesaukee, and on the south by a line west from Massachusetts' southwest corner.[74]
  31. ↑Connecticut made the cession on May 11, 1786, and Congress accepted it on September 14, 1786.[L]
  32. ↑Connecticut's ceded claim was a strip west of 120 miles west of Pennsylvania (the western border of its Western Reserve) stretching to the Mississippi River, bounded by 41° north and the southern edge of Massachusetts' western claim, roughly 42°2′ north.[74]
  33. 12345678910This is the date used to consider the border as formally surveyed, as no dates of government approval are known.
  34. ↑Massachusetts noted in a resolve passed on November 21, 1787, that the surveyors agreed on their report on July 21, 1787.[O]
  35. ↑South Carolina made the cession on March 8, 1787,[P] and Congress accepted it on August 9, 1787.[Q]
  36. ↑No date of approval by New York is known.
  37. ↑North Carolina made the cession on December 22, 1789,[74] and the federal government accepted it on April 2, 1790.[T]
  38. ↑Surveyor Andrew Ellicott wrote several letters on October 11, 1790, referring to his work having been completed the previous day,[113][114] but no dates of government approval are known.
  39. ↑Vermont ratified the United States Constitution on January 10, 1791.[115]
  40. ↑The New York–Vermont border was Lake Champlain, the Poultney River, then south following borders of townships.[116]
  41. ↑The district did not have a formal name; in September 1791, the commissioners in charge of planning the city would term it the "Territory of Columbia".[117]
  42. ↑Maryland made the cession on December 23, 1788,[X] and, after the district's borders were set, formally ceded the specific parcel on December 19, 1791.[Y] Virginia made the cession on December 3, 1789.[120]
  43. ↑The act approving the sale was approved on January 3, 1792.[Z] President George Washington presented the deed to Pennsylvania on March 3, 1792,[122] and most sources use this date for the formal transfer;[52][123] however, some use April 23.[124][125]
  44. ↑Virginia agreed to cede the territory to the federal government on December 18, 1789.[AA]
  45. ↑The new Kentucky–Virginia border was, from the south: north along the Cumberland Mountains and Pine Mountain to the Russell Fork; northeast to the Tug Fork; then down that to the Big Sandy River and to the Ohio River.[126]
  46. ↑The treaty was signed October 27, 1795, ratified March 7, 1796, and entered into force April 25, 1796.[AC]
  47. ↑No date of approval by Kentucky is known.
  48. ↑Surveyor Andrew Ellicott wrote, "The reports with the maps... being completed on the 10th of April;"[140] no dates of government approval are known.
  49. ↑The act accepting the cession was approved on April 28, 1800,[AF] and Connecticut approved on May 30, 1800.[142]
  50. ↑The new Indiana Territory–Northwest Territory border was a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery, then north.[143]
  51. ↑Georgia's commissioners agreed to cede the region on April 24, 1802, and the legislature approved on June 16, 1802.[AI]
  52. ↑The new Georgia–federal border was: up the Chattahoochee River to its great bend (near West Point), then a line from there towards and past Nickajack until it reached the Tennessee River, and up that to Tennessee.[146]
  53. ↑On February 19, 1803, the president signed an act approving Ohio's boundaries and constitution;[AJ] however, Congress never passed a formal resolution admitting it as a state. When this was noticed in 1953, Congress retroactively set the date of statehood to March 1, 1803,[AK] the date the state legislature first met.[147]
  54. ↑The western border of Ohio had been surveyed in 1799 as far north as Fort Recovery.[148]
  55. ↑The survey was approved by Virginia on January 22, 1803, and by Tennessee on November 3, 1803.[AM]
  56. ↑The final report of the commissioners was delivered on November 30, 1803;[155] no dates of government approval are known.
  57. ↑The treaty was signed April 30, and ratified and entered into force October 21, 1803.[AN] The formal turnover occurred in New Orleans on December 20, 1803,[158] and would be recognized in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana on March 10, 1804, which would be known as known as Three Flags Day.[159]
  58. ↑There was some question as to whether the purchase also included the basins of the Missouri River and the Red River of the North,[161] but the question was not relevant before the Treaty of 1818 definitively settled the border.
  59. ↑The western border of West Florida was a series of waterways, mainly the Mississippi, Iberville, and Amite Rivers, and Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas.[162]
  60. ↑The new Illinois Territory–Indiana Territory border was, up the Wabash River to Post Vincennes, then north.[166]
  61. ↑The northern border of Louisiana had been surveyed in 1806.[171]
  62. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on April 14, 1812,[AV] and accepted by Louisiana on August 4, 1812.[AW]
  63. ↑Indiana was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River, but while the territory's line turned north at Post Vincennes, the state's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth. The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan, until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio's western border, which was a line drawn north from the mouth of the Great Miami River.[150]
  64. ↑The new Alabama Territory–Mississippi Territory border was, from the north: up the Tennessee River to Bear Creek (around today's Pickwick Lake); a line to the northwestern corner of Washington County, Mississippi Territory; then south.[171]
  65. ↑The Kingdom of Great Britainunited with the Kingdom of Ireland on January 1, 1801, becoming the United Kingdom.
  66. ↑The treaty was signed October 20, 1818, ratified January 28, 1819, and entered into force January 30, 1819.[BC]
  67. ↑Oregon Country had no defined northern limit; it can be assumed that it did not encroach upon Russian-held lands, and 54°40′ north would be established as the border in 1825.
  68. ↑The new Arkansaw Territory–Missouri Territory border was, from where the Mississippi River meets 36° north: west to the St. Francis River, up that to 36°30′ north, then west.[185]
  69. ↑The compact between the states was signed on February 2, 1820; approved by Kentucky on February 11, 1820;[BI] and approved by the federal government on May 12, 1821.[BJ]
  70. ↑Alabama's southwestern border was defined as a north-south line, but the statehood act called for a survey to confirm if this encroached on counties established by Mississippi; it was found to do so, and the southern terminus of the border was moved about 3.8 miles to the east.[89]
  71. ↑The treaty was signed February 22, 1819, and ratified and entered into force February 22, 1821.[BK]
  72. ↑The new border was, from the Gulf of Mexico: up the Sabine River to 32° north; north to the Red River; up that to 100° west; north to the Arkansas River; up that to its source; north to 42° north; then west to the Pacific Ocean.[162]
  73. ↑The new Missouri–federal border was, from the mouth of the Des Moines River: up the river to a point west of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi River, west to a point north of the mouth of the Kansas River, then south.[174] The northern border had been surveyed in 1816,[202] and the survey of the western border south of the Kansas River would be completed on October 16, 1823.[202][203]
  74. ↑The survey was approved by North Carolina during the session beginning November 19, 1821;[BM] no date of approval by Tennessee is known.
  75. ↑The survey was approved by Kentucky on November 13, 1821, and by Tennessee on November 22, 1821.[194]
  76. ↑The treaty was signed April 17, 1824, ratified January 7, 1825, and entered into force January 11, 1825.[BP]
  77. ↑The treaty was signed May 6, and ratified May 28, 1828.[BQ]
  78. ↑The new Arkansas Territory–federal border was, from the north: a line from the southwestern corner of Missouri to a point on the Arkansas River "100 paces east" of Fort Smith, as the border of the lands of the Eastern Choctaw, then south.[185] However, the Arkansas Supreme Court determined in 1909 that the "100 paces east" was a clerical error, and that logically it should have said "100 paces west".[BR] The western border of Arkansas Territory south of Fort Smith had been surveyed in 1825.[210]
  79. ↑The survey was approved by Maine on February 28, 1829, and by New Hampshire on July 1, 1829.[211]
  80. ↑The survey was approved by Kentucky on February 9, 1828, and by Tennessee on December 20, 1831.[213]
  81. ↑Authorities with Indian Stream communicated to the British government on August 5, 1835, that they had accepted New Hampshire jurisdiction;[216] a resolution to this effect was approved by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2, 1836.[215]
  82. ↑The western border north of Fort Smith had been surveyed in 1831.[210]
  83. ↑The northern half of the Indiana–Ohio border was surveyed in 1817 along with the northern border.[152]
  84. ↑The new Michigan Territory–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the Montreal River to Lac Vieux Desert; a line to the source of the Menominee River; then down that to Green Bay. However, this definition was impossible, as the Montreal River ended long before it reached Lac Vieux Desert.[218]
  85. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on June 7, 1836,[BY] accepted by Missouri on December 16, 1836,[BZ] and proclaimed by the president on March 28, 1837.[CA]
  86. ↑No date of approval by Mississippi is known.
  87. ↑The survey was approved by Georgia on December 8, 1826,[227] and by Alabama on January 27, 1840.[228]
  88. ↑The treaty was signed August 9, ratified August 22, and entered into force October 13, 1842.[CF]
  89. ↑The new northeastern border was, from Passamaquoddy Bay: up the St. Croix River to its source; north to the St. John River; up that to the St. Francis River; up that to its source outlet at Lake Pohenegamook; southwest to the northwest branch of the St. John River; a line from there to where the St. John River crosses 46°25′ north; up the river to its source; along the highlands to the source of Halls Stream, then down that to 45° north.[231]
  90. ↑The new northern border was, from Lake Superior: up the Pigeon River to the many lakes and rivers of the Boundary Waters, eventually reaching the Rainy River; then down that to the Lake of the Woods.[231]
  91. ↑Texas formally handed over sovereignty to the United States in a ceremony on February 19, 1846.[233]
  92. ↑While many sources state that Mexico recognized the independence of the eastern portion of Texas, the treaties were rejected by the Mexican government.
  93. ↑The treaty was signed June 15, ratified June 19, and entered into force July 17, 1846.[CI]
  94. ↑The survey of the northern border would be completed on August 9, 1852.[237][238]
  95. ↑The retrocession act was approved on July 9, 1846,[CK] residents of Alexandria County were proclaimed by the president on September 7, 1846, to have agreed to it,[CL] and Virginia took possession on March 20, 1847.[CM]
  96. ↑Article III of the Treaty of 1908 noted that the survey was completed on June 28, 1847.[CN]
  97. ↑The new Wisconsin–Wisconsin Territory border was, from Lake Superior: up the St. Louis River to its first rapids; south to the St. Croix River; then down that to the Mississippi River.[242]
  98. ↑The treaty was signed February 2, ratified March 16, and entered into force May 30, 1848.[CR]
  99. ↑The new international border was, from the Rio Grande: along the southern and western border of New Mexico until it met the Gila River; down that to the Colorado River; then a line to a point one league south of the port of San Diego. However, the southern border of New Mexico was in question, with the American claim being 31°52′ north, and the Mexican claim being 32°22′ north.[247]
  100. ↑The federal government consented on July 5, 1848,[CV] and Texas approved on November 24, 1849.[251]
  101. ↑The new California–federal border was, from the north: south along 120° west to 39° north; a line to where the Colorado River intersects 35° north; then down the Colorado River.[253]
  102. ↑Part of Utah Territory overlapped with the portion of Texas that would be purchased on December 13, 1850.
  103. ↑The new Texas–federal border was, from the south: up the Rio Grande to 32° north; east to 103° west; north to 36°30′ north; then east.[257]
  104. ↑The new New Mexico Territory–federal border was, from 36°30′ north and 103° west: north to 38° north; then west to the summit of the San Juan Mountains (called then the Sierra Madre).[258]
  105. ↑The treaty was signed December 30, 1853, ratified June 29, 1854, and entered into force June 30, 1854.[DD]
  106. ↑The new international border was, starting from where the Rio Grande crosses 31°47′ north: west 100 miles; south to 31°20′ north; west to 111° west; a line to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River; then up the Colorado River.[267]
  107. ↑Massachusetts made the cession on May 14, 1853, New York accepted it on July 21, 1853, the federal government consented on January 8, 1855,[DF] and the cession was proclaimed on January 11, 1855.[269]
  108. ↑The new Minnesota–federal border was, from the north: up the Red River to the Bois de Sioux River; up that to Lake Traverse and its southern tip; a line to Big Stone Lake and through that to its southern tip; then south.[237]
  109. ↑Haiti claimed the island by name in its 1874 constitution,[DJ] and had considered it included in the "adjacent islands" claimed since the 1801 constitution.[DK]
  110. ↑The new Oregon–Washington Territory border was, from the north, up the Snake River to the mouth of the Owyhee River, then south.[262] The border with California would be surveyed in 1870.[253]
  111. ↑The claimed borders of Jefferson Territory were between 37° north, 43° north, 102° west, and 110° west.[282]
  112. ↑Forty-six islands were claimed on February 8, 1860, with varying degrees of accuracy and provenance:[271]
  113. ↑The northern Kansas border had been surveyed by 1859.[298]
  114. ↑The borders of Colorado Territory were parallels 37° north and 41° north, and Washington meridians25° west and 32° west.[283]
  115. ↑The new Nebraska Territory–Dakota Territory border was, from the east: up the Missouri River to the Niobrara River; up that to the Keya Paha River; up that to 43° north; then west.[302]
  116. ↑The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect,[DT] which sources say took place on May 21, 1861;[311] the closest known primary document is a statement from Jefferson Davis on July 20 stating that the proclamation had been made.[312]
  117. ↑The treaty was signed October 2,[DY] and ratified December 21, 1861.[322]
  118. ↑The treaty was signed October 4,[DZ] and ratified December 21, 1861.[324]
  119. ↑The full description of the native party to the treaty was, "the Seneca tribe of Indians, formerly known as the Senecas of Sandusky, and the Shawnees of the tribe or confederacy of Senecas and Shawnees, formerly known as the Senecas and Shawnees of Lewistown, or the mixed bands of Senecas and Shawnees."[325]
  120. ↑The treaty was signed October 7,[EA] and ratified December 23, 1861.[328]
  121. ↑The treaty was signed August 1,[EB] and ratified December 23, 1861.[330]
  122. ↑The treaty was signed July 12,[EC] and ratified December 31, 1861.[332]
  123. ↑The full description of the native party to the treaty was, "The Pen-e-tegh-ca Band of the Ne-um or Comanches, and the tribes and bands of the Wich-i-tas, Cado-Ha-da-chos, Hue-cos, Ta-hua-ca-ros, A-na-dagh-cos, Ton-ca-wes, Ai-o-nais, Ki-chais, Shawnees and Delawares, residing in the said leased country."[334]
  124. ↑The full description of the native party to the treaty was, "The No-co-ni, Ta-ne-i-weh, Ya-pa-rih-ca and Co-cho-tih-ca bands of the Ne-um, called by the white men the Comanches of the Prairies and the Staked Plain."[336]
  125. ↑There were two treaties with the Comanche, one with the "Comanches and other Tribes and Bands"[ED][ds] and one with the "Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain."[EE][dt] Both were signed on August 12, 1861, and ratified on December 31, 1861.[337]
  126. ↑The treaty was signed July 10,[EF], and ratified December 31, 1861.[332]
  127. ↑The treaty was signed October 4,[EG] and ratified December 31, 1861.[340]
  128. ↑The decree transferred land from the left bank of the Blackstone River to Rhode Island, including what is now East Providence, in exchange for land around Fall River being transferred to Massachusetts.[341]
  129. ↑The Restored Government of Virginia gave its consent on May 13, 1862, the act admitting West Virginia was approved on December 31, 1862,[EK] and the president proclaimed on April 20, 1863, that it would become a state in sixty days.[EL]
  130. ↑The Virginia counties that became West Virginia were: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Brooke, Cabell, Calhoun, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gilmer, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hancock, Hardy, Harrison, Jackson, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, McDowell, Marion, Marshall, Mason, Mercer, Monongalia, Monroe, Morgan, Nicholas, Ohio, Pendleton, Pleasants, Pocahontas, Preston, Putnam, Raleigh, Randolph, Ritchie, Roane, Taylor, Tucker, Tyler, Upshur, Wayne, Webster, Wetzel, Wirt, Wood, and Wyoming.[153]
  131. ↑The Restored Government of Virginia gave its consent on January 31, 1863,[EM] West Virginia accepted on August 5, 1863,[EN], and the federal government consented after-the-fact on March 10, 1866.[EO]
  132. ↑The Restored Government of Virginia gave its consent on February 4, 1863,[EP] West Virginia accepted on November 2, 1863,[EQ] and the federal government consented after-the-fact on March 10, 1866.[EO]
  133. ↑The new Idaho Territory–Montana Territory border was, from the north: south along 39° west from Washington to the crest of the Bitterroot Range and the Rocky Mountains; then along that to the new tripoint with Dakota Territory.[352]
  134. ↑The new Dakota Territory–Idaho Territory border was, from the south: north along 33° west from Washington to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, then northwest along that to the new tripoint with Montana Territory.[302]
  135. ↑The northern border with Oregon would be surveyed in 1873 by the General Land Office.[304]
  136. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on May 5, 1866;[ET] the receipt of this specific grant was pre-approved in the Nevada constitution.[EU]
  137. ↑The survey was approved by Florida on February 8, 1861,[EW] and by Georgia on December 13, 1866.[EX] The federal government would acknowledge the surveyed border on April 9, 1872.[EY]
  138. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on May 5, 1866,[ET] and accepted by Nevada on January 18, 1867.[EZ]
  139. ↑The survey of the full eastern border would be completed on December 26, 1870.[249][361]
  140. ↑The treaty was signed March 30, ratified May 28, and entered into force June 20, 1867.[FC] The cession was formally handed over on October 18, 1867.[364]
  141. ↑The borders of the Department of Alaska were, from the Dixon Entrance: Up the Portland Channel to 56° north; then along the "summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast" (the definition of which was disputed) to 141° west; then north.[267]
  142. ↑The readmission was contingent on Florida ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FE] they were proclaimed on July 11, 1868, to have done so before the readmission act's passage.[FF]
  143. ↑The readmission was contingent on North Carolina ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FE] they were proclaimed on July 11, 1868, to have done so on July 4, 1868.[FF]
  144. ↑The readmissions were contingent on the states ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FE] they were proclaimed on July 18, 1868, to have done so on July 9, 1868.[FG]
  145. ↑The readmission was contingent on Alabama ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FE] they were proclaimed on July 20, 1868, to have done so on July 13, 1868.[FH]
  146. ↑The readmission was contingent on Georgia ratifying the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FE] they were proclaimed on July 27, 1868, to have done so on July 21, 1868.[FI]
  147. ↑The organic act specified it would take effect after the territorial government was organized;[FJ] while this would not occur until May 19, 1869,[367] all sources use July 25, 1868, as the creation date.
  148. ↑The borders of Wyoming Territory were parallels 41° north and 45° north, and Washington meridians27° west and 34° west.[368]
  149. ↑Pedro Cays was bonded under the name "Petrel Island."[373]
  150. ↑Additional requirements had been made of Georgia to complete Reconstruction, including ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution;[FN] having done so, they were readmitted.[FO]
  151. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on April 28, 1870,[FP] and accepted by Nebraska on February 9, 1871.[FQ]
  152. ↑Articles 34 and 35 of the Treaty of Washington[FS] provided for the dispute to be arbitrated by Wilhelm I, who delivered his decision on October 21, 1872.[236]
  153. ↑The General Land Office surveyed the border with Nebraska in 1869,[263] and with Kansas in 1872.[298]
  154. ↑Two other islands were bonded on September 13, 1880: "De Anes", with the coordinates of Isla de Aves, but which was acknowledged by the United States in 1859 to belong to Venezuela, so it is assumed nothing ever came of this bond, and no further claim was ever made by the United States;[385] and Serranilla Bank, being bonded a second time.[371]
  155. ↑The cession was approved by the federal government on March 18, 1882,[FX] and accepted by Nebraska on May 23, 1882.[FY]
  156. ↑Scorpion Reef was bonded under the name "Alacrans Islands, viz, Perez Island, Chica Island, and Pajoras Island."[370]
  157. ↑This is the date the protectorate was proclaimed on Rakahanga;[392] Bryan says the islands were annexed on August 9, 1889.[393]
  158. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the eastern border with Minnesota in 1860,[237] and the southern border with Nebraska west of the Keya Paha River in 1874;[263] and would survey east of the river in 1893,[263] and the border between the new states in 1892.[302]
  159. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the eastern border in 1885.[369]
  160. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the southern border in 1864.[262]
  161. ↑The new Oklahoma Territory–federal border was, from where the Red River meets 98° west: north to the Canadian River; down that to Seminole land; north along that border to the North Canadian River; down that to Creek land; north and east along that border to 96° west; then north. This omits the Cherokee Outlet, whose complex borders separated the main portion of Oklahoma Territory from the former Public Land Strip.[399]
  162. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the border with Oregon in 1868;[262] the border with Nevada in 1873;[304] the border with Washington in 1873, though it stopped short by one mile and would be completed in 1908;[400] the eastern border with Wyoming in 1874;[352] and would survey the linear border with Montana in 1899,[401] and the montane border in 1906.[401]
  163. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the border with Nebraska in 1869;[263] the southern border in 1873;[352] the western border in 1874;[352] the eastern border in 1877;[264] and the northern border in 1880.[352]
  164. ↑The ship that proclaimed the protectorates voyaged from May to July 25, 1892;[405] it is unknown what specific date the proclamations occurred on.
  165. ↑The Oklahoma Organic Act provided that when the "interest of the Cherokee" in the land was extinguished, and proclaimed by the president, then the land would automatically become part of Oklahoma Territory.[GF] This was done via treaty, signed on December 19, 1891,[407] and ratified on March 3, 1893.[GJ] It was proclaimed by the president on August 19, 1893, to take effect on September 16, 1893.[GK]
  166. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the border with Idaho in 1871;[410] the east-west border with Wyoming in 1873 and the north-south border in 1874;[352] and the eastern border in 1879.[411]
  167. ↑The Newlands Resolution to annex Hawaii was approved on July 7, 1898,[GO] and the formal turnover occurred on August 12, 1898.[412]
  168. ↑The treaty was signed December 10, 1898, ratified February 6, 1899, and entered into force April 11, 1899.[GP]
  169. ↑The treaty was signed December 2, 1899, ratified February 13, 1900, and entered into force February 16, 1900.[GQ] The chiefs of the two island groups signed their own treaties with the United States, formally ceding themselves: Tutuila on April 17, 1900,[GR] and Manuʻa on July 16, 1904.[GS] The treaties would not be ratified until February 20, 1929.[GT]
  170. ↑The cession was made by Tennessee on January 28, 1901,[GY] accepted by Virginia on February 9, 1901,[GZ] and approved by the federal government on March 3, 1901.[HA]
  171. ↑The treaty was signed November 7, 1900, ratified January 30, 1901, and entered into force March 23, 1901.[HB]
  172. ↑The borders specified in 1898 had excluded these islands; the new treaty simply ceded "any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago" which Spain controlled at the time.
  173. ↑The survey was approved by California on March 1, 1901,[HD] and by Nevada on February 27, 1903.[HE]
  174. ↑The treaty was signed May 22, 1903, ratified June 25, 1904, and entered into force July 1, 1904.[HF] The formal handover occurred on December 10, 1903.[429]
  175. ↑The treaty was signed November 18, 1903, ratified February 25, 1904, and entered into force February 26, 1904.[HG] The agreement on the boundaries of the zone, signed June 15, 1904, stated that Panama had delivered the zone on May 19, 1904.[432]
  176. ↑Only the basic borders were defined: a zone extending five miles from the middle of the canal on each side, excluding the cities of Colón and Panama City.[432]
  177. ↑Notes were exchanged on December 3, 1904, and the agreement became effective on December 12, 1904.[434]
  178. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the border with Kansas in 1857,[298] and with Colorado in 1859.[283]
  179. ↑The treaty was signed May 21, ratified July 13, and entered into force August 20, 1910.[HL]
  180. ↑No primary documentation has been found; secondary sources indicate this happened on July 7[445][446][447][448] or July 17, 1911.[449][450]
  181. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the northern border in 1868,[451] and the border with Oklahoma in 1874.[283]
  182. ↑The General Land Office had surveyed the eastern border in 1875,[268] and the northern border in 1901.[259]
  183. ↑The treaty was signed September 2, 1914, ratified January 4, 1915, and entered into force February 11, 1915;[HQ] one contemporary news source says that ownership was formally transferred on May 1, 1915.[454]
  184. ↑The treaty concretely defined the previous simple borders, with the main changes being: a slice of Canal Zone was ceded to Panama so Panama City would be connected with the rest of the country; the middle island of the Las Tres Hermanas Islands, which marked the edge of Panama City's harbor, was made wholly part of Canal Zone; and Gatun Lake and other surrounding waters were annexed, as well as an area of northwest Colón.[HQ][454]
  185. ↑The treaty was signed August 5, 1914, ratified June 19, 1916, and entered into force June 22, 1916.[HR]
  186. ↑The treaty was signed August 4, 1916, ratified January 16, 1917, and entered into force January 17, 1917;[HU] the payment was proclaimed to have been made on March 31, 1917.[HV]
  187. ↑Water Island was privately owned at the time, and was purchased by the federal government in 1944 for defensive use.[464] It was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1952, and to local territorial jurisdiction in phases beginning December 12, 1996.[465]
  188. ↑The cession was approved by Pennsylvania on June 22, 1897;[HX] accepted by Delaware on March 28, 1921;[HY] and approved by the federal government on June 30, 1921.[HZ]
  189. ↑The treaty was signed April 6, 1914, ratified January 11, 1922, and entered into force March 1, 1922.[IA]
  190. ↑The treaty was signed February 24, ratified April 9, and entered into force July 17, 1925.[IC]
  191. ↑The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered; previously, the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument, while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument. There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods; a surveying anomaly caused the previous border to intersect itself several times in the lake, creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water. The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. Finally, the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted.[485]
  192. ↑The treaty was signed January 2, 1930, ratified February 21, 1930, and entered into force December 13, 1932.[II]
  193. ↑Malden Island had been mined by the British since the early 1860s,[494] but was apparently never formally annexed; a British ship left a message on the island on August 17, 1936, proclaiming that it "belong[ed] to His Britannic Majesty."[495]
  194. ↑The treaty was signed March 2, 1936, ratified July 26, 1939, and entered into force July 27, 1939.[IO]
  195. ↑The provisional agreement was signed on July 4, 1946,[IP] and the final treaty was signed on July 4, 1946, ratified on August 16, 1946, and entered into force on October 22, 1946.[IQ]
  196. ↑The territory was entrusted by the United Nations on April 2, 1947,[IS] and accepted by the United States on July 18, 1947.[IT]
  197. ↑The exchange was approved by Kansas on February 22, 1949, by Missouri on December 19, 1949,[IW] and by the federal government on August 3, 1950.[IX]
  198. ↑The border was approved by Alabama on August 28, 1953,[IZ] by Florida on June 12, 1953,[JA] and by the federal government on May 6, 1954.[JB]
  199. ↑The cession was accepted by North Dakota on February 4, 1961,[JH] approved by Minnesota on April 10, 1961,[JI] and approved by the federal government on August 25, 1961.[JJ]
  200. ↑The convention was signed on August 29, 1963, ratified on December 20, 1963, and entered into force on January 14, 1964.[JK]
  201. ↑The convention was signed on July 14, 1970, ratified on February 26, 1971, and entered into force on April 25, 1971.[JM]
  202. ↑The treaty was signed November 22, 1971, ratified July 1, 1972, and entered into force September 1, 1972.[JN]
  203. ↑The minute was signed on May 18, 1977, and approved by the parties on May 26, 1977.[525]
  204. ↑Other changes included settling the border around the towns of Presidio, Texas, and Hidalgo, Texas, as well as Beaver Island near Roma, Texas.[526]
  205. ↑The treaty was signed December 16, 1977, and provisionally entered into force January 1, 1978,[528] but has not been ratified.
  206. ↑The treaty was signed September 7, 1977, ratified June 15, 1978, and entered into force October 1, 1979.[JO]
  207. ↑The treaty was signed March 28, 1978, ratified October 10, 1980, and entered into force November 24, 1980.[JP]
  208. ↑The treaty was signed September 8, 1972, ratified August 24, 1981, and entered into force September 17, 1981.[JQ]
  209. ↑The treaty was signed December 2, 1980, ratified August 16, 1983, and entered into force September 3, 1983.[JS]
  210. ↑The treaty was signed June 11, 1980, ratified August 16, 1983, and entered into force September 8, 1983.[JT]
  211. ↑The treaty was signed September 20, 1979, ratified August 16, 1983, and entered into force September 23, 1983.[JU]
  212. ↑The treaty was signed February 7, 1979, ratified August 16, 1983, and entered into force September 23, 1983.[JV]
  213. ↑The compact of free association was signed on June 25, 1983, approved on January 14, 1986,[JX] and entered into force on October 21, 1986.[JY]
  214. ↑The compact of free association was signed on October 1, 1982, approved on January 14, 1986,[JX] and entered into force on November 3, 1986.[JY]
  215. ↑The covenant was signed on February 15, 1975, approved on March 24, 1976,[JZ] and entered into force on November 3, 1986.[JY]
  216. ↑The treaty was signed June 1, 1990, and ratified September 16, 1991.[KA] While never ratified by the Soviet Union or its successor state, Russia, the parties agreed to abide by the terms pending entry into force, effective June 15, 1990.[KB]
  217. ↑The Federal Register mentions an exchange of notes with Japan on July 5, 1994,[KD] but no primary sourcing has been found.
  218. ↑The compact of free association was signed on January 10, 1986, approved on November 14, 1986,[KE] and entered into force on October 1, 1994.[KF]
  219. ↑The treaties were signed on November 5, 1993, ratified by the Senate on October 7, 1994,[KH] and entered into force on June 1, 1995.[KI]
  220. ↑The treaty was signed May 4, 1978, ratified October 23, 1997, and entered into force November 13, 1997.[KJ]
  221. ↑The treaty was signed June 9, 2000, ratified January 12, 2001, and entered into force January 17, 2001.[KL]
  222. ↑The minute was signed on November 5, 2009,[548] and approved by the parties on November 24, 2009.[525]
  223. ↑The treaty was signed May 13, 1997, ratified November 26, 2003, and entered into force October 7, 2014.[KM]
  224. ↑The treaty was signed August 1, 2014, ratified March 27, 2019, and entered into force July 18, 2019.[KN]
  225. ↑The treaty was signed September 6, 2013, ratified March 27, 2019, and entered into force July 19, 2019.[KO]

References

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  3. ↑An act to ascertain the punishment for high treason, and to establish the word State instead of Colony in commissions, writs, and other process; and for other purposes therein mentioned, 1777 N.J. Laws chp. 41, p. 92[22]
  4. ↑An act repealing an act entitled "An act for the effectual securing to His Majesty the allegiance of his subjects in this his Colony and Dominion of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations;" and altering the form of commissions, of all writs and processes in the courts, and of the oaths prescribed by law, May 1776 R.I. Acts & Resolves p. 22[38]
  5. ↑Vermont v. New Hampshire,289U.S.593, 611(1933)
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  8. 12Definitive Treaty of Peace, with Great Britain, T.S. 104,[84] 8 Stat. 80
  9. 12An act for an amicable settlement of limits with the State of Georgia, and authorizing the establishment of a government in the Mississippi Territory, Pub. L. 5–28, 1 Stat. 549
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  14. ↑An ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States North West of the river Ohio, JCC 32:334[101]
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  22. 12
  23. ↑An act for the admission of the State of Vermont into this Union, Pub. L. 1–10, 1 Stat. 191
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  27. ↑Compact and boundary with Kentucky, Va. Code § 1-307
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  29. ↑Pinckney's Treaty, with Spain, T.S. 325,[131] 8 Stat. 138
  30. ↑An act for the admission of the State of Tennessee into the Union, Pub. L. 4–47, 1 Stat. 491
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  32. ↑An act to authorize the President of the United States to accept, for the United States, a cession of jurisdiction of the territory west of Pennsylvania, commonly called the Western Reserve of Connecticut, Pub. L. 6–38, 2 Stat. 56
  33. ↑An act to divide the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, into two separate governments, Pub. L. 6–41, 2 Stat. 58
  34. ↑An act concerning the District of Columbia, Pub. L. 6–15, 2 Stat. 103
  35. ↑An act to ratify and confirm certain articles of agreement and cession entered into on the 24th day of April, 1802, between the commissioners of the State of Georgia on the one part, and the commissioners of the United States on the other part, 1802 Ga. Laws, no. 35, p. 48[145]
  36. ↑An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the State of Ohio, Pub. L. 7–7, 2 Stat. 201
  37. ↑Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, Pub. L. 83–204, 67 Stat. 407
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  42. ↑An act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof, Pub. L. 8–38, 2 Stat. 283
  43. ↑An act to divide the Indiana Territory into two separate governments, Pub. L. 8–5, 2 Stat. 309
  44. ↑An act further providing for the government of the District of Louisiana, Pub. L. 8–31, 2 Stat. 331
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  46. ↑
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  53. ↑
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  58. ↑
  59. ↑An act for the admission of the State of Maine into the Union, Pub. L. 16–19, 3 Stat. 544
  60. ↑An act relative to the Arkansas Territory, Pub. L. 16–48, 3 Stat. 565
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  62. ↑Resolution giving the consent of Congress to a compact concluded between the States of Kentucky and Tennessee, for the settlement of their boundary line, 3 Stat. 609
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  74. ↑An act to settle and establish the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, Pub. L. 24–117, 5 Stat. 56
  75. ↑An act establishing the territorial government of Wisconsin, Pub. L. 24–54, 5 Stat. 10
  76. ↑
  77. ↑An act to extend the western boundary of the State of Missouri to the Missouri River, Pub. L. 24–86, 5 Stat. 34
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  86. ↑
  87. ↑Oregon Treaty, with the United Kingdom, T.S. 120,[235] 9 Stat. 869
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  89. ↑An act to retrocede the County of Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, to the State of Virginia, Pub. L. 29–35, 9 Stat. 35
  90. ↑Proclamation declaring Alexandria County to be retroceded to Virginia, 9 Stat. 1000
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  92. 123Treaty on the Canadian Boundary, with the United Kingdom, T.S. 497,[241] 35 Stat. 2003
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  94. ↑An act to confirm the boundary line between Missouri and Arkansas, Pub. L. 30–10, 9 Stat. 211
  95. ↑
  96. ↑Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, with Mexico, T.S. 207,[246] 9 Stat. 922
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  98. ↑Missouri v. Iowa,48U.S.660(1849)
  99. ↑An act to establish the territorial government of Minnesota, Pub. L. 30–121, 9 Stat. 403
  100. ↑An act giving the consent of the government of the United States to the State of Texas to extend her eastern boundary, so as to include within her limits one half of Sabine Pass, Sabine Lake, and Sabine River, as far north as the thirty-second degree of north latitude, Pub. L. 30–94, 9 Stat. 245
  101. ↑United States v. Louisiana,394U.S.1, F2(1969)
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  103. ↑An act to establish a territorial government for Utah, Pub. L. 31–51, 9 Stat. 453
  104. ↑
  105. ↑Missouri v. Iowa,51U.S.1(1850)
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  107. ↑An act to organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas, Pub. L. 33–59, 10 Stat. 277
  108. ↑Gadsden Treaty, with Mexico, T.S. 208,[266] 10 Stat. 1031
  109. ↑An act declaring the southern boundary of New Mexico, Pub. L. 33–245, 10 Stat. 575
  110. ↑An act giving the consent of Congress to the cession by the State of Massachusetts to the State of New York, of the district of Boston Corner, Pub. L. 33–20, 10 Stat. 602
  111. ↑Florida v. Georgia,58U.S.478, 480(1854)
  112. ↑H. Ex. Doc. 34-135
  113. ↑
  114. ↑1874 Haiti Constitution, art. 2[275]
  115. ↑1801 Haiti Constitution, art. 1[276]
  116. ↑An act for the admission of Oregon into the Union, Pub. L. 35–33, 11 Stat. 383
  117. ↑An act for the admission of Kansas into the Union, Pub. L. 36–20, 12 Stat. 126
  118. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Colorado, Pub. L. 36–59, 12 Stat. 172
  119. ↑An act to admit Texas as a member of the Confederate States of America, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 1, chp. 24, p. 44[301]
  120. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Dakota, and to create the Office of Surveyor General therein, Pub. L. 36–86, 12 Stat. 239
  121. ↑An act to organize the Territory of Nevada, Pub. L. 36–83, 12 Stat. 209
  122. ↑An act to admit the Commonwealth of Virginia as a member of the Confederate States of America, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 2, chp. 4, p. 104[306]
  123. ↑An act to admit the State of Arkansas into the Confederacy, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 2, chp. 30, p. 120[307]
  124. ↑An act to admit the State of North Carolina into the Confederacy, on a certain condition, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 2, chp. 25, p. 118[310]
  125. ↑
  126. ↑Resolution in relation to the withdrawal of Confederate troops from Kentucky soil, 1861 Ky. Acts Res. 8, p. 110[318]
  127. ↑An act to admit the State of Missouri into the Confederacy, as a member of the Confederate States of America, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 5, chp. 1, p. 221[319]
  128. ↑An act for the admission of the State of Kentucky into the Confederate States of America, as a member thereof, Provisional Confederate Cong., sess. 5, chp. 5, p. 222[320]
  129. ↑Treaty with the Osages, signed October 2, 1861[321]
  130. ↑Treaty with the Senecas and Senecas and Shawnees, signed October 4, 1861[323]
  131. ↑Treaty with the Cherokees, signed October 7, 1861[327]
  132. ↑Treaty with the Seminole Nation, signed August 1, 1861[329]
  133. ↑Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws, signed July 12, 1861[331]
  134. ↑Treaty with the Comanches and other Tribes and Bands, signed August 12, 1861[333]
  135. ↑Treaty with the Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain, signed August 12, 1861[335]
  136. ↑Treaty with the Creek Nation, signed July 10, 1861[338]
  137. ↑Treaty with the Quapaws, signed October 4, 1861[339]
  138. ↑An act to extend the territorial Limits of the Territory of Nevada, Pub. L. 37–173, 12 Stat. 575
  139. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Arizona, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 37–56, 12 Stat. 664
  140. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Idaho, Pub. L. 37–117, 12 Stat. 808
  141. ↑An act for the admission of the State of "West Virginia" into the Union, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 37–6, 12 Stat. 633
  142. ↑Proclamation admitting West Virginia as a State, 13 Stat. 731
  143. ↑An act giving the consent of the State of Virginia to the County of Berkeley being admitted into and becoming part of the State of West Virginia, Restored 1862 Va. Acts, Dec. sess., chp. 54, p. 38[348]
  144. ↑An act admitting the County of Berkeley into, and making the same part of, this state, 1863 W.V. Acts chp. 35, p. 33[349]
  145. 12Joint Resolution giving the consent of Congress to the transfer of the Counties of Berkeley and Jefferson to the State of West Virginia, H.J. Res 12, 14 Stat. 350
  146. ↑An act giving consent to the admission of certain counties into the new State of West Virginia, upon certain conditions, Restored 1862 Va. Acts, Dec. sess., chp. 78, p. 65[350]
  147. ↑An act admitting the County of Jefferson into, and making the same part of, this state, 1863 W.V. Acts chp. 90, p. 103[351]
  148. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Montana, Pub. L. 38–95, 13 Stat. 85
  149. ↑
  150. 12An act concerning the boundaries of the State of Nevada, Pub. L. 39–73, 14 Stat. 43
  151. ↑Nev. Const. art. XIV[355]
  152. ↑Joint Resolution restoring Tennessee to her relations to the Union, 14 Stat. 364
  153. ↑Resolution relating to the Florida and Georgia boundary line, 1860 Fla. Res. no. 16, p. 237[356]
  154. ↑Resolution in relation to the Florida boundary line, 1866 Ga. Res. no. 19, p. 221[357]
  155. ↑An act to settle and quiet the titles to lands along the boundary line between the States of Georgia and Florida, Pub. L. 42–91, 17 Stat. 52
  156. ↑Joint Resolution in relation to the boundaries of the State of Nevada, and the acceptance of additional territory, ceded by the United States to this State, 1867 Nev. Stat. no. 9, p. 145[360]
  157. ↑
  158. ↑S. Rept. 40-194, p. 1
  159. ↑Treaty on the Cession of Alaska, with Russia, T.S. 301,[363] 15 Stat. 539
  160. ↑An act to admit the State of Arkansas to representation in Congress, Pub. L. 40–69, 15 Stat. 72
  161. 12345An act to admit the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, to representation in Congress, Pub. L. 40–70, 15 Stat. 73
  162. 12Proclamation no. 7 readmitting Florida and North Carolina, 15 Stat. 703
  163. ↑
  164. ↑Proclamation no. 10 readmitting Alabama, 15 Stat. 705
  165. ↑Proclamation no. 12 readmitting Georgia, 15 Stat. 708
  166. ↑An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Wyoming, Pub. L. 40–235, 15 Stat. 178
  167. ↑An act to admit the State of Virginia to representation in the Congress of the United States, Pub. L. 41–10, 16 Stat. 62
  168. ↑An act to admit the State of Mississippi to representation in the Congress of the United States, Pub. L. 41–19, 16 Stat. 67
  169. ↑An act to admit the State of Texas to representation in the Congress of the United States, Pub. L. 41–39, 16 Stat. 80
  170. ↑An act to promote the reconstruction of the State of Georgia, Pub. L. 41–3, 16 Stat. 59
  171. ↑An act relating to the State of Georgia, Pub. L. 41–299, 16 Stat. 363
  172. ↑An act to re-define a portion of the boundary line between the State of Nebraska and the Territory of Dakota, Pub. L. 41–64, 16 Stat. 93
  173. ↑An act to approve an act to re-define a portion of the boundary line between the State of Nebraska, and the Territory of Dakota, 1871 Neb. Laws p. 131–132[375]
  174. ↑An act to provide a government for the District of Columbia, Pub. L. 41–62, 16 Stat. 419
  175. ↑Treaty of Amity (Treaty of Washington), T.S. 133,[379] 17 Stat. 863
  176. ↑An act to readjust the western boundary of Dakota Territory, Pub. L. 42–147, 17 Stat. 464
  177. ↑
  178. ↑An act giving the consent of Congress to an agreement or compact entered into between the States of Virginia and Maryland respecting the boundary between said states, Pub. L. 45–196, 20 Stat. 481
  179. ↑An act giving the consent of Congress to an agreement or compact entered into between the States of New York and Vermont respecting the boundary between said states, Pub. L. 46–49, 21 Stat. 72
  180. ↑An act to extend the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska, Pub. L. 47–52, 22 Stat. 35
  181. ↑An act declaring the assent of the State of Nebraska to an act of Congress of the United States, entitled, "An act to extend the northern boundary of the State of Nebraska," approved March 28, 1882, 1882 Neb. Laws chp. 4, p. 56[387]
  182. ↑Letters Patent, dated March 3, 1882, for the annexation for Morant and Pedro Cays to the Island of Jamaica[388]
  183. ↑An act providing a civil government for Alaska, Pub. L. 48–53, 23 Stat. 24
  184. 123An act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington to form constitutions and state governments and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of public lands to such states, Pub. L. 50–180, 25 Stat. 676
  185. ↑
  186. ↑Proclamation admitting Montana as a State, 26 Stat. 1551
  187. ↑Proclamation admitting Washington as a State, 26 Stat. 1552
  188. 12An act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Oklahoma, to enlarge the jurisdiction of the United States Court in the Indian Territory, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 51–182, 26 Stat. 81
  189. ↑An act to provide for the admission of the State of Idaho into the Union, Pub. L. 51–656, 26 Stat. 215
  190. ↑An act to provide for the admission of the State of Wyoming into the Union, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 51–664, 26 Stat. 222
  191. ↑
  192. ↑An act making appropriations for current and contingent expenses, and fulfilling treaty stipulations with Indian tribes, for fiscal year ending June 30th, 1894, Pub. L. 52–209, 27 Stat. 640
  193. ↑Proclamation opening Cherokee Outlet to settlement, 28 Stat. 1222
  194. ↑
  195. ↑United States v. Texas,162U.S.1(1896)
  196. ↑An act to give the consent of Congress to a compact entered into between the States of South Dakota and Nebraska respecting the boundary between said states, Pub. L. 55–12, 30 Stat. 214
  197. ↑Joint Resolution to provide for annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, 30 Stat. 750
  198. ↑Treaty of Peace, with Spain, T.S. 343,[415] 30 Stat. 1754
  199. ↑Convention on Adjustment of Jurisdiction in Samoa, with Germany and the United Kingdom, T.S. 314,[418] 31 Stat. 1878
  200. ↑Treaty of Cession of Tutuila and Aunuʻu, signed April 17, 1900[419]
  201. ↑Treaty of Cession of Manu’a Islands, signed July 16, 1904[419]
  202. ↑Joint Resolution to provide for accepting, ratifying, and confirming the cessions of certain islands of the Samoan group to the United States, and for other purposes, Pub. Res. 70–89, 45 Stat. 1253
  203. ↑Executive Order no. 125-A, Placing Certain Islands of the Samoan Group Under the Control of the Navy Department, February 19, 1900[419]
  204. ↑General Order Navy Department no. 540, February 19, 1900[419]
  205. ↑An act temporarily to provide revenues and a civil government for Porto Rico, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 56–191, 31 Stat. 77
  206. ↑An act to provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, Pub. L. 56–339, 31 Stat. 141
  207. ↑An act to cede to the State of Virginia a certain narrow strip of territory belonging to the State of Tennessee lying between the northern boundary line of the City of Bristol, in the County of Sullivan, and the southern boundary line of the City of Bristol, in the County of Washington, State of Virginia, being the northern half of Main Street, of the said two cities, 1901 Tenn. Acts chp. 85, p. 128[421]
  208. ↑An act to accept the cession by the State of Tennessee to the State of Virginia, of a certain narrow strip of territory claimed as belonging to the State of Tennessee, and described as lying between the northern boundary line of the City of Bristol, in the County of Sullivan, State of Tennessee, and the southern boundary line of the City of Bristol, in the County of Washington, State of Virginia, being the northern half of the Main Street of the said two cities, 1901 Va. Acts chp. 59, p. 57[422]
  209. ↑Joint Resolution ratifying agreement between Tennessee and Virginia with reference to the boundary line of said states, 31 Stat. 1465
  210. ↑Treaty on the Cession of Outlying Islands of the Philippines, with Spain, T.S. 345,[423] 31 Stat. 1942
  211. ↑An act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 57–235, 32 Stat. 691
  212. ↑An act to define and establish a portion of the eastern boundary of the State of California, 1901 Cal. Acts chp. 73, p. 89[425]
  213. ↑An act to define and establish a portion of the western boundary of the State of Nevada, 1903 Nev. Acts chp. 15, p. 38[426]
  214. ↑Treaty of Relations, with Cuba, T.S. 437,[428] 33 Stat. 2248
  215. ↑Isthmian Canal Convention, with Panama, T.S. 431,[431] 33 Stat. 2234
  216. ↑An act to extend the western boundary line of the State of Arkansas, Pub. L. 58–67, 33 Stat. 714
  217. ↑
  218. 123Michigan v. Wisconsin,270U.S.295(1926)
  219. ↑Maryland v. West Virginia,217U.S.1(1918)
  220. ↑Treaty of Boundaries in Passamaquoddy Bay, with the United Kingdom, T.S. 551,[441] 36 Stat. 2477
  221. 12
  222. ↑Proclamation admitting New Mexico as a State, 37 Stat. 1723
  223. ↑Proclamation admitting Arizona as a State, 37 Stat. 1728
  224. ↑An act to create a legislative assembly in the Territory of Alaska, to confer legislative power thereon, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 62–334, 37 Stat. 512
  225. 12Canal Zone Boundary Convention, with Panama, T.S. 610,[453] 38 Stat. 1893
  226. ↑Bryan–Chamorro Treaty, with Nicaragua, T.S. 624,[461] 39 Stat. 1661
  227. ↑An act to declare the purpose of the people of the United States as to the future political status of the people of the Philippine Islands, and to provide a more autonomous government for those islands, Pub. L. 64–240, 39 Stat. 545
  228. ↑An act to provide a civil government for Porto Rico, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 64–368, 39 Stat. 951
  229. ↑Treaty of Cession of Danish West Indies, with Denmark, T.S. 629,[463] 39 Stat. 1706
  230. ↑Proclamation of payment for cession of the Danish West Indies, 40 Stat. 1649
  231. ↑An act to approve mutual cessions of territory by the States of Wisconsin and Minnesota and the consequent changes in the boundary line between said states, Pub. L. 65–214, 40 Stat. 959
  232. ↑An act providing for the acceptance, approval and confirmation of the report of the commission appointed in pursuance of the act approved [May 4, 1889], authorizing the examination, survey and re-establishment of the circle of New Castle, as the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1897 Pa. Laws no. 152, p. 182[476]
  233. ↑An act providing for the acceptance, approval, and confirmation of the report of the commission appointed in pursuance of the act of the General Assembly of the State of Delaware, approved [April 25, 1889], authorizing the examination, survey, and reestablishment of the circle of New Castle as the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Delaware, 1921 Del. Laws chp. 4, p. 7[477]
  234. ↑Joint Resolution ratifying the reestablishment of the boundary line between the States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, 42 Stat. 104
  235. ↑Treaty for the settlement of differences arising out of the events which took place on the Isthmus of Panama in November 1903, with Colombia, T.S. 661,[480] 42 Stat. 2122, 9 LNTS 301[481]
  236. ↑Joint Resolution extending the sovereignty of the United States over Swains Island and making the island a part of American Samoa, 43 Stat. 1357
  237. ↑Treaty on the Lake Superior–Lake of the Woods Boundary, with Canada, T.S. 720,[484] 44 Stat. 2102
  238. ↑Michigan v. Wisconsin,272U.S.398(1926)
  239. ↑New Mexico v. Texas,275U.S.279(1927)
  240. ↑Oklahoma v. Texas,281U.S.109(1930)
  241. ↑An act to authorize the modification of the boundary line between the Panama Canal Zone and the Republic of Panama, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 72–117, 47 Stat. 145
  242. ↑Joint Resolution to change the name of the island of "Porto Rico" to "Puerto Rico", 47 Stat. 158
  243. ↑Treaty on Boundaries of the Philippines and North Borneo, with the United Kingdom, T.S. 856,[492] 47 Stat. 2198
  244. ↑
  245. ↑Wisconsin v. Michigan,297U.S.547(1936)
  246. ↑Executive Order no. 7368, Placing Certain Islands in the Pacific Ocean Under the Control and Jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior[493]
  247. ↑An act to provide a civil government for the Virgin Islands of the United States, Pub. L. 74–749, 49 Stat. 1807
  248. ↑Executive Agreement on Joint Administration of Canton and Enderbury Islands, EAS 145,[496] 53 Stat. 2219
  249. ↑Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, with Panama, T.S. 945,[497] 53 Stat. 1807
  250. ↑Provisional Agreement Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines Concerning Friendly Relations and Diplomatic and Consular Representation, TIAS 1539,[503] 60 Stat. 1800
  251. ↑Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines, TIAS 1568,[504] 61 Stat. 1174
  252. ↑Proclamation 2695 recognizing the independence of the Philippines, 60 Stat. 1352
  253. ↑Trusteeship Agreement for the Former Japanese Mandated Islands, TIAS 1665,[505] 61 Stat. 3301
  254. ↑Joint Resolution authorizing the President to approve the trusteeship agreement for the Territory of the Pacific Islands, Pub. L. 80–204, 61 Stat. 397
  255. ↑Tokelau Act 1948.
  256. ↑An act to provide a civil government for Guam, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 81–630, 64 Stat. 384
  257. ↑An act authorizing the compromising and settling of a controversy between Missouri and Kansas over a part of the boundary between these states, 1949 Mo. Laws chp. 141, p. 311[507]
  258. ↑Joint Resolution giving the consent of Congress to an agreement between the State of Missouri and the State of Kansas establishing a boundary between said states, Pub. L. 81–637, 64 Stat. 397
  259. ↑57 FR57093
  260. ↑An act locating the boundary between the States of Florida and Alabama as defined by the constitution of each respective state, at the mouth of the Perdido River and adjacent thereto, 1953 Ala. Laws no. 440, p. 547[510]
  261. ↑An act locating the boundary between the States of Florida and Alabama, as defined by the constitutions of each respective state, at the mouth of the Perdido River and adjacent thereto, 1953 Fla. Laws chp. 28141, p. 462[511]
  262. ↑Joint Resolution giving the consent of Congress to an agreement between the State of Alabama and the State of Florida establishing a boundary between such states, Pub. L. 83–351, 68 Stat. 77
  263. ↑An act to revise the Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States, Pub. L. 83–517, 68 Stat. 497
  264. ↑Convention regarding the Colón Corridor and certain other corridors through the Canal Zone, 6 UST 461, TIAS 3180, 241 UNTS 140, I-3430[512]
  265. ↑Treaty of mutual understanding and co-operation, 12 UST 301, TIAS 4716, 243 UNTS 211, I-3454[514]
  266. ↑
  267. ↑
  268. ↑An act to accept the cession by the State of Minnesota to the State of North Dakota of certain parcels of real property and declaring an emergency, 1961 N.D. Laws chp. 318, p. 517[518]
  269. ↑An act relating to the cession by the State of Minnesota to the State of North Dakota of certain parcels of real property located in Clay County, Minnesota, 1961 Minn. Laws chp. 236, p. 399[519]
  270. ↑An act granting the consent of Congress to the compact or agreement between the States of North Dakota and Minnesota with respect to the boundary between such states, Pub. L. 87–162, 75 Stat. 399
  271. ↑Convention for the Solution of the Problem of the Chamizal, 15 UST 21, TIAS 5515, 505 UNTS 185, I-7374[520]
  272. ↑Agreement on Availability of Certain Indian Ocean Islands for Defense Purposes, 18 UST 28, TIAS 6196, 603 UNTS 273, I-8737[522]
  273. ↑Convention terminating the Convention of August 5, 1914, respecting a Nicaraguan canal route, 22 UST 663, TIAS 7120, 791 UNTS 305, I-11243[523]
  274. ↑Treaty on the Swan Islands, with Honduras, 23 UST 2630, TIAS 7453, 851 UNTS 203, I-12199[524]
  275. ↑Panama Canal Treaty, with Panama, 33 UST 39, TIAS 10030, 1280 UNTS 3, I-21086[529]
  276. ↑Maritime Boundary Treaty, with Venezuela, 32 UST 3100, TIAS 9890, 1273 UNTS 25, I-20984[530]
  277. ↑Treaty Concerning the Status of Quita Sueño, Roncador, and Serrana, with Colombia, 33 UST 1405, TIAS 10120, 1307 UNTS 379, I-21801[531]
  278. ↑Proclamation 5030: Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America, 97 Stat. 1557
  279. ↑Treaty on the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary with Tokelau, with New Zealand, 35 UST 2073, TIAS 10775, 1643 UNTS 251, I-28231[533]
  280. ↑Treaty on Friendship and Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary, with the Cook Islands, 35 UST 2061, TIAS 10774, 1676 UNTS 223, I-28971[534]
  281. ↑Treaty of Friendship, with Kiribati, 35 UST 2095, TIAS 10777, 1643 UNTS 239, I-28230[535]
  282. ↑Treaty of Friendship, with Tuvalu, 35 UST 2087, TIAS 10776, 2011 UNTS 79, I-34500[536]
  283. ↑Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, 1984 I.C.J. 246[537]
  284. 12Compact of Free Association Act of 1985, Pub. L. 99–239, 99 Stat. 1770
  285. 123Proclamation 5564: Placing into Full Force and Effect the Covenant with the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Compacts of Free Association with the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 101 Stat. 2027
  286. ↑Joint Resolution to approve the "Covenant to establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States of America," and for other purposes, Pub. L. 94–241, 90 Stat. 279
  287. ↑Agreement on the maritime boundary, with the Soviet Union, Treaty101-22
  288. ↑Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics to abide by the terms of the Maritime Boundary Agreement of 1 June 1990, pending entry into force, UNTS 40300[539]
  289. ↑United Nations Security Council Resolution 683, UN Doc S/RES/683[540]
  290. ↑88 FR88482
  291. ↑Joint Resolution to approve the "Compact of Free Association" between the United States and the Government of Palau, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 99–658, 100 Stat. 3672
  292. ↑
  293. ↑United Nations Security Council Resolution 956, UN Doc S/RES/956[541]
  294. ↑Two treaties with the United Kingdom establishing Caribbean Maritime Boundaries, Treaty103-23
  295. ↑
  296. ↑Treaty on Maritime Boundaries, with Mexico, Treaty96-6, 2143 UNTS 405, I-37399[544]
  297. ↑New Jersey v. New York,523U.S.767(1998)
  298. ↑Treaty on the delimination of the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles, with Mexico, Treaty106-39, TIAS 01-117,[546] 2143 UNTS 417, I-37400[547]
  299. ↑Treaty on the Delimitation of a Maritime Boundary, with Niue, Treaty105-53, TIAS 14-1007,[549] 3016 UNTS 305, I-52440[550]
  300. ↑Treaty on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, with Micronesia, Treaty114-13, TIAS 19-718[553]
  301. ↑Treaty on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, with Kiribati, Treaty114-13, TIAS 19-719[554]

Books, journals, and websites

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  31. 12"Pennsylvania: Polity Style: 1776-2025". www.archontology.org. Archived from the original on July 11, 2025. Retrieved December 9, 2025.
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