Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldados confederados de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . Muchos monumentos y memoriales han sido o serán retirados en medio de una gran controversia. Como parte de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense , estos símbolos incluyen monumentos y estatuas, banderas, días festivos y otras celebraciones, así como los nombres de escuelas, carreteras, parques, puentes, edificios, condados, ciudades, lagos, presas, bases militares y otras estructuras públicas. En un informe especial de diciembre de 2018, la revista Smithsonian afirmó: "En los últimos diez años, los contribuyentes han destinado al menos 40 millones de dólares a monumentos confederados (estatuas, casas, parques, museos, bibliotecas y cementerios) y a organizaciones de patrimonio confederado". [ 1 ]
Esta entrada no incluye conmemoraciones de figuras anteriores a la Guerra Civil relacionadas con los orígenes de la Guerra Civil pero no directamente vinculadas a la Confederación, como el juez de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney , el congresista Preston Brooks , el presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Carolina del Norte Thomas Ruffin , [ 2 ] o el vicepresidente John C. Calhoun , aunque los monumentos a Calhoun "han sido los objetivos más frecuentes" de los vándalos. [ 3 ]
Los monumentos y memoriales se enumeran alfabéticamente por estado y por ciudad dentro de cada estado. Los estados que no aparecen en la lista no tienen elementos conocidos que cumplan los requisitos. [ 4 ]
Historia
Construcción de monumentos y dedicatorias
Se han erigido monumentos conmemorativos en espacios públicos (incluidos los terrenos de los juzgados), ya sea con fondos públicos o financiados por organizaciones privadas y donantes. También se han erigido numerosos monumentos conmemorativos privados.

Según la revista Smithsonian , «los monumentos confederados no son solo reliquias, artefactos de una época pasada. En cambio, los contribuyentes estadounidenses siguen invirtiendo fuertemente en estos homenajes hoy en día». [ 1 ] El informe también concluyó que los monumentos fueron construidos y se mantienen regularmente para promover la Causa Perdida , la mitología supremacista blanca, y que, durante las muchas décadas de su establecimiento, los líderes afroamericanos protestaron regularmente contra estos monumentos y lo que representaban. [ 1 ]
Se realizaron algunas pequeñas conmemoraciones durante la guerra, principalmente como nombres de barcos y lugares. Después de la guerra, Robert E. Lee dijo en varias ocasiones que se oponía a cualquier monumento, ya que, en su opinión, "mantendrían abiertas las heridas de la guerra". [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Sin embargo, se siguieron dedicando monumentos y memoriales poco después de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense. [ 9 ] Antes de 1890, la mayoría se erigieron en cementerios como memoriales a los soldados que murieron en la guerra. [ 10 ] Se dedicaron muchos más monumentos en los años posteriores a 1890, cuando el Congreso estableció el primer Parque Militar Nacional en Chickamauga y Chattanooga , y para el comienzo del siglo XX, se habían preservado cinco campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam , Gettysburg , Shiloh y Vicksburg . En el Parque Militar Nacional de Vicksburg, más del 95% de los monumentos del parque se erigieron en los primeros dieciocho años después de su establecimiento en 1899. [ 11 ] Pero los monumentos comenzaron a aparecer en lugares públicos con el surgimiento del Sur de Jim Crow , coincidiendo con el punto más bajo de las relaciones raciales en Estados Unidos . [ 10 ]
Jim Crow
La construcción de monumentos confederados ha formado parte a menudo de campañas generalizadas para promover y justificar las leyes de Jim Crow en el Sur. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Según la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA), la erección de monumentos confederados a principios del siglo XX fue «parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente impuesta y la privación generalizada del derecho al voto en todo el Sur». Según la AHA, los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período «tenían como objetivo, en parte, ocultar el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción , intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la vida pública». Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento por los derechos civiles , y según la AHA, «estos símbolos de la supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares». [ 14 ] Según la revista Smithsonian , "lejos de ser simplemente marcadores de eventos y personas históricas, como argumentan sus defensores, estos monumentos fueron creados y financiados por los gobiernos de Jim Crow para rendir homenaje a una sociedad esclavista y servir como afirmaciones directas de dominio sobre los afroamericanos". [ 1 ]

Según la historiadora Jane Dailey de la Universidad de Chicago , en muchos casos, el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino promover un "futuro supremacista blanco". [ 15 ] Otra historiadora, Karen L. Cox , de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte , ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la brutalmente racista era de Jim Crow", y que "el objetivo de los monumentos confederados es celebrar la supremacía blanca". [ 13 ] Otro historiador de la UNC, James Leloudis, afirmó que "los financiadores y patrocinadores de estos monumentos son muy explícitos al exigir una educación política y una legitimidad para la era de Jim Crow y el derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [ 16 ] Fueron erigidos sin el consentimiento ni la participación de los afroamericanos del Sur, quienes recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [ 17 ] Según la historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova , "la supremacía blanca es realmente lo que representan estas estatuas". [ 18 ] Algunos monumentos también tenían como objetivo embellecer las ciudades como parte del movimiento City Beautiful , aunque esto era secundario. [ 19 ]
En un discurso de junio de 2018, el historiador de la Guerra Civil James I. Robertson Jr., de Virginia Tech, dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío de Jim Crow" y se refirió a la tendencia actual de desmantelarlos o destruirlos como una "era de idiotez" motivada por "elementos empeñados en destruir la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido dolorosamente". [ 20 ] Katrina Dunn Johnson, curadora de la Sala de Reliquias Confederadas y Museo Militar de Carolina del Sur , afirma que "miles de familias en todo el país no pudieron reclamar los restos de sus soldados; muchas nunca supieron el destino exacto de sus seres queridos en el campo de batalla o en los campos de prisioneros. El impacto psicológico de una pérdida tan devastadora no puede subestimarse al intentar comprender las motivaciones principales detrás de la conmemoración sureña". [ 21 ]
Muchos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados en los antiguos estados confederados y estados fronterizos en las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, en muchos casos por Asociaciones de Damas Conmemorativas , Hijas Unidas de la Confederación (UDC), Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV), Hijos de Veteranos Confederados (SCV), la Asociación para la Preservación del Patrimonio y otras organizaciones conmemorativas. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Otros monumentos confederados se encuentran en campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil. Muchos monumentos confederados están incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , ya sea por separado o como elementos que contribuyen dentro de los listados de juzgados o distritos históricos. Las historiadoras de arte Cynthia Mills y Pamela Simpson argumentaron, en Monuments to the Lost Cause , que la mayoría de los monumentos confederados, del tipo que definen, fueron "encargados por mujeres blancas, con la esperanza de preservar una visión positiva de la vida anterior a la guerra". [ 25 ] [ 26 ]
A finales del siglo XIX, las innovaciones tecnológicas en las industrias del granito y el bronce contribuyeron a reducir los costos y a que los monumentos fueran más asequibles para los pueblos pequeños. Las empresas que buscaban aprovechar esta oportunidad a menudo vendían copias casi idénticas de monumentos tanto al Norte como al Sur. [ 27 ]
Otra oleada de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y el Centenario de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . Al menos treinta y dos monumentos confederados fueron inaugurados entre 2000 y 2017, incluyendo al menos siete reinauguraciones. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ]
Estudio académico
Los estudios académicos sobre los monumentos comenzaron en la década de 1980. En 1983, John J. Winberry publicó un estudio basado en datos del trabajo de RW Widener. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Estimó que el período principal de construcción de monumentos fue de 1889 a 1929 y que de los monumentos erigidos en las plazas de los juzgados, más de la mitad se construyeron entre 1902 y 1912. Determinó cuatro ubicaciones principales para los monumentos: campos de batalla, cementerios, terrenos de juzgados de condado y terrenos de capitolios estatales. Más de un tercio de los monumentos de juzgados estaban dedicados a los muertos. La mayoría de los monumentos de cementerios en su estudio se construyeron en el período anterior a 1900, mientras que la mayoría de los monumentos de juzgados se erigieron después de 1900. De los 666 monumentos en su estudio, el 55% eran de soldados confederados, mientras que el 28% eran obeliscos. Los soldados dominaban los terrenos del juzgado, mientras que los obeliscos representan casi la mitad de los monumentos del cementerio. Se descubrió que la idea de que las estatuas de soldados siempre miraban al norte era falsa y que, por lo general, los soldados miraban en la misma dirección que el juzgado. Observó que los monumentos eran «notablemente diversos», con «solo unos pocos casos de repetición de inscripciones». [ 33 ]

Él clasificó los monumentos en cuatro tipos. El tipo 1 era un soldado confederado en una columna con su arma en posición de descanso , o desarmado y mirando a la distancia. Estos representaban aproximadamente la mitad de los monumentos estudiados. Sin embargo, son los más populares entre los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 2 era un soldado confederado en una columna con el rifle listo, o portando una bandera o una corneta. El tipo 3 era un obelisco, a menudo cubierto con telas y con balas de cañón o una urna. Este tipo representaba el 28% de los monumentos estudiados, pero el 48% de los monumentos en cementerios y el 18% de los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 4 era un grupo misceláneo, que incluía arcos, menhires, placas, fuentes, etc. Estos representan el 17% de los monumentos estudiados. [ 33 ]
Más de un tercio de los monumentos en los juzgados estaban dedicados específicamente a los caídos confederados. El primer monumento en un juzgado se erigió en Bolivar, Tennessee , en 1867. Para 1880, se habían erigido nueve monumentos en juzgados. Winberry señaló dos centros de monumentos en juzgados: los condados del Potomac en Virginia, desde donde la tradición se extendió a Carolina del Norte, y un área más extensa que abarcaba Georgia, Carolina del Sur y el norte de Florida. La difusión de los monumentos en los juzgados se vio favorecida por organizaciones como los Veteranos Confederados Unidos y sus publicaciones, aunque otros factores también pudieron haber influido. [ 33 ]
Winberry enumeró cuatro razones para el cambio de cementerios a juzgados. La primera fue la necesidad de preservar la memoria de los caídos confederados y también reconocer a los veteranos que regresaron. La segunda fue celebrar la reconstrucción del Sur después de la guerra. La tercera fue la idealización de la Causa Perdida , y la cuarta fue unificar a la población blanca en una herencia común contra los intereses de los afroamericanos sureños. Concluyó: «Ninguna de estas cuatro posibles explicaciones para el monumento confederado es adecuada o completa por sí sola. El monumento es un símbolo, pero si fue un recuerdo del pasado, una celebración del presente o un presagio del futuro sigue siendo una pregunta difícil de responder; los monumentos y los símbolos pueden ser complejos y a veces indescifrables». [ 33 ]
El movimiento de los monumentos
El Movimiento de los Monumentos fue un movimiento nacional de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación se erigieron como memoriales comunitarios. En el Norte y el Sur, las comunidades se unieron en tiempos de guerra, aportando a sus hombres y jóvenes (y algunas mujeres documentadas), y luego volvieron a unirse para honrar la memoria de estos soldados y sus contribuciones a la causa, según su perspectiva. Los ciudadanos pagaban suscripciones para los monumentos, se recaudaban impuestos para las asociaciones de monumentos, y la GAR, las Órdenes Aliadas, las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos lideraron las campañas de recaudación de fondos. [ 34 ]
El monumento al coronel confederado Francis S. Bartow se erigió después de la Primera Batalla de Manassas, pero fue destruido antes o durante la Segunda Batalla de Manassas. Otros monumentos tempranos fueron los monumentos de la Unión en la Batalla de Rowlett's Station en Munfordville, Kentucky, en enero de 1862, en honor a los hombres del 32.º Regimiento de Indiana caídos. Fue retirado para su propia protección contra la intemperie en 2008. [ 35 ] Otros monumentos tempranos de la Unión antes del fin de la guerra fueron el Monumento a la Brigada Hazen en Murfreesboro y el Monumento a Ladd y Whitney de 1865 en Lowell, Massachusetts. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ]
Los monumentos del norte registrados en el trabajo de investigación hasta la fecha enumeran 11 monumentos erigidos antes de 1866, incluidos los ya mencionados. Otros diez monumentos fueron documentados en 1866, y 11 más en 1867 para cuando se erigieron los primeros monumentos confederados de posguerra en Romney, condado de Hampshire, Virginia Occidental y Chester, condado de Chester, Carolina del Sur en 1867. [ 34 ]

Además de los monumentos a los homenajeados de la Unión y la Confederación, el Movimiento de Monumentos propició la colocación de monumentos a la Guerra de Independencia para conmemorar el centenario de la Revolución Americana entre 1876 y 1883. En el catálogo de la compañía WH Mullins, The Blue and the Gray, se mencionan, junto con los monumentos a la Unión y la Confederación, las recientes instalaciones de monumentos a la Guerra de Independencia realizadas por la compañía en Guilford Courthouse, Carolina del Norte. [ 39 ]
Vandalismo
Hasta el 19 de junio de 2019, más de 12 monumentos confederados habían sido vandalizados en 2019, generalmente con pintura. [ 40 ] [ 41 ]
Eliminación

A partir de abril de 2017 Según el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) , al menos 60 símbolos de la Confederación habían sido retirados o renombrados desde 2015. [ 42 ] Al mismo tiempo, las leyes en varios estados del Sur imponen restricciones o prohíben por completo la remoción de estatuas y monumentos, así como el cambio de nombre de parques, carreteras y escuelas. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ]
Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 reveló que el 54% de los adultos afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, el 27% opinó que deberían ser retirados y el 19% se mostró indeciso. Los resultados se dividieron según líneas raciales y políticas: los blancos y los republicanos preferían mantener los monumentos en su lugar, mientras que los afroamericanos y los demócratas eran más propensos a apoyar su retirada. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Una encuesta similar de 2017 realizada por HuffPost/YouGov halló que un tercio de los encuestados estaba a favor de la retirada, mientras que el 49% se oponía. [ 50 ] [ 51 ]
El apoyo a la remoción aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la remoción y un 44% en contra. [ 52 ] [ 53 ]
Distribución geográfica
Los monumentos confederados están ampliamente distribuidos por el sur de los Estados Unidos, con algunas docenas dispersas en los estados fronterizos y varios cientos en Gettysburg, Pensilvania. [ 33 ] El patrón de distribución sigue los límites políticos generales de la Confederación. [ 33 ] De los más de 1503 monumentos y memoriales públicos a la Confederación, más de 718 son monumentos y estatuas. Casi 300 monumentos y estatuas se encuentran en Georgia, Virginia o Carolina del Norte. Los estados occidentales que se colonizaron en gran medida después de la Guerra Civil tienen pocos o ningún monumento a la Confederación.
Nacional
Capitolio de los Estados Unidos

En la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , ubicada dentro del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , cada estado ha aportado estatuas de dos ciudadanos a quienes desea honrar. Seis figuras confederadas se encuentran entre ellas. Las fechas que se indican a continuación reflejan cuándo se donó cada estatua a la colección: [ 56 ] [ 57 ]
- Zebulon Baird Vance (Carolina del Norte, 1916) [ 58 ]
- Joseph Wheeler (Alabama, 1925) [ 59 ]
- Alexander Hamilton Stephens (Georgia, 1927) [ 60 ]
- Wade Hampton III (Carolina del Sur, 1929) [ 61 ]
- Jefferson Davis (Mississippi, 1931) [ 62 ]
- James Zachariah George (Mississippi, 1931) [ 63 ]
Además de estas piezas, desde principios del siglo XXI se han retirado otras cuatro esculturas de figuras confederadas.
- La estatua de Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry (Alabama, 1908) fue retirada y reemplazada por una estatua de Helen Keller en 2009. [ 64 ]
- Robert E. Lee (Virginia, 1909) fue retirado en 2020. [ 65 ] En enero de 2023, se revelóel diseño de una estatua de reemplazo de Barbara Rose Johns . En ese momento, el escultor Steven Weitzman declaró que la estatua estaría lista para su instalación en algún momento de 2024. [ 65 ]
- La estatua de Edmund Kirby Smith (Florida, 1922) fue retirada en 2021 y reemplazada por una estatua de Mary McLeod Bethune en 2022. [ 66 ]
- Uriah M. Rose (Arkansas, 1917) [ 67 ] En 2019, la legislatura de Arkansas votó a favor de reemplazar sus dos contribuciones a la colección, la estatua de Rose y una de James Paul Clarke . [ 68 ] En 2024, las estatuas fueron reemplazadas por las estatuas de Johnny Cash y Daisy Bates . [ 69 ] [ 70 ] La estatua de Rose fue trasladada a su antiguo bufete de abogados en Little Rock, Arkansas, en 2025. [ 71 ]
Cementerio Nacional de Arlington

- La casa de Robert E. Lee durante la Guerra Civil , Arlington House , en el condado de Arlington, Virginia , domina el Cementerio Nacional de Arlington . Esta propiedad, un monumento del Servicio de Parques Nacionales (NPS), se convirtió en el emplazamiento del Cementerio Nacional de Arlington en parte para asegurar que Lee nunca pudiera vivir allí. [ 72 ]
- El Servicio de Parques Nacionales (NPS) describe la propiedad como "el monumento nacional a Robert E. Lee . Lo honra por razones específicas, incluyendo su papel en la promoción de la paz y la reunificación después de la Guerra Civil. En un sentido más amplio, existe como un lugar de estudio y contemplación del significado de algunos de los aspectos más difíciles de la historia estadounidense: el servicio militar, el sacrificio, la ciudadanía, el deber, la lealtad, la esclavitud y la libertad". [ 73 ]
- El Monumento Confederado en el Cementerio Nacional de Arlington fue un proyecto de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación, autorizado en 1906 por el Secretario de Guerra de los Estados Unidos, William Howard Taft , e inaugurado por el Presidente Wilson en 1914. [ 74 ] El monumento fue retirado en diciembre de 2023. [ 75 ]
Monedas y sellos
- Robert E. Lee y Stonewall Jackson fueron representados por la Casa de la Moneda de los Estados Unidos en el medio dólar conmemorativo de plata de 1925 , junto con las palabras "Stone Mountain". La moneda fue una recaudación de fondos para el monumento de Stone Mountain , que honra a los generales confederados. La emisión autorizada fue de 5 millones de monedas, que se venderían a 1 dólar cada una, pero resultó ser demasiado optimista y solo se emitieron 1,3 millones de monedas, muchas de las cuales terminaron en circulación después de ser gastadas por su valor nominal. [ 76 ] La leyenda en el reverso dice "Monumento al valor del soldado del Sur".
- Robert E. Lee ha sido conmemorado en al menos cinco sellos postales estadounidenses. Un sello de 1936-37 mostraba a los generales Lee y Stonewall Jackson junto con la casa de Lee, Stratford Hall . [ 77 ]
ejército estadounidense
Bases
Antes de 2023, había nueve bases militares importantes de EE. UU. nombradas en honor a líderes militares confederados, todas en antiguos estados confederados. Tras las protestas a nivel nacional por el asesinato de George Floyd a manos de un policía, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó en 2021 la Comisión de Nomenclatura con el fin de cambiar el nombre de los activos militares con nombres asociados a la Confederación. [ 78 ] El Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos debía implementar un plan desarrollado por la comisión y "eliminar todos los nombres, símbolos, exhibiciones, monumentos y parafernalia que honraran o conmemoraran a los Estados Confederados de América o a cualquier persona que sirviera voluntariamente en los Estados Confederados de América de todos los activos del Departamento de Defensa " dentro de los tres años posteriores a la creación de la comisión. [ 79 ] [ 80 ]
Para octubre de 2023, las nueve bases habían sido oficialmente redesignadas con los nuevos nombres propuestos por la comisión.
- Fort AP Hill (1941), cerca de Bowling Green, Virginia , nombrado en honor al general confederado AP Hill , fue redesignado Fort Walker el 25 de agosto de 2023 en honor a la Dra. Mary Edwards Walker, cirujana civil del ejército y receptora de la Medalla de Honor [ 81 ] [ 82 ].
- Fort Benning (1917), cerca de Columbus, Georgia , nombrado en honor al general confederado Henry L. Benning , fue redesignado como Fort Moore el 11 de mayo de 2023 en honor al general Hal Moore y su esposa Julia Compton Moore [ 83 ]. Sin embargo, fue redesignado como Fort Benning nuevamente en 2025. [ 84 ].
- Fort Bragg (1918), en Carolina del Norte, nombrado en honor al general confederado Braxton Bragg , fue redesignado Fort Liberty el 2 de junio de 2023 en honor a la Libertad . [ 85 ] El 14 de febrero de 2025, fue renombrado nuevamente como Fort Bragg, aunque esta vez bajo el nombre del paracaidista del ejército estadounidense Roland L. Bragg de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, quien no tiene parentesco con Braxton Bragg.
- Fort Gordon (1917), cerca de Augusta, Georgia , nombrado en honor al general confederado John Brown Gordon , fue redesignado como Fort Eisenhower el 27 de octubre de 2023 en honor al presidente Dwight D. Eisenhower [ 81 ] [ 86 ]
- Fort Hood (1942), en Killeen, Texas , anteriormente llamado así en honor al general confederado John Bell Hood , fue redesignado Fort Cavazos el 9 de mayo de 2023 en honor al general Richard Cavazos [ 87 ].
- Fort Lee (1917), en el condado de Prince George, Virginia , nombrado en honor al general confederado Robert E. Lee , fue redesignado Fort Gregg-Adams el 27 de abril de 2023 en honor al teniente general Arthur J. Gregg y a la teniente coronel Charity Adams [ 88 ].
- Fort Pickett (1942), cerca de Blackstone, Virginia , una instalación de la Guardia Nacional de Virginia que lleva el nombre del general confederado George Pickett , fue redesignada como Fort Barfoot el 24 de marzo de 2023 en honor al coronel Van T. Barfoot, receptor de la Medalla de Honor [ 89 ].
- Fort Polk (1941), cerca de Leesville, Luisiana , nombrado en honor al obispo episcopal y general confederado Leonidas Polk , fue redesignado Fort Johnson el 13 de junio de 2023 en honor al sargento William Henry Johnson, receptor de la Medalla de Honor [ 81 ] [ 90 ].
- Fort Rucker (1942), en el condado de Dale, Alabama , nombrado en honor al coronel confederado Edmund Rucker , fue redesignado Fort Novosel el 10 de abril de 2023 en honor al suboficial jefe de cuarta clase Michael J. Novosel, receptor de la Medalla de Honor [ 91 ].
Instalaciones
- El cuartel Lee, nombrado en honor al general de la CSA Robert E. Lee (1962), se encuentra en la Academia Militar de los Estados Unidos en West Point, Nueva York. [ 92 ]
- Academia Naval de los Estados Unidos en Annapolis, Maryland:
- La Casa Buchanan, la residencia del superintendente de la Academia Naval, recibió su nombre en honor al oficial naval de la CSA, Franklin Buchanan . [ 93 ] Una calle cercana a la casa también lleva el nombre de Buchanan.
- Maury Hall, sede de la división de Ingeniería de Armas y Sistemas de la academia, recibió su nombre en honor a Matthew Fontaine Maury, oficial naval estadounidense a cargo del Depósito de Cartas e Instrumentos en Washington y posteriormente oficial naval de la CSA . [ 93 ] [ 94 ]
Barcos actuales
- El USNS Maury (T-AGS-66) (2013), nombrado en honor a Matthew Fontaine Maury , fue renombrado USNS Marie Tharp en honor a la oceanógrafa Marie Tharp en 2023. [ 95 ]
Antiguos barcos
- El USS Atchison County (LST-60) , nombrado en honor a los condados de Kansas y Missouri establecidos en honor al general de brigada David Rice Atchison.
- USS Brooke (FFG-1) – fragata que lleva el nombre del ingeniero naval confederado John Mercer Brooke.
- USS Buchanan : Tres destructores de la Armada de los Estados Unidos han sido bautizados en honor al almirante confederado de mayor rango, Franklin Buchanan.
- USS Buchanan (DD-131) 1919–1940, luego transferido a la Armada del Reino Unido
- USS Buchanan (DD-484) 1941–1949, luego transferido a la Armada de Turquía
- El USS Buchanan (DDG-14) estuvo en servicio entre 1960 y 1991, y posteriormente fue hundido como blanco en el año 2000.
- USS Dixon (AS-37) – Buque nodriza de submarinos que lleva el nombre del comandante de submarinos confederado George E. Dixon.
- USS Hunley (AS-31) – Buque nodriza de submarinos que lleva el nombre del ingeniero naval confederado Horace Lawson Hunley.
- USS Maury : Cinco antiguos buques han llevado el nombre Maury, que datan de la Primera y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
- El USS Robert E Lee (SSBN-601) (submarino de misiles balísticos) en honor al general Robert E. Lee .
- USS Richard L. Page (FFG-5) – fragata que lleva el nombre del general confederado Richard Lucian Page.
- USS Semmes : dos destructores han sido bautizados en honor a Raphael Semmes .
- USS Semmes (DD-189) 1920–1946
- USS Semmes (DDG-18) 1962–1991
- USS Stonewall Jackson (SSBN-634) 1964–1995.
- USS Tattnall (DDG-19) – destructor que lleva el nombre del comodoro confederado Josiah Tattnall III.
- USS Tom Green County (LST-1159) 1953–1972 luego transferido a España. El condado de Texas homónimo fue nombrado en honor al general de brigada de los Estados Confederados de América Thomas Green.
- USS Waddell (DDG-24) – destructor que lleva el nombre del capitán confederado James Iredell Waddell.
- El SS Zebulon B. Vance , un buque de carga de la Segunda Guerra Mundial , recibió su nombre en honor al coronel de los Estados Confederados de América y gobernador confederado de Carolina del Norte, Zebulon Baird Vance .
- Buque Liberty n.º 113, nombrado en honor a Joseph E. Johnston por la Armada de los Estados Unidos. [ 96 ]
- Buque Liberty n.º 5, nombrado en honor a Alexander H. Stephens.
- Buque Liberty n.° 8, nombrado en honor a Jefferson Davis.
Varios barcos que llevaban nombres de líderes confederados cayeron en manos de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil. La Armada de la Unión conservó los nombres de estos barcos mientras dirigía sus cañones contra la Confederación.
- El Beauregard, un corsario con patente de corso emitida por la Confederación, fue nombrado en honor al general PGT Beauregard . Fue capturado como botín de guerra y comprado el 24 de febrero de 1862 por la Armada de la Unión, que lo operó como el USS Beauregard .
- El USS General Price (1862), un barco confederado hundido en batalla, fue reflotado y utilizado por la Unión hasta que fue vendido en 1865.
Autopistas interestatales
- Autopista Jefferson Davis , desde Arlington, Virginia , hasta San Diego, California . La señalización de la autopista (no se realizaron obras viales) fue un proyecto de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación . Nunca se completó según lo planeado originalmente, y su trazado no está del todo claro. Los marcadores que aún se conservan se enumeran bajo los estados.
- El 16 de octubre de 2018, la Junta de Comisionados del Condado de Orange, Carolina del Norte (donde se encuentra la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , véase Silent Sam ), votó por unanimidad para derogar la resolución del condado de 1959 que nombraba en honor a Davis el tramo de la US 15 que atraviesa el condado. [ 97 ]
- Lee Highway , de la ciudad de Nueva York a San Francisco . Los marcadores que aún se conservan están listados bajo los estados.
- Dixie Highway : una carretera que va de Canadá a Miami.
- Carretera Dixie Overland : una carretera que va de California a Georgia.
Alabama
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Alabama existen al menos 122 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
Alaska
- Área censal de Yukon-Koyukuk : "Confederate Gulch" [ 98 ] y "Union Gulch" drenan la ladera de una masa montañosa mineralizada al noreste de Wiseman . Se descubrió oro en ambos barrancos a principios del siglo XX, aunque solo se explotó Union Gulch. [ 99 ]
Arizona
A fecha de 20 de agosto de 2020 En Phoenix y Sierra Vista, Arizona , solo quedan dos placas relacionadas con la Confederación en propiedades públicas.
Arkansas
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Arkansas existen al menos 65 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
Capitolio estatal
- Monumento a los Soldados Confederados , también conocido como Defensa de la Bandera , terrenos del Capitolio del Estado de Arkansas , (1905). [ 105 ]
- Monumento a los prisioneros de guerra confederados, terrenos del Capitolio del estado de Arkansas. [ 105 ]
- Monumento a las mujeres confederadas (o "Madre del Sur"), terrenos del Capitolio del estado de Arkansas , Little Rock, Arkansas. La estatua representa a una madre y una hija despidiéndose de su hijo y hermano de 16 años que parte para unirse a su padre en la lucha. (1913) [ 106 ] [ 107 ]
- Antigua Casa de Gobierno , varias en los terrenos: [ 108 ]
- Monumento a David O. Dodd (1923)
- Placa conmemorativa de los defensores (1932) [ 109 ]
- Monumento al general Thomas J. Churchill (1928)
- Monumento al general William Read Scurry (1928)
- Monumento confederado de la antigua Casa de Gobierno [ 110 ]
monumentos

monumentos del juzgado
- Arkadelphia : Monumento Confederado de Arkadelphia (1911)
- Blytheville : Monumento a los caídos en la guerra confederada (1934)
- Camden : Monumento Confederado de Camden (1915)
- Conway : Monumento Confederado de Conway (1925)
- El Dorado : Monumento Confederado El Dorado (1909)
- Fuerte Smith : Monumento Confederado de Fuerte Smith (1903)
- Lake Village : Monumento Confederado de Lake Village (1910)
- Lonoke : Monumento Confederado de Lonoke (1910)
- Marion , condado de Crittenden : Monumento a los caídos en la Guerra Civil (1936)
- Osceola : Monumento Confederado de Searcy (1917) [ 106 ]
- Van Buren : Monumento confederado de Van Buren (1899)
Otros monumentos públicos





- Batesville : Monumento Confederado de Batesville (1907)
- Benton : Monumento a los Veteranos Confederados
- Bentonville : Monumento Confederado de Bentonville (1908); monumento de la UDC [ 111 ]
- Camden : Obelisco de granito coronado por una bala de cañón, en la sección confederada cercada del cementerio de Oakland.
- Clarendon : Monumento confederado
- Clarksville : Monumento Confederado de Clarksville , (1902) El obelisco del cementerio de Oakland con la inscripción "Sagrado a la memoria de nuestros muertos confederados" fue añadido al Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos en 1999. [ 112 ]
- Dardanelle : Monumento Confederado de Dardanelle (1921)
- Fayetteville : Estatua confederada (1897), Cementerio Confederado de Fayetteville [ 113 ]
- Fuerte Smith : Monumento a Jefferson Davis (1937)
- Condado de Grant : Monumento de la UDC (1928) en el Parque Estatal del Campo de Batalla de Jenkins' Ferry a los soldados confederados que murieron en la Batalla de Jenkins' Ferry [ 114 ]
- Harrison : Monumento a los veteranos confederados del condado de Boone, en los terrenos del juzgado del condado de Boone (1986)
- Aguas termales :
- Capital del Estado Confederado, Fila de Casas de Baño
- Monumento Confederado de Hot Springs (1934)
- Jacksonport : Monumento confederado del condado de Jackson (1914)
- Little Rock :
- Hijos de la Confederación
- Banco Confederado (1936)
- Monumento a la última resistencia confederada
- CSS Pontchartrain
- Cementerio Nacional de Little Rock :
- Monumento a los soldados confederados (1884); marca el entierro masivo de 640 soldados confederados [ 115 ].
- Monumento confederado de Little Rock (1913) [ 116 ]
- Monumento a los soldados confederados de la Compañía A (1911)
- Monumento a los soldados confederados (1905)
- Monumento a los Soldados del Sur
- Magnolia : Monumento al general John Porter McCown
- Marianna : Monumento al general Robert E. Lee , 1910.
- Marmaduke : Monumento conmemorativo a John Sappington Marmaduke
- Monticello : Monumento Confederado de Monticello
- Nueva Edimburgo : Monumento al capitán Richard Tunball Banks, 1864.
- Newport : Monumento a los Jackson Guards , construido en 1914. El monumento consta de una estatua de un soldado confederado y una lista de los hombres que sirvieron en los Jackson Guards y los esclavos que los apoyaron. Es el único monumento confederado en Arkansas construido completamente con fondos recaudados mediante suscripción privada, aunque se erigió en un terreno prominente donado por la ciudad de Hot Springs. [ 106 ]
- Cresta de guisantes :
- Pine Bluff :
- Memorial David O. Dodd
- Monumento Confederado de Pine Bluff (1910)
- Prescott : Monumento a los caídos en la guerra confederada (1964)
- Smithville : Monumento a los caídos en la guerra confederada (1996) [ 120 ]
- Star City : Monumento Confederado de Star City (1926). Erigido en los terrenos del juzgado, trasladado en 1943 y reubicado nuevamente en su posición original, ahora la plaza del pueblo, en la década de 1990. Consiste en una estatua de un soldado confederado. [ 106 ]
- Van Buren :
- Monumento conmemorativo confederado (1906). Originalmente ubicado en el cementerio de Fairview.
- Monumento confederado del cementerio de Fairview; reemplazo cuando el original fue trasladado al centro de la ciudad. [ 121 ]
- Washington :
- Monumento masónico confederado
- Monumento Confederado de Washington (1888), Cementerio Presbiteriano de Washington. Incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos en 1996. [ 122 ] [ 123 ]
lugares habitados
- Condado de Cleburne (1883), nombrado en honor al mayor general de la CSA Patrick Cleburne . [ 124 ]
- Condado de Faulkner (1873), nombrado en honor al capitán de la CSA, Sandford C. Faulkner . [ 125 ]
- Ciudad de Forrest City (1870), nombrada en honor al general confederado Nathan Bedford Forrest . [ 126 ]
- Condado de Lee (1873), nombrado en honor al general de la CSA Robert E. Lee. [ 127 ]
Parques
- Russellville : Parque Conmemorativo de las Madres Confederadas (1921). El terreno para el parque público fue donado por la UDC e incluye tres monumentos de piedra, cada uno colocado por una organización diferente de veteranos o conmemorativa de la Confederación, en honor a las madres de la Confederación . [ 128 ]
Carreteras
- El Dorado : Calle Robert E. Lee
- Forrest City : Confederate Drive
- Heber Springs : Carretera Jefferson Davis
- Hughes : Calle Jeff Davis
- Jacksonville : Avenida Jeff Davis
- Lake Village : Calle Confederada
- Little Rock :
- Beauregard Drive
- Claiborne Drive
- Longstreet Drive
- Pickett Drive
- Malvern : Calle Robert E. Lee
- Wilson : Jeb Stuart Drive
Escuelas
- Ciudad del Bosque :
- Escuela Secundaria de Forrest City (1914)
- Escuela Secundaria Forrest City
- Little Rock : Escuela Robert E. Lee
- Pine Bluff : Preescolar Forrest Park Prep
- Springdale : Escuela Primaria Robert E. Lee (1951)
Símbolos estatales

- Bandera de Arkansas La estrella azul sobre "ARKANSAS" representa a los Estados Confederados de América y está situada sobre las otras tres estrellas que representan a los países (España, Francia y EE. UU.) a los que perteneció el estado antes de su incorporación. El rombo representa la única mina de diamantes del país, con un borde de 25 estrellas que simbolizan el 25.º estado de EE. UU. [ 129 ] El diseño del borde alrededor del rombo blanco evoca la cruz de San Andrés que se encuentra en la bandera de batalla confederada. [ 130 ]
California
A fecha de 23 de julio de 2020 En California existían al menos cuatro espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
lugares habitados
- Confederate Corners, cruce de caminos cerca de Salinas , en el condado de Monterey , aparece ficcionalizado como Rebel Corners en la novela de John Steinbeck, El autobús descarriado . En 2018, el nombre cambió oficialmente a Springtown, California , nombre por el que se le conocía antes de convertirse en Confederate Corners. [ 131 ]
Carreteras
- Los Ángeles: Calle Johnston en Lincoln Heights , nombrada en honor al general de la CSA Albert Sidney Johnston .
- En el estado de California quedan al menos cuatro marcadores de la autopista Jefferson Davis, entre ellos los siguientes: [ 132 ]
- Bakersfield en Pioneer Village (1942, reinaugurado en 1968)
- Hornbrook (1944)
- Refugio de invierno en Fort Yuma
Escuelas
- Anaheim : La mascota de la escuela secundaria Savanna (1961) siempre ha sido Johnny Rebel , y una estatua de fibra de vidrio de un soldado confederado estuvo en el patio desde 1964 hasta 2009 [ 133 ] , cuando fue retirada debido a su deterioro. Los colores de la escuela son rojo y gris, y la escuela cuenta con la banda de música y la guardia de color Savanna Mighty Marching Rebel.
Montañas y recreación
- Alabama Hills , nombrada en honor a CSS Alabama [ 134 ]
- Elevación del Pico Jeff Davis: 9065 pies / 2763 m 36°38′13″N 119°53′49″O / 36.637°N 119.897°O / 36.637; -119.897 en el Mokelumne Wilderness [ 135 ] cartografiado por el USGS en 1889; "sin embargo, puede que se haya utilizado localmente durante mucho tiempo, ya que muchos de los habitantes de la cercana Summit City (ahora abandonada [a finales de la década de 1860]) eran simpatizantes confederados durante la guerra civil. Jefferson Davis (1809–89) fue presidente de la Confederación, 1861–65." [ 136 ]
- Pico Pickett: nombrado en honor al general confederado George Pickett . Elevación: 9118 pies / 2779 m 38°45′22″N 119°54′11″W / 38.756°N 119.903°W / 38.756; -119.903 en el Bosque Nacional, cerca del Área Silvestre Mokelumne [ 137 ]
- Fortuna: Campamento Pickett Peak operado por el Servicio Forestal Nacional [ 138 ]
- La secuoya gigante Robert E. Lee en el Parque Nacional Kings Canyon, administrado por el Servicio de Parques Nacionales .
Mío

- Condado de San Diego : Mina Stonewall Jackson (1870–1893), la mina de oro más rica en la historia del sur de California [ 139 ]
Colorado

Lugares habitados
Escuelas
- Keenesburg : La escuela secundaria Weld Central y la escuela intermedia Weld Central comparten el Weld Central Rebel, un soldado de la época de la Guerra Civil que solía aparecer con representaciones de banderas confederadas. Los equipos escolares se llaman Rebels. [ 140 ]
Monumento
- Monumento confederado en el cementerio Riverside , Denver (1973) [ 141 ]
Mío
Delaware
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Delaware existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados .
- Georgetown : Monumento Confederado de Delaware , un monumento privado construido en los terrenos de la Sociedad Histórica de Georgetown, inaugurado en 2007. [ 144 ] [ 145 ]
Distrito de Columbia
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Washington, D.C. , existen al menos nueve monumentos públicos confederados , la mayoría pertenecientes a la Colección del Salón Nacional de las Estatuas. ( Véase más arriba ).
- Monumento a Albert Pike (1901): [ 146 ] Una estatua al aire libre que es propiedad del Servicio de Parques Nacionales en 3rd y D Streets NW en el barrio Judiciary Square de Washington, DC Pike fue un general confederado y un masón destacado y está vestido como un masón en la escultura. [ 57 ] La estatua es un "retrato de Albert Pike como un líder masónico y no como un general en el ejército". [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] "Ocho funcionarios electos de DC han pedido al Servicio de Parques Nacionales que retire" la estatua. [ 150 ] El 19 de junio de 2020, manifestantes derribaron la estatua y le prendieron fuego como parte de las protestas de George Floyd debido a la asociación de Pike con la Confederación.
Florida
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Florida existen al menos 63 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [ 151 ]
Capitolio estatal
- Monumento confederado del condado de Leon , en los terrenos del antiguo Capitolio del estado de Florida , el "Viejo Capitolio", ahora un museo. [ 152 ] Erigido en 1882 por "nuestras mujeres del campo", trasladado a su ubicación actual en 1923. [ 153 ]
Símbolo estatal

- La bandera actual de Florida , adoptada por referéndum popular en 1900, con cambios menores en 1985, contiene la Cruz de San Andrés. Se cree que la Cruz se agregó en memoria de la Confederación y como muestra de apoyo a ella. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Otros, en cambio, dicen que no hay ningún vínculo con la Confederación, sino que la cruz de San Andrés recuerda la Cruz de Borgoña , el emblema de Nueva España . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Sin embargo, la adición de la Cruz fue propuesta por el gobernador Francis P. Fleming , un exsoldado confederado, quien estaba firmemente comprometido con la segregación racial .
Día festivo estatal
- En Florida, el cumpleaños de Robert E. Lee (19 de enero), el Día Conmemorativo de la Confederación (26 de abril) y el cumpleaños de Jefferson Davis (3 de junio) son días festivos legales. [ 160 ]
monumentos
monumentos del juzgado

- Bartow : Monumento al 7.º Regimiento de Infantería de Florida, Antiguo Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Polk (1982) [ 161 ]
- Brooksville : Monumento a los soldados confederados, Palacio de Justicia del condado de Hernando (1916) [ 162 ] [ 32 ]
- Defuniak Springs : Primer monumento confederado de Florida, Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Walton (1871, marcador histórico cercano)
- Marianna :
- Monumento a la Batalla de Marianna, césped del Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Jackson (1924) [ 163 ] [ 32 ] : 36
- Monumento confederado, césped del juzgado del condado de Jackson (1881)
- Monticello : Monumento confederado, Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Jefferson (1899) [ 163 ] [ 164 ] [ 32 ] : 36
- Ocala : Monumento confederado, erigido en los terrenos del Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Marion (1908, trasladado al Parque Conmemorativo de los Veteranos y reinaugurado en 2011). [ 165 ] [ 32 ] : 37 La bandera confederada que ondeaba frente al Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Marion iba a ser trasladada a "otro lugar del campus". [ 166 ]
- Tampa: El monumento Memoria in Aeterna fue financiado por la ciudad de Tampa y el Departamento de Conservación (DOC) a partir de 1903 y se erigió en 1911 en el Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Hillsborough. En 2017 se propuso trasladarlo a un cementerio privado en Brandon, Florida .
Otros monumentos públicos

- Crawfordville, Florida, Condado de Wakulla :
- Monumento Confederado (1987): Este obelisco blanco se encuentra en Hudson Park. En uno de sus lados lleva grabada la imagen de una bandera confederada y la siguiente inscripción: «1861-1865. En memoria de aquellos del condado de Wakulla que sirvieron a la Confederación durante la guerra de secesión. Erigido por el Capítulo 2469 de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación R. Don McLeod el 17 de mayo de 1987».
- Daytona Beach :
- Monumento al Reloj de Sol Confederado (1961) [ 32 ] Originalmente una base y columna de mármol coronada con un reloj de sol (a principios de la década de 1980 solo quedaban la base y la placa de bronce). Dedicado a los caídos confederados. Erigido por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 1961. La placa fue retirada por la ciudad de Daytona Beach en 2017 tras violentos enfrentamientos en Charlottesville, Virginia, por su monumento a Robert E. Lee. Iba a ser donado al Museo Histórico de Halifax. [ 167 ]
- En 1979 y 1985, los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados erigieron otras dos placas de bronce en Riverfront Park, que incluían los nombres de los veteranos confederados enterrados en el este del condado de Volusia. Estas placas estaban colocadas sobre un largo muro de granito junto con otras placas que conmemoraban diversas guerras de Estados Unidos. En 2017, la ciudad las retiró para donarlas al Museo Histórico de Halifax. [ 167 ]
- Monumento confederado de Boulder (1979) [ 32 ] : 33

- Darsey, Florida, Condado de Gadsden:
- Condado de Dixie : Monumento a los veteranos estadounidenses, Carretera 98 al oeste de Old Town , dedicado a los veteranos confederados (c. 2005) [ 168 ]
- Condado de Jefferson, Florida : Monumento a Stonewall Jackson
- Ellenton :
- Monumento Conmemorativo a los Veteranos Confederados, Parque Estatal Histórico Gamble Plantation (1937) [ 32 ] [ 169 ]
- El Monumento Conmemorativo Confederado Judah P. Benjamin en el Parque Estatal Histórico Gamble Plantation , establecido en 1925, de conformidad con un acuerdo entre la UDC y el Estado de Florida. [ 170 ] Benjamin fue Fiscal General, luego Secretario de Guerra y posteriormente Secretario de Estado de la Confederación. También alberga la División de Florida de la UDC. [ 171 ]
- Playa Fernandina : Estatua de David Levy Yulee . [ 172 ]

- Jacksonville :
- Parque Confederado . Se inauguró en 1907 como Parque Dignan, en honor a un antiguo presidente de la Junta de Obras Públicas de la ciudad. En 1914, el parque fue elegido como sede de la reunión anual de los Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV). Los UCV también lo eligieron para erigir un nuevo monumento en honor a las mujeres del sur de Estados Unidos, y cinco meses después de la reunión, la ciudad lo renombró como "Parque Confederado".
- Homenaje de Florida a las mujeres de la Confederación , en el Parque Confederado (1915). El escultor fue Allen George Newman . [ 173 ]
- Monumento confederado, Hemming Park, en el centro (1898) [ 174 ] [ 32 ] : 34 "La presidenta del Ayuntamiento de Jacksonville, Anna Lopez Brosche, pidió que todos los monumentos confederados fueran trasladados de la propiedad municipal a un museo. El monumento confederado más destacado de Jacksonville es una estatua de un soldado confederado que se alza sobre un imponente pilar en Hemming Park." [ 175 ]
- Monumento del Fuerte Yellow Bluff, Parque Estatal Histórico del Fuerte Yellow Bluff (1951) [ 176 ]
- Key West :
- Lake City : Muertos confederados de la batalla de Olustee , plaza del pueblo frente al Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Columbia (1928) [ 180 ]

- Madison : Monumento confederado, Parque de las Cuatro Libertades (1909). Enumera los nombres de los hombres del condado que murieron. Cerca se encuentra un monumento a los antiguos esclavos del condado. [ 163 ] [ 32 ] : 35
- Miami : Monumento confederado, Círculo Confederado en el cementerio de la ciudad (1914 en el Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Dade, fue trasladado al cementerio en 1927) [ 181 ] [ 32 ] : 36

- Olustee :
- Monumento del campo de batalla, Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Olustee (1912). Inscripción: Aquí se libró, el 20 de febrero de 1864, la Batalla de Ocean Pond bajo el mando directo del general Alfred Holt Colquitt, "Héroe de Olustee". Este enfrentamiento decisivo impidió una invasión de Georgia desde el sur similar a la de Sherman. Erigido el 20 de abril de 1936 por el Capítulo Alfred Holt Colquitt de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación, División de Georgia.
- Monumento al general de brigada Joseph Finnegan de los Estados Confederados de América , Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Olustee (1912). "Colocado por la División de Florida de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en memoria del general de brigada Joseph Finnegan, comandante del Distrito del Centro y Este de Florida. Su labor fue tan eficaz que se logró una victoria decisiva sobre las fuerzas federales en la Batalla de Olustee, el 20 de febrero de 1864".
- Pensacola :
- Florida Square pasó a llamarse Lee Square en 1889. [ 182 ]
- En Lee Square se encuentra un monumento de 15 metros de altura dedicado a los caídos confederados, erigido en 1891. [ 183 ] Conmemora a Jefferson Davis, a los veteranos confederados de Pensacola Stephen R. Mallory (Secretario de la Marina Confederada) y Edward Aylesworth Perry (General Confederado y Gobernador de Florida entre 1885 y 1889), y a «los héroes anónimos de la Confederación del Sur». El alcalde de Pensacola ha solicitado su retirada. [ 182 ]
- Perry : Monumento confederado, Complejo deportivo del condado de Taylor (2007) [ 184 ] [ 185 ]
- Quincy : Monumento confederado, Cementerio de Soldados dentro del Cementerio Oriental, parte del Distrito Histórico Nacional de la ciudad (2010). El monumento también destaca la restauración de la cerca histórica. [ 186 ] [ 187 ]
- San Agustín :
- Monumento confederado, en la Plaza de la Constitución (1879). [ 188 ] "El Comité Asesor para la Contextualización del Monumento Confederado, un grupo de trabajo de siete miembros compuesto principalmente por historiadores", recomendó en 2018 a la Comisión de la Ciudad que se conservara el monumento, con la adición de "cierto contexto necesario". [ 189 ]
- St. Cloud : Monumento confederado, Parque de los Veteranos (2006) [ 190 ]
- San Petersburgo : Monumento confederado, cementerio Greenwood (1900) [ 191 ]
- Tampa : En la iglesia católica del Sagrado Corazón hay una vidriera donada por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 1906 en honor al padre Abram Ryan , llamado "Poeta de la Confederación" .
- Trenton : Monumento confederado, frente al Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Gilchrist en Veterans' Park (2010) [ 192 ]
- Woodville : Monumento en memoria de los caídos, Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Natural Bridge (1922) [ 32 ] : 37 Una placa colocada en la base del monumento en 2000 enumera los nombres de quienes murieron como resultado de la batalla. [ 193 ]
monumentos privados
- Alachua : Monumento confederado, cementerio de Newnansville (2002) por el Club de Leones de Alachua [ 194 ]
- Bradfordville , comunidad no incorporada en el condado de Leon : Monumento a Robert E. Lee , dedicado a lo largo de la carretera 319 en 1927 por la UDC. Trasladado en las décadas de 1960 y 1990, ahora se encuentra aproximadamente a una milla al sur de la frontera con Georgia. [ 195 ] [ 196 ]
- Dade City : Monumento confederado, cementerio Townsend House (2010) [ 197 ]
- Deland : Monumento a los veteranos confederados, cementerio de Oakdale (1958) [ 198 ]
- Kissimmee : Obelisco de granito en el cementerio Rose Hill, dedicado a los veteranos confederados enterrados en el condado de Osceola, cuyos nombres figuran en el monumento. Erigido en 2002 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados. [ 167 ]
- Ciudad del Lago :
- Última viuda de guerra confederada, cementerio de Oaklawn, erigido tras su fallecimiento en 1985. El monumento y el cementerio se encuentran a lo largo del Sendero del Patrimonio de la Guerra Civil de Florida. [ 199 ] [ 200 ] : 28
- Nuestros Caídos Confederados, Cementerio de Oaklawn (1901, reinaugurado en 1996). Un alto obelisco en memoria de los soldados anónimos que murieron en la cercana Batalla de Olustee o en el hospital confederado de la ciudad. El cementerio es el punto central de la inauguración del Festival anual de la Batalla de Olustee de Lake City . [ 201 ] [ 202 ]
- Leesburg : Fuente conmemorativa de piedra caliza rústica, en el cementerio Lone Oak. Erigida en 1935 por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación, pero dedicada a los soldados de todas las guerras. Un mástil adyacente de 6 metros y un bloque de granito con una inscripción, dedicados a los veteranos de la Guerra Civil allí enterrados, fueron erigidos por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 2005. [ 167 ]
- Ormond Beach : 2011; Cementerio Pilgrim's Rest. El monumento consta de un mástil y una base de hormigón con una Cruz del Sur de bronce y una losa de granito con los nombres de los veteranos confederados allí enterrados. Erigido por la Asociación de Hijos Confederados de Florida. [ 167 ]
- Oxford : Monumento vertical de losa de granito en el cementerio Pine Level, que enumera los nombres de los veteranos confederados enterrados allí. Erigido en 2007 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados. [ 167 ]
- White Springs : Monumento confederado y gran bandera, a lo largo de la Interestatal 75 (2002) [ 203 ]
lugares habitados
condados
- El condado de Baker (1861) recibió su nombre en honor a James McNair Baker , abogado y juez que fue senador de los Estados Confederados de América por Florida. [ 204 ]
- El condado de Bradford (1861), nombrado en honor al capitán Richard Bradford, quien murió en la batalla de la isla de Santa Rosa , convirtiéndose en el primer oficial confederado de Florida en morir durante la Guerra Civil. [ 204 ]
- Condado de Hendry (1923), nombrado en honor a Francis Asbury Hendry , capitán confederado y uno de los primeros colonos de la zona. [ 204 ]
- Condado de Lee (1887), nombrado en honor a Robert E. Lee. [ 205 ]
- El condado de Levy (1845) recibió su nombre en honor a David Levy Yulee , un empresario y senador de Florida, firme defensor de la esclavitud, que se retiró del Senado de los Estados Unidos en 1861 y cumplió nueve meses de prisión después de la Guerra Civil por apoyar a la Confederación.
- El condado de Pasco (1887) recibió su nombre en honor a Samuel Pasco , quien luchó para los Estados Confederados de América (CSA) pero pasó gran parte de la guerra como prisionero de guerra. Posteriormente, Pasco se convirtió en representante estatal y senador de los Estados Unidos por Florida.
Municipios
- Bartow (1862), anteriormente Reidsville, renombrada en honor al coronel de la CSA Francis Bartow . [ 206 ]
- Brooksville , anteriormente conocida como Pierceville, adoptó su nombre actual en 1856 para honrar y mostrar apoyo a Preston Brooks , un congresista proesclavista de Carolina del Sur que golpeó con un bastón e hirió gravemente al senador y abolicionista de Massachusetts, Charles Sumner .
- Fort Myers , anteriormente Fort Harvie, nombrado en honor a Abraham Myers , intendente general del Ejército Confederado. [ 151 ]
- Lee : nombrado en honor a Robert E. Lee.
- Mayo , nombrada en honor al coronel James Mayo de la CSA. [ 207 ]
- Perry (1875), nombrado en honor al gobernador de Florida y coronel de la CSA, Madison Starke Perry . [ 163 ]
- Starke . Se desconoce el origen del nombre. Una teoría destacada es que se le dio ese nombre en honor a Madison Starke Perry , cuarto gobernador de Florida y coronel del Ejército de los Estados Confederados . La División de Recursos Históricos del Departamento de Estado de Florida añade que la ciudad podría haber recibido su nombre de "Thomas Starke, un esclavista que en su día poseyó gran parte de las tierras de la zona". [ 208 ]
- Titusville (1873), anteriormente Sand Point, renombrada por el coronel CSA Henry T. Titus , quien también abasteció a las tropas confederadas. [ 208 ]
- Yulee (1893), nombrada en honor a David Levy Yulee , partidario de la esclavitud y la secesión. Véase el condado de Levy, más arriba.
Parques
- Ellenton : Monumento conmemorativo de Judah P. Benjamin en el Parque Estatal Histórico de Gamble Plantation (1925) [ 209 ]
- Fort Walton Beach : Heritage Park conserva el Campamento Confederado Walton, que lleva el nombre del condado en el que estaba ubicado. [ 210 ]
- Jacksonville :
- Confederate Park , inaugurado en 1907. Originalmente llamado Dignan Park, el parque fue renombrado cuando la UCV eligió el lugar como sede de sus reuniones anuales en 1914. [ 211 ] -ahora Springfield Park.
- El Parque Hemming /Plaza Hemming (1899) fue renombrado en honor al veterano de la Guerra Civil Charles C. Hemming, después de que instalara un monumento confederado de 19 m (62 pies) de altura en el parque en 1898. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] -ahora Parque James Weldon Johnson.
- La estación de Hemming Park era una estación de tren elevada que tomaba su nombre del parque. Ahora se llama estación James Weldon Johnson Park.
- Miami : Parque Robert E. Lee, el campo deportivo de la escuela secundaria Jose de Diego que reemplazó a la escuela secundaria Robert E. Lee (1924–1989) en el barrio de Wynwood en 1999. [ 214 ] Un portavoz del distrito escolar ha dicho que el nombre no es oficial y solicitó a las agencias con listados incorrectos que los actualicen. [ 215 ] A partir de 2024, Google Maps cambió el nombre del parque a Parque Jose de Diego.
- Pensacola : Lee Square (1889) -ahora Florida Square.
- Tampa : Parque Conmemorativo Confederado , inaugurado en 2008 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados.
Carreteras
- Carretera conmemorativa de Stonewall Jackson, designada por la UDC. Las secciones locales colocaron los siguientes marcadores en el estado:
- Capps : A lo largo de la Ruta 19 de EE. UU. en 1940. [ 216 ]
- San Petersburgo : Marcador de terminal en la intersección de Central Avenue y Bayshore Drive en 1939. [ 217 ] Retirado por la ciudad el 15 de agosto de 2017. [ 218 ]
- Hilliard : Carretera General Lee
- Jacksonville
- Camino de Confederate Point
- Calle Confederada
- Carretera del General Lee
- Nápoles : Confederate Drive
- Orlando
- Carretera Kirby Smith
- Stonewall Jackson Road cambia de nombre
- Pensacola : Confederate Drive
- Perry : Avenida Jeff Davis Norte
- St. Cloud : Robert Lee Road
- Stuart : Terraza General Lee, sureste
- Tampa : Robert E. Lee Road
- Zephyrhills :
- Jeff Davis Drive
- Carretera temprana de Jubal
Escuelas y bibliotecas
- Gainesville :
- Escuela Primaria JJ Finley (1939), nombrada en honor al general de brigada de los Estados Confederados de América, Jesse J. Finley . [ 219 ] -ahora Escuela Primaria Carolyn Beatrice Parker.
- Centro Kirby-Smith (1939), oficinas administrativas de las Escuelas Públicas del Condado de Alachua . Construido en 1900, el edificio fue inicialmente la Escuela Primaria y Secundaria Gainesville, exclusivamente para blancos. [ 220 ] En agosto de 2017, la junta escolar anunció planes para cambiar el nombre del centro. [ 221 ]
- Escuela Sidney Lanier . Lanier fue un soldado y poeta confederado.
- Condado de Hillsborough : La escuela primaria Robert E. Lee, también conocida como Lee Elementary Magnet School of World Studies and Technology, fue construida en 1906 y nombrada en honor a Lee en 1943. Un miembro de la junta escolar que impulsó un cambio de nombre en 2017 señaló que si el ejército de Lee hubiera ganado la guerra, "la mayoría de nuestros estudiantes serían esclavos". [ 222 ] -ahora Tampa Heights Elementary Magnet School.
- Jacksonville [ 223 ]
- Escuela Secundaria JEB Stuart (1966), nombrada en honor al general de la CSA JEB Stuart . -Ahora es la Escuela Secundaria Westside.
- Escuela Secundaria Jefferson Davis (1961) - ahora Academia Charger.
- La escuela secundaria Kirby-Smith (1924), nombrada en honor al general de la CSA Edmund Kirby Smith , ahora es la escuela secundaria Springfield.
- Escuela Secundaria Robert E. Lee (1928) - ahora Escuela Secundaria Riverside.
- Escuela Primaria Stonewall Jackson, ahora Escuela Primaria Hidden Oaks.
- Orlando :
- La escuela secundaria Robert E. Lee pasó a llamarse escuela secundaria College Park en 2017. [ 224 ]
- La escuela secundaria Stonewall Jackson pasó a llamarse escuela secundaria Roberto Clemente en 2020, al igual que la calle que se encuentra frente a la escuela.
- Pensacola : Disturbios por la mascota "Rebel" de la escuela secundaria Escambia , 1972-1977. Antes de que se eligiera un nombre que no generara controversia, se produjeron protestas y actos de violencia en la escuela y en la comunidad, se quemaron cruces en los jardines de los miembros del distrito escolar, se presentaron demandas y el Ku Klux Klan organizó una manifestación y presentó una petición a la junta escolar.
- Tampa : Escuela Primaria Lee de Tecnología / Estudios Mundiales (1906). La mascota de la escuela es Traveller, el caballo de Robert E. Lee. En julio de 2015, los estudiantes pidieron a la junta escolar que cambiara el nombre de la escuela. [ 225 ] En junio de 2017, un miembro de la junta solicitó que se considerara el cambio de nombre. [ 226 ] -ahora Escuela Primaria Tampa Heights
Símbolos de la ciudad
- Condado de Hillsborough : hasta 1997, el sello del condado de Hillsborough incluía la bandera de batalla confederada. [ 227 ]
- Ciudad de Panamá : la bandera de la ciudad es bastante similar a la bandera del estado de Florida, con un fondo blanco y la cruz de San Andrés que recuerda a la bandera de batalla confederada, pero con el escudo de la ciudad en lugar del escudo estatal.
Vacaciones en la ciudad
- El 2 de abril de 2019, el alcalde de Ocala, Kent Guinn, firmó una declaración en la que designaba el 26 de abril de 2019 como el Día Conmemorativo de la Confederación. Afirmó haberlo hecho en años anteriores. [ 228 ]
Día festivo del condado
- En 2016, la Comisión del Condado de Marion (con sede en Ocala) declaró abril como el Mes de la Historia Confederada. [ 166 ]
Georgia
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Georgia existen al menos 201 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Hawai
- Una placa en el Cementerio Nacional Conmemorativo del Pacífico rinde homenaje a los hawaianos que lucharon por la Unión, así como a los hawaianos que lucharon por la Confederación.
Idaho
La colonización de Idaho coincidió con la Guerra Civil y los colonos de los estados del Sur conmemoraron a la Confederación con los nombres de varias ciudades y accidentes geográficos. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] [ 231 ]
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Idaho existen al menos tres espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
lugares habitados
- Atlanta : zona no incorporada, y su aeropuerto . La zona recibió su nombre de los sureños tras los informes de una victoria confederada sobre el general Sherman en la batalla de Atlanta , que resultaron ser totalmente falsos, pero el nombre se mantuvo.
- Confederate Gulch: antigua comunidad minera no incorporada. [ 232 ] [ 231 ]
- Grayback Gulch: antigua comunidad minera no incorporada, fundada por soldados confederados y nombrada por el color de sus uniformes. Actualmente es un campamento del Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos. [ 233 ]
- Leesburg : un antiguo pueblo minero de oro no incorporado, fundado por sureños y nombrado en honor a Robert E. Lee. [ 234 ]
Características naturales y recreación
- Dentro del Bosque Nacional de Boise, en el condado de Elmore , se encuentran:
- Campo de concentración Robert E. Lee , [ 235 ] ahora disperso [ 236 ]
- Arroyo Robert E. Lee [ 237 ]
- Aguas termales de Chattanooga, cerca de Atlanta, ID [ 238 ]
- Cumbre Secesionista y Río Secesionista [ 236 ]
Illinois

Los cuatro monumentos conmemorativos de Illinois se encuentran en cementerios del gobierno federal y están relacionados con prisioneros de guerra.
cementerios federales
- Alton : Monumento de la UDC (1909), Cementerio Confederado de North Alton. Dedicado a los soldados confederados que murieron en la Prisión Militar de Alton [ 239 ]. A octubre de 2018, es uno de los 7 cementerios con monumentos confederados que la Administración de Veteranos mantiene bajo vigilancia las 24 horas. [ 240 ].
- Rock Island : Obelisco de la UDC (2003), Cementerio Confederado de Rock Island. Dedicado a los soldados confederados que murieron en la prisión militar de Rock Island [ 241 ]
- Springfield : Monumento UDC/SCV (2005), Cementerio Nacional Camp Butler . Dedicado a los soldados confederados que murieron en Camp Butler. [ 242 ]
Parcela federal dentro de un cementerio privado.
- Chicago : Montículo Confederado (1895), Cementerio Oak Woods . Fosa común y monumento dedicado a los soldados confederados que murieron en Camp Douglas . [ 243 ] A partir de octubre de 2018, la Administración de Veteranos lo tiene bajo vigilancia desde el amanecer hasta el anochecer. [ 240 ] Es el n.° 7 en la lista de 2018 del Proyecto Make It Right de los 10 monumentos confederados que más desea que se retiren. [ 244 ] Un contramonumento, un gran cenotafio de granito negro, fue erigido cerca en 1896, dedicado a los abolicionistas y unionistas del Sur de antes de la guerra. [ 245 ] [ 246 ]
Indiana
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 Existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Indiana .
- Múltiples ubicaciones: Hay 27 marcadores históricos/puntos de interés que señalan la ruta de John Hunt Morgan a través de Indiana. [ 247 ] [ 248 ]
- Corydon : El sitio de la batalla de Corydon es un monumento conmemorativo a ambos bandos que lucharon en la batalla de Corydon , la única batalla de la Guerra Civil en Indiana. Alberga el Museo de la Guerra Civil de Corydon. [ 249 ]
- Evansville : El monumento confederado (1904) en el cementerio de Oak Hill marca el lugar de sepultura de 24 prisioneros confederados que murieron en Evansville. [ 250 ]
- Indianápolis :
- Monumento a los Soldados y Marineros Confederados , Parque Garfield , [ 251 ] erigido, según su inscripción, "para marcar el lugar de sepultura de 1616 soldados y marineros confederados que murieron aquí como prisioneros de guerra y cuyas tumbas ya no se pueden identificar". [ 252 ] Tras las protestas por el asesinato de George Floyd en junio de 2020, la ciudad anunció planes para retirar el monumento. [ 253 ]
- En 1933 se erigió un monumento de granito en el Cementerio Nacional de Crown Hill , lugar de sepultura de los prisioneros confederados que murieron en Camp Morton . [ 254 ]
- Terre Haute : Sitio del Monumento de Woodlawn (1912), Cementerio de Woodlawn. Erigido por el Gobierno Federal para conmemorar a 11 soldados confederados que murieron en un campo de prisioneros local. [ 255 ]
- Versalles : Versalles es el lugar donde tuvo lugar una escaramuza con los Raiders de Morgan . La escuela secundaria South Ripley nombró a su mascota los Raiders en honor a la campaña de John Hunt Morgan por todo Indiana.
Iowa
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 Existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Iowa .
- Bentonsport : Monumento a Lawrence Sullivan Ross (2007), el único general confederado de Iowa [ 256 ]
- Bloomfield : [ 256 ] Monumento a la invasión confederada de Iowa (2005) [ 257 ]
Kansas
El Parque Conmemorativo de los Veteranos en Wichita, Kansas, alberga un monumento confederado y otro de la Unión, un Monumento a la Reconciliación. "La intención de este monumento es unir a las personas y reconciliar sus diferencias". A medida que se retiran los monumentos confederados en todo Estados Unidos, el monumento de Wichita genera controversia . El monumento es un pequeño obelisco con un texto que honra a los combatientes del Norte y del Sur. Consulte la sección "Remoción de monumentos y memoriales confederados#Kansas" para ver los monumentos que han sido retirados.
Kentucky
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Kentucky existen al menos 37 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
monumentos
- Augusta : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio Payne, 1903.
- Bardstown : Monumento confederado , cementerio de Bardstown/San José, 1903.
- Bowling Green :
- Monumento confederado de Bowling Green , cementerio de Fairview, 1876.
- Monumento a William F. Perry , cementerio Fairview, 1901.
- Brandenburg : Monumento confederado (2016) retirado de Louisville [ 258 ] Manifestantes armados rodearon el monumento para impedir su retirada en junio de 2020. [ 259 ]
- Cádiz : Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Trigg, 1913. [ 260 ]
- Covington : Monumento a los Veteranos , Cementerio Linden Grove, 1933. Fue inaugurado por la Legión Americana y rinde homenaje tanto a los veteranos confederados como a los de la Unión.
- Crab Orchard : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Crab Orchard, 1872.
- Cynthiana : Monumento confederado , cementerio Battle Grove, 1869.
- Danville : Monumento Confederado , Parque McDowell, 1910. [ 261 ]
- Eminencia : Monumento a los mártires de los soldados confederados , cementerio de Eminencia, 1870.
- Fairview : Monumento confederado en el Sitio Histórico Estatal del Monumento a Jefferson Davis , un parque estatal que conmemora el lugar de nacimiento de Davis, terminado en 1924. Contiene un "obelisco de 35 pisos". [ 262 ]
- Frankfort : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Frankfort, 1892.
- Fulton : Monumento confederado , cementerio Fairview, 1902.

- Georgetown : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Georgetown, 1888. [ 263 ]
- Condado de Graves : Monumento conmemorativo del Campamento Beauregard (1909), Cementerio del Campamento Beauregard. Monumento de la UDC a los soldados confederados que murieron en el Campamento Beauregard "por el Estado Confederado de América y a quienes se les negó la gloria del servicio heroico en una batalla". [ 264 ]
- Glasgow : Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Barren, 1905.

- Harrodsburg : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio Spring Hill, 1902.
- Hickman : Puerta conmemorativa confederada , cementerio de la ciudad de Hickman, 1913.
- Hopkinsville :
- Fuente conmemorativa confederada , Palacio de Justicia del condado de Christian, 1911.
- Monumento confederado de Latham , cementerio de Riverside, 1887.
- Cueva del Caballo : Monumento al Soldado Confederado Desconocido , Old Dixie Highway, 1934.
- Jeffersontown : Monumento a los Mártires Confederados , Cementerio de la Ciudad de Jeffersontown, 1904.
- Lawrenceburg : Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Anderson, 1894.
- Lexington :
- Monumento conmemorativo de las damas confederadas , cementerio de Lexington , 1874.
- Monumento al soldado confederado en Lexington , cementerio de Lexington , 1893.
- El monumento a John C. Breckinridge fue trasladado del juzgado al cementerio de Lexington en octubre de 2017. [ 265 ]
- El monumento a John Hunt Morgan fue trasladado del juzgado al cementerio de Lexington en octubre de 2017. [ 265 ]

- Louisville :
- Monumento Confederado , inaugurado en 1895 y ubicado junto a la Universidad de Louisville en terrenos municipales. Fue retirado y reubicado en un parque ribereño en Brandenburg, Kentucky , en diciembre de 2016. [ 266 ]
- Madisonville : Monumento Confederado, Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Hopkins, 1909. [ 267 ]
- Mayfield :
- Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Graves, 1920.
- Monumento confederado , cementerio de Maplewood, 1924.
- Maysville : placa en memoria de Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 268 ]
- Midway : Monumento a los Mártires , Cementerio de la Ciudad de Midway, 1890.
- Morganfield : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio Municipal/Cementerio de los Odd Fellows, 1870.
- Morgantown : Monumento a los veteranos confederados y de la Unión , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Butler, 1907.
- Monte Sterling : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Machpelan, 1880.
- Munfordville : Monumento al coronel Robert A. Smith , cerca del río Green, 1885.
- Murray : Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Calloway, 1917.
- Nancy : Monumento al general Felix K. Zollicoffer , Parque Zollicoffer, Campo de batalla de Mill Springs , 1910.
- Nancy : Monumento a la fosa común confederada , Parque Zollicoffer, Campo de batalla de Mill Springs , 1910.
- Nicholasville : Monumento confederado, Palacio de Justicia del condado de Jessamine, 1896. [ 269 ]
- Owensboro : Monumento Confederado , Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Daviess, 1900.
- Owingsville : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Owingsville, 1907.

- Paducah :
- Monumento confederado , cementerio Oak Grove, 1907. [ 270 ]
- Primer voluntario confederado de Paducah, marcador incrustado en la acera de la ciudad. [ 270 ]
- Estatua del general Lloyd Tilghman , Lang Park, 1909. [ 270 ]
- París : Monumento confederado del condado de Bourbon , cementerio de París, 1887.
- Perryville :
- Monumento Confederado , Sitio Histórico Estatal del Campo de Batalla de Perryville , 1902. Encargado por el estado de Kentucky. [ 271 ]
- Monumento a un soldado confederado fallecido desconocido , cementerio Goodknight, 1928. [ 271 ]
- Valle de Pewee : Monumento Confederado del Valle de Pewee , Cementerio Confederado del Valle de Pewee, 1904.
- Princeton : Monumento al soldado confederado , Palacio de Justicia del condado de Caldwell, 1912. [ 272 ]
- Russellville : Monumento Confederado , Plaza del Pueblo, 1910.
- Shepherdsville : Marcadores históricos de la incursión de John Hunt Morgan [ 273 ] [ c ]
- Somerset :
- Monumento a la Batalla de Dutton's Hill (1875) en propiedad privada, Old Crab Orchard Road. [ 275 ] Marcador histórico de Kentucky al borde de la carretera. [ d ]
- Springfield : Marcador histórico de las incursiones de John Hunt Morgan [ 276 ] [ e ]
- San José : Monumento a los mártires Thompson y Powell , cementerio de la iglesia católica de San Alfonso, 1880. [ 277 ]
- Versalles : Monumento Confederado , Cementerio de Versalles, 1877.
- Winchester : Marcador histórico de John Hunt Morgan [ 278 ] [ f ]
Puente
- Cynthiana : El puente John Hunt Morgan , en South Main St./US 27 , lleva el nombre de un general confederado.
lugares habitados
- Centro Breckinridge : un lugar designado por el censo en el condado de Union, Kentucky . Recibe su nombre del cercano Campamento Breckinridge , que a su vez fue nombrado en honor a John C. Breckinridge , vicepresidente de los Estados Unidos y general confederado.
- Condado de Lee (1870)
- Confederado, Kentucky
- Vanceburg , nombrada en honor al coronel confederado y gobernador de Carolina del Norte, Zebulon Baird Vance . Su esposa era de Kentucky.
Parques
- Fairview : Sitio Histórico Estatal Jefferson Davis (1957). El sitio incluye el lugar de nacimiento de Davis, un monumento a Davis que incluye un obelisco de 341 pies (el segundo obelisco más alto del mundo después del Monumento a Washington ), banderas confederadas y otros letreros y placas. [ 279 ]
- Lexington : Un marcador histórico que identifica el lugar aproximado de nacimiento del general de brigada confederado David Rice Atchison se encuentra a lo largo de la carretera 1974 en el barrio de Landsdowne de Lexington, Kentucky . [ 280 ]
Carreteras
- Elkton :
- Carretera Jefferson Davis
- Carretera Jefferson Davis
- Erlanger :
- General Ross Drive
- General Stuart Drive
- Lugar Jefferson Davis
- Robert E. Lee Drive
- Madisonville : Jefferson Davis Drive
- Mayfield : Jeff Davis Road
- Colina de Olivos : John Hunt Morgan Lane
- Raywick : Robert Lee Road
- Vine Grove : Stand Watie Road
Autopistas
- Autopista en memoria de Jefferson Davis : Marcador ubicado en la mediana de Fountain Avenue en Paducah, 1935. El marcador se encuentra a lo largo de una ruta auxiliar que sigue la Ruta 68 de los Estados Unidos desde Bowling Green, Kentucky hasta Paducah, Kentucky. [ 270 ]
Escuelas
- Bedford : La escuela secundaria Trimble County High School nombró a su mascota los Raiders, en honor a los hombres de John Hunt Morgan .
- Danville : La escuela secundaria del condado de Boyle usa el apodo de Rebels. [ 281 ]
- Este : Allen Central High School : Los equipos atléticos de Allen Central son apodados los "Rebeldes". La escuela presenta varios iconos confederados [ 282 ].
- La escuela secundaria Atherton en Louisville usó el apodo de Rebels hasta 2021. [ 281 ] [ 283 ]
- Florencia : La escuela secundaria del condado de Boone utiliza el apodo de Rebels. [ 281 ]
- Liberty : Casey County High School utiliza el apodo de Rebels. [ 281 ]
- Munfordville : La escuela secundaria del condado de Hart nombró a su mascota los Raiders, en honor a los hombres de John Hunt Morgan . Además, un gran mural en la ciudad representa a Morgan.
- Owenton : La escuela secundaria del condado de Owen utiliza el apodo de Rebels. [ 281 ]
- Richmond : Universidad de Eastern Kentucky . Los equipos atléticos de EKU son apodados los " Coroneles ", una figura confederada. [ 284 ]
- La escuela secundaria Todd County Central High School utiliza el apodo de Rebels. [ 281 ]
Luisiana
A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Luisiana existen al menos 83 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .
Capitolio estatal
- Estatua del gobernador Francis T. Nicholls (1934). Nicholls fue general de brigada en el Ejército Confederado.
- Estatua del gobernador Henry Watkins Allen (1934). Allen fue general de brigada en el Ejército Confederado. Está enterrado en los terrenos del antiguo Capitolio del Estado de Luisiana .
- Monumento "Centinela Silencioso", oficialmente Monumento a los Soldados Confederados de las Parroquias de East y West Baton Rouge. Pedestal erigido en 1886 y estatua en 1890. Inaugurado por el gobernador John McEnery . El pedestal original de granito y mármol se agrietó; fue reemplazado en la década de 1960 por un pequeño pedestal de ladrillo que resultaba poco atractivo estéticamente. Anteriormente se encontraba en North Boulevard y 3rd Street, cerca del Ayuntamiento. En 2012, para dar paso a la construcción de Town Square, fue trasladado al cercano Old Louisiana State Capitol , ahora un museo. [ 285 ] La placa dice: "Erigido por los hombres y mujeres de East y West Baton Rouge para perpetuar el heroísmo y la devoción patriótica de los nobles soldados de las dos parroquias que vistieron el uniforme gris y cruzaron el río con sus líderes inmortales para descansar bajo la sombra de los árboles. Monumento original erigido en 1886 d. C."
Edificios

- Baton Rouge : Edificio Edmund Kirby Smith Hall de la Universidad Estatal de Luisiana (1965/2011). En 2017, "programado para su demolición". [ 285 ]
- Thibodaux : Profesor de posgrado en Beauregard Hall, Universidad Estatal de Nicholls (1961/2010). La escuela lleva el nombre del general confederado y posteriormente gobernador Francis T. Nicholls .
- Nueva Orleans :
- Gibson Hall en la Universidad de Tulane (1894), nombrado en honor a Randall L. Gibson.
- Museo del Salón Conmemorativo Confederado (1891), el museo más antiguo de Luisiana [ 286 ]
- La escuela Adolph Meyer (1917), en Nueva Orleans, recibió su nombre en honor al general confederado Adolph Meyer, quien fue miembro de la Cámara de Representantes de los Estados Unidos durante nueve legislaturas y abogó por la construcción de la Estación Naval de Algiers, ubicada frente al lugar donde posteriormente se construyó la escuela. En la década de 1990, la escuela fue rebautizada en honor a Harriet Tubman .
monumentos
monumentos del juzgado
- Alejandría : Monumento confederado de la parroquia de Rapides (1914)
- Benton : Monumento al soldado confederado (1910)
- Parroquia de East Feliciana – Monumento a los soldados confederados frente al juzgado de East Feliciana, Clinton, Luisiana [ 287 ]
- Franklin : Monumento Confederado (1913)
- Lago Charles : Monumento a los Defensores del Sur (1915); derribado de su pedestal por el huracán Laura [ 288 ]
- Opelousas : Monumento Confederado (1920)
- Port Allen : Estatua de Henry Watkins Allen (1962)
- Shreveport : Monumento Confederado , en los terrenos del juzgado de la parroquia de Caddo , dedicado en 1906 por la UDC, incluido en el NRHP. [ 289 ] Trasladado a terrenos privados en la zona rural del condado de De Soto en 2022. [ 290 ]
- St. Francisville : Monumento Confederado (1903). Tiene una bandera confederada sobre la inscripción: "En memoria de los caídos confederados de West Feliciana, dondequiera que descansen. Compañía C, 1er Regimiento de Caballería de Luisiana".
- Tallulah : Monumento Confederado (1912)
- Winnfield : Monumento Confederado (1926)
Otros monumentos públicos


- Baton Rouge :
- Monumento a la Marcha de Breckinridge (1931)
- Monumento Confederado (1886)
- Monumento a Jefferson Davis en la carretera
- Belle Chasse : Monumento a Judah P. Benjamin (1968)
- Clinton : Monumento Confederado (1909)
- Parroquia de DeSoto : entre los monumentos que conmemoran la Batalla de Pleasant Hill se incluyen:
- Monumento al teniente general Richard Taylor (1994) en las afueras del salón de la Legión Americana de Pleasant Hill [ 291 ]
- Monumento conmemorativo de la Campaña del Río Rojo (1994) [ 292 ]
- Monumento confederado de la UDC [ 293 ]
- Donaldsonville : Monumento a Fort Butler (1999)
- Gretna : Marcador de carretera de Jefferson Davis
- Homero : Monumento Confederado (1940)
- Johnson Bayou : Estatua de Robert E. L. (1984)
- Lafayette : Estatua del general de brigada J.J. Alfred A. Mouton (1922). Hubo un considerable debate local sobre qué hacer con el monumento. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Retirado el 18 de julio de 2021. [ 296 ]
- Marthaville : Monumento al soldado confederado desconocido (1970)
- Minden : Monumento confederado (1933)
- Nueva Orleans :
- Monumento Confederado (1874), Cementerio Greenwood [ 297 ]
- Tumba del Ejército de Tennessee (1886) en el cementerio de Metairie , que consiste en una capilla gótica con 48 bóvedas, coronada por una estatua ecuestre de Albert Sidney Johnston . Una estatua de mármol cerca de la entrada de la tumba muestra a un sargento confederado pasando lista. Johnston, el sargento Beauregard y otros soldados confederados están sepultados allí. [ 298 ]
- Monumento al coronel confederado Charles Didier Dreux , primer oficial confederado muerto en combate. En la intersección de South Jefferson Davis Parkway y Canal Street , frente a la antigua ubicación del Monumento a Jefferson Davis . [ 299 ]
- Monumento al sacerdote católico Abram J. Ryan , conocido como el poeta-sacerdote de la Confederación. Ubicado en la intersección de South Jefferson Davis Parkway y Banks Street. Erigido en 1949 por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación. [ 299 ]
- Monumento al general Albert Pike , en South Jefferson Davis Parkway y Tulane Avenue. Erigido en 1957. Vandalizado con la inscripción " Black Lives Matter " en 2015. [ 299 ]
- Plaquemine : Monumento Confederado (1914)
- Shreveport : Monumento confederado de Fort Humbug (1927)
- Parroquia de Tangipahoa : monumento confederado (1907) en Camp Moore , un museo y antiguo campo de entrenamiento confederado [ 300 ]
- Zachary : Monumento Confederado de Port Hudson (1930)
lugares habitados
- Parroquia de Allen . Nombrada en honor a Henry Watkins Allen , general confederado y gobernador de Luisiana durante la Confederación.
- Allendale, un barrio de Shreveport , donde vivió Henry Watkins Allen .
- Parroquia de Beauregard (1913)
- Parroquia de Jefferson Davis (1912)
- Pueblo de Longstreet (área no incorporada)
- Ciudad de Stonewall (nombrada en 1862, incorporada en 1972)
- La ciudad de Slidell debe su nombre a John Slidell , embajador confederado en Francia.
Parques
Carreteras
- Baton Rouge :
- Avenida Confederada
- Calle Jeff Davis
- Lee Drive
- Bell City : Calle Jeff Davis
- Bogalusa : Jefferson Davis Drive
- Ciudad de Bossier :
- General Bragg Drive
- General Ewell Drive
- General Polk Drive
- General Sterling Price Drive
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Kirby Smith Drive
- Longstreet Place
- Bulevar Robert E. Lee
- Calle Robert E. Lee
- Chalmette : Calle Beauregard
- Gretna : Beauregard Drive
- Houma : Calle Jefferson Davis
- Lafayette : Jeff Davis Drive
- Lago Charles :
- Beauregard Drive
- Avenida Beauregard
- Calle Beauregard
- Merryville : Carretera Robert E. Lee
- Monroe : Jefferson Davis Drive
- Nueva Orleans :
- Beauregard Drive
- Avenida Dreux, llamada así por el general confederado Charles Didier Dreux
- Gayarre Place, nombrada en honor a Charles Gayarré , quien financió a la Confederación. Clío , musa o diosa de la historia, figura en un monumento. (Gayarré era historiador). El monumento fue financiado por George Hacker Dunbar, artillero durante la Guerra Civil, casado con una sobrina del general Beauregard. La estatua original fue reemplazada en 1938, tras ser dañada por vándalos. [ 301 ]
- Calle del Gobernador Nicholls
- Avenida Jefferson Davis. Originalmente llamada Avenida Hagan; el nombre se cambió en 1911 para coincidir con la inauguración del Monumento a Jefferson Davis . [ 299 ] -ahora Avenida Norman C. Francis.
- Círculo Lee
- Calle Polk
- Bulevar Robert E. Lee
- Calle Slidell
- Pineville :
- Avenida Jefferson Davis
- Longstreet Drive
- Rayne : Avenida Jeff Davis
Escuelas
- De Ridder :
- Escuela Alternativa Beauregard
- Escuela Primaria East Beauregard (2001)
- De Ridder: Escuela Secundaria East Beauregard (1962)
- Monroe : Escuela secundaria Robert E. Lee – ahora escuela secundaria Neville.
- Longville :
- Escuela Primaria South Beauregard
- Escuela Secundaria South Beauregard
- La Universidad Estatal de Luisiana es la sede de los equipos LSU Tigers (1896) y Lady Tigers, también conocidos como Fighting Tigers, llamados así por los Louisiana Tigers , varios regimientos confederados de la Guerra Civil. [ 302 ] [ 303 ]
- Saint Bernard : PGT Beauregard Middle School (cerrada) [ 304 ]
- Thibodaux : Universidad Estatal Nicholls (1948), nombrada en honor al general de brigada de los Estados Confederados de América, Francis Redding Tillou Nicholls . La mascota de la universidad, el coronel Tillou , también lleva el nombre de Nicholls. [ 305 ]
Exhibición de la bandera confederada
- Baton Rouge : La bandera confederada de barras y estrellas y la bandera Bonnie Blue ondean detrás del Ayuntamiento, junto con la bandera de Luisiana . [ 285 ]
Maryland

Existen al menos siete monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos. Generalmente se encuentran dentro o cerca de cementerios.
Al 27 de diciembre de 2022, en el campo de batalla de Antietam, se encuentra una estatua del general Robert E. Lee sobre una gran piedra, visible desde la carretera. Estaba ubicada en un terreno privado adyacente al parque y fue donada junto con el terreno.
La estatua de los "Talbot Boys" en Easton, Maryland, fue el último monumento confederado retirado de la propiedad pública el 14 de marzo de 2022.
Símbolos estatales

- Bandera de Maryland (1904). La bandera estatal de Maryland presenta la Bandera Cruzada roja y blanca, la bandera estatal no oficial de Maryland utilizada por los secesionistas y los confederados durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense. [ 306 ] [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] La bandera estatal actual comenzó a aparecer después de la Guerra Civil como una forma de reconciliación. La bandera se oficializó en 1904.
- El antiguo himno estatal " Maryland, My Maryland " instaba al estado a unirse a la Confederación . [ 310 ] Antes de 2021, la Asamblea General de Maryland votó nueve veces para derogar, reemplazar o modificar el himno estatal, sin éxito alguno. En 2017, la Mighty Sound of Maryland , la banda de música de la Universidad de Maryland en College Park , dejó de tocar el himno. [ 311 ] En marzo de 2021, ambas cámaras de la Asamblea General de Maryland votaron por amplios márgenes para abandonar "Maryland, My Maryland" como himno estatal. El 18 de mayo de 2021, el gobernador Larry Hogan firmó el proyecto de ley que derogaba oficialmente el himno estatal. [ 312 ] Desde entonces, Maryland no ha tenido un himno estatal oficial.
monumentos
monumentos públicos
- Baltimore : Entre los monumentos confederados del cementerio nacional de Loudon Park se incluyen:
- El soldado confederado (1874) [ 313 ]
- Monumento de Fort McHenry (1912), dedicado a los soldados confederados que murieron en Fort McHenry , cuando era un campo de prisioneros de guerra. [ 314 ]
- Escocia ( Condado de St. Mary's ): Monumento a los Soldados y Marineros Confederados (1876) y Monumento al Cementerio Confederado de Point Lookout (1910), ubicados en el Cementerio Confederado de Point Lookout . [ 315 ] A octubre de 2018, es uno de los 7 cementerios con monumentos confederados que la Administración de Veteranos mantiene bajo vigilancia las 24 horas. [ 240 ]
- Condado de Washington :
- Estatua de Robert E. Lee en Antietam Creek, Campo de Batalla Nacional de Antietam (2003) [ 316 ] Se está intentando retirar la estatua mediante legislación a través de HR970 (2019) [ 317 ] y el Servicio de Parques Nacionales reconoce las inexactitudes de la estatua y educa a quienes se encuentran en el parque en consecuencia.
- Monumento a Samuel Garland, Jr. (1993) [ 318 ]
monumentos privados
- Beallsville : Monumento a los soldados confederados en el cementerio de Monocacy (1911; reemplazado en 1975). [ 319 ]
- Frederick : Monumento a los soldados confederados desconocidos (1881), cementerio Mount Olivet [ 320 ]
- Fox's Gap , condado de Frederick, Maryland : Monumento de Carolina del Norte (2003): El monumento es una figura de bronce de tamaño natural de un abanderado confederado herido sobre una base de granito negro. Fue creado por el escultor Gary Casteel para la asociación de recreación histórica de Mecklinburg, Carolina del Norte, e inaugurado el 18 de octubre de 2003. Está dedicado a todas las tropas de Carolina del Norte que lucharon en la Batalla de South Mountain . Fox's Gap es el campo de batalla más meridional de la Batalla de South Mountain. La propiedad pertenece a la Central Maryland Heritage League, un grupo de protección de campos de batalla. [ 321 ]

- White's Ferry , condado de Montgomery : Monumento confederado, un pedestal de granito.

La base del monumento de la CSA fue trasladada de Rockville, Maryland, a White's Ferry, Maryland.
- The original monument, a bronze life-sized Confederate soldier on this pedestal, was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of US$3,600(equivalent to $117,273 in 2025). The artist is unknown.[322] The inscription says "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line / Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865."[323] because Confederate uniforms are gray. The Rockville dedication was on June 3, 1913, Jefferson Davis's birthday,[323] and was attended by 3,000 out of a county population of 30,000.[324] It was originally located in a small triangular park[325] called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south.[326] In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission.[322] The monument was defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it.[327] The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land[325] at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland.[328][329] The statue was removed from the pedestal in June 2020, but the pedestal urging people to "Love The Thin Gray Line" remains.
Inhabited places
- Confederate Hills: A residential community near Antietam National Battlefield where the streets are all named after Confederate generals, including: Longstreet Circle, General Anderson Court, General Branch Court, General Gordon Circle, General Hill Circle, General Lee Drive, General Stonewall Jackson Circle, and General Stuart Court.[330][331]
Roads
- Potomac:
- Jubal Early Court
- J. E. B. Stuart Road
Ferry


- Montgomery County: A passenger and vehicle ferry, formerly named Gen. Jubal A. Early (1954), connected Montgomery County, Maryland, and Loudoun County, Virginia. Owned by White's Ferry, it was named for Confederate General Jubal Early until June 2020 when it was renamed Historic White's Ferry.[332] White's Ferry was the only ferry still in operation on the Potomac River until it ceased operations in Dec 2020.[333][334]
Gallery
Point Lookout Confederate Cemetery Monument (center) and Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Samuel Garland, Jr. Monument
Confederate Memorial in Silver Spring to 17 unknown soldiers buried at Grace Episcopal Church Cemetery after the Battle of Fort Stevens
Massachusetts
As of May 2019, all public memorials had been removed.[335]
Private memorials
- Cambridge
- Memorial Hall, Harvard University. Stained-glass windows to commemorate various figures, among them:
- Honor and Peace Window (1900). There is no inscription, but a Harvard University page (Memorial Hall) explaining the windows says: "This window commemorates those who surrendered their lives in the War of the Rebellion." Portrays two warriors, one with sword high in triumph, one kneeling in defeat, who from the ribbons can be seen to be from different but related countries.
- Student and Soldier Window (1889). Soldier wears gray uniform.
- Memorial Hall, Harvard University. Stained-glass windows to commemorate various figures, among them:
Michigan
As of June 29,2020, there is at least one known public monument of a confederate soldier in Michigan. It is located in Allendale, Michigan, a town in Ottawa County. A part of the Veterans Garden of Honor (1998) which features nine life sized statues of soldiers from various wars, the statue in question depicts a union soldier and a confederate soldier back to back with a young slave at their feet holding a plaque reading "Freedom to Slaves," and the date January 5, 1863.[336]
Minnesota
Murray County Central High School in Slayton, and United South Central High School in Wells both use a Rebel mascot and the nickname "Rebels."[337]
Mississippi
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 147 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Mississippi.
Missouri
As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 19 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Missouri.
Monuments
Courthouse monuments

- Cape Girardeau: Confederate War Memorial (1931)
- Columbia: Confederate Monument (1935). Relocated to the Centralia Battlefield in September 2015.
- Huntsville: Captain Delaney S. Washburn Memorial (1976).
- Neosho: Confederate Captain of Missouri Monument.
- Palmyra: Palmyra Massacre Monument (1907).
- Plattsburg: Statute of CSA Brig Gen David Rice Atchison who was later a US Senator
Other public monuments


- Brookline: Missouri State Guard Monument (2001)
- Centralia: Boone County Confederate Memorial (1935)
- Dexter: Frenchman's Spring Monument (1996). A natural gathering place for soldiers. In July 1861, 2,000 soldiers from 15 southeast Missouri counties met to organize as the First Division, Missouri State Guard – the pro-Confederate state militia, known as the Swamp Fox Brigade.
- Higginsville: Confederate Memorial State Historic Site; also called "Lion of Lucerne" (1906)
- Kansas City:
- UDC monument at Forest Hill and Calvary Cemetery to CSA soldiers killed at the Battle of Westport. Buried nearby is CSA General Joseph O. Shelby.[338]
- Union Confederate Monument, Union Cemetery (1911)
- Monument to the "Loyal Women of the Old South".[339] The memorial to Confederate women, a 1934 gift by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, was defaced by graffiti on August 18, 2017, and boxed up two days later in preparation for its removal. The monument was removed on August 25, 2017.[340]
- Keytesville: Sterling Price Monument, Price Park (1915)
- Lone Jack: Cemetery monument to Confederate soldiers who died in the Battle of Lone Jack[341]
- Marshall: Confederate Monument of Saline (1901)
- Neosho: Considered the state capital by Confederates, has two memorials[339]
- Roanoke: Shelby's Homecoming Monument (1997)
- Springfield: Two monuments are located at Springfield National Cemetery: the Monument to Confederate Soldiers of Missouri and General Sterling Price[339] (1901), and a UDC granite marker to the unknown Confederate dead at the Battle of Wilson's Creek (1958).[343] In late August 2017, someone threw paint on it; as of October 2018, it is one of 7 cemeteries with Confederate monuments that the Veterans Administration has under 24-hour guard.[240]
- St. Louis:
- Waverly: CSA Gen. Joseph O. Shelby Statue (2009).
- West Alton: Confederate Memorial, Lincoln Shields Recreation Area (1909).[345]
Inhabited places
- Atchison County, Missouri Named for Brigadier General David Rice Atchison
- Breckenridge: Named for U.S. Vice President and Confederate general John C. Breckinridge, although the name was misspelled.[346]
Parks
- Keytesville: Price Park memorializes Major General Sterling Price. (1915)
- Higginsville: Confederate Memorial State Historic Site[347]
Roads
- Battlefield: South Robert E. Lee Street
- Hillsboro: Jefferson Davis Drive
- Sappington:
- General Lee Drive
- Confederacy Drive
Schools
- Southland C-9 School District: Rebelman mascot, school colors red, gray, and white.
Montana
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 2 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Montana.
- Beaverhead: Confederate Dam[348][349]
- Beaverhead: Jeff Davis Creek[350]
- Confederate Gulch: historic gold mining camp founded in 1864 by Confederate soldiers, including parolees.[351][352]
Nevada
As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Nevada.
- Jeff Davis Peak in the Snake Range mountains of White Pine County was named in 1855 after Jefferson Davis. The name was replaced after the George Floyd Protests.
New Jersey

There are at least two public spaces dedicated to the Confederacy in New Jersey.
- Pennsville Township: Confederate Monument (1910), Finn's Point National Cemetery. Commemorates the 2,436 Confederate prisoners-of-war who died at Fort Delaware.[353] As of October 2018, it is one of 7 cemeteries with Confederate monuments that the Veterans Administration has under 24-hour guard.[240]
- Princeton: Princeton’s Civil War Memorial (1920s), Nassau Hall at Princeton University. Commemorates 70 alumni who died in the war, including 34 who fought for the Confederacy.[354][355]
New Mexico
As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in New Mexico.
- Santa Fe: Confederate memorial (1993), Santa Fe National Cemetery. Granite and bronze memorial dedicated to 31 Confederate soldiers discovered in shallow graves in 1987 at Glorieta Pass Battlefield, then re-interred at Santa Fe National Cemetery.[356][357]
- Socorro: Confederate monument (2012) entitled Victory Awaits You[358]
New York

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in New York.[359]
Monuments
Public monuments
- The Bronx: Busts of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee were in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College. The college removed the busts in 2020.[360][361]
- Central Park: J. Marion Sims. In November 2017, the cover of Harper's Magazine featured J. C. Hallman's article "Monumental Error," about the Central Park monument of controversial surgeon – and Confederate spy – J. Marion Sims.[362] The timing coincided with the work New York City Mayor Bill De Blasio's committee on monuments, and Hallman's article was distributed to members of New York's Public Design Commission. The commission voted unanimously to remove Sims's statue, and it was removed in April 2018.[363] Hallman has since written articles about Sims's statue in Montgomery, Alabama, and is working on a book, The Anarcha Quest, about Sims and his so-called "first cure," Anarcha Westcott.[364]
Private monuments
- Brooklyn: A tree at St. John's Episcopal Church bears a plaque, installed by UDC in 1912, reading "This tree was planted by CSA Gen. Robert Edward Lee, while stationed at Fort Hamilton."[365] The plaque was removed in 2017.[360]
- Elmira: UDC monument (1937) at Woodlawn National Cemetery, dedicated to Confederate soldiers who died in Elmira Prison.[366] As of October 2018, it is one of 7 cemeteries with Confederate monuments that the Veterans Administration has under 24-hour guard.[240]
- Hastings-on-Hudson: Confederate marker at Mount Hope Cemetery[367]
Roads
- Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn:
- General Lee Avenue. The avenue was renamed to John Warren Avenue in 2022, to honor a 22-year-old lieutenant in the Army who was killed in the Vietnam War in January 1969.[368]
- Stonewall Jackson Drive. The road was later renamed to Washington Road in 2022, shortly after the renaming of General Lee Avenue.
- Governor Andrew Cuomo had twice requested the Army, unsuccessfully, to have these streets renamed.[361]
- Throggs Neck, The Bronx: Longstreet Avenue, named for CSA Gen. James Longstreet[369]
North Carolina
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 164 public spaces with Confederate monuments in North Carolina.
Ohio
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 5 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Ohio.
Historical marker
- In 2013, the state of Ohio erected 32 historical markers marking the John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail.[370][371]
Monuments


- Columbus: Camp Chase Cemetery's Confederate Soldier Memorial. Dedicated in 1902. Statue on top was toppled and decapitated by vandals in August 2017. The vandals took the head.[373][374] The Veterans Administration stated that the statue will be repaired.[375] As of October 2018, it is one of 7 cemeteries with Confederate monuments that the Veterans Administration has under 24-hour guard.[240] The statue was repaired by McKay Lodge Art Conservation Laboratory in Oberlin and reinstalled on March 30, 2019.[376]
- Pomeroy: Statue of Confederate general John Hunt Morgan
- Sandusky Bay: Four UDC monuments are located at Confederate Stockade Cemetery on Johnson's Island, the first facility built by the Union Army solely for imprisoning Confederate soldiers[372] As of October 2018, it is one of 7 cemeteries with Confederate monuments that the Veterans Administration has under 24-hour guard.[240]
- West Point: Marker for Battle of Salineville, the northernmost point Confederate forces reached.
Inhabited places
- Confederate Hills, a neighborhood in Batavia Township named for the Confederate cause that is home to roads named for a CSA leader and various southern locations, notably Stanton Hall and the Natchez Trace.
Roads
- Batavia Township:
- Stonewall Ridge, memorializing CSA Gen. Stonewall Jackson.
- Day Heights:
- Colonel Mosby Drive, memorializing CSA Col. John S. Mosby.
- Fairfield:
- Robert E Lee Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee.
- Stonewall Lane, memorializing CSA Gen. Stonewall Jackson.
- Mt. Repose:
- Beauregard Court, memorializing CSA Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard.
- Jeb Stuart Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. J. E. B. Stuart.
- Monassas Run Road, memorializing the CSA victory at the battle at Manassas, known to the North as Bull Run.
- Stonewall Jackson Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. Stonewall Jackson.
Schools
- Cleveland: John Adams High School uses the Rebels team name, but the mascot more closely resembles a cavalier than a Confederate soldier.[377]
- Mcconnelsville: Morgan High School is named for Confederate General John Hunt Morgan. Their nickname is the "Raiders".
- Willoughby: Willoughby South High School dropped its Confederate uniformed mascot and removed all remaining Confederate imagery from the school while retaining the Rebels team name and school colors grey and blue. In 1993 the school dropped Stars and Bars as the school song and removed Confederate imagery from school uniforms.[377]
Oklahoma
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 13 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oklahoma.
Buildings
Monuments

- Ardmore:
- Atoka: Two monuments are located at the Confederate Cemetery for soldiers killed in the Battle of Middle Boggy[379][381]
- Delaware County: Two monuments to CSA General Stand Watie at Polson Cemetery; the first erected c. 1910–20, and the second erected in 1971[379]
- Durant:
- Hugo: Rose Hill
- Mayes County: Confederate Monument at site of Second Battle of Cabin Creek (1961)[379]
- Oklahoma City: Confederate Monument in Fairlawn Cemetery (1923)[379]
- Oktaha: Memorial in Oktaha Cemetery to Confederate soldiers who died in the Battle of Honey Springs (1940)[379]
- Rentiesville:
- Confederate Soldiers Monument (1983) in Honey Springs Battlefield by UDC and Children of the Confederacy.[379]
- Texas Confederates Memorial in Honey Springs Battlefield by UDC[379]
- Tahlequah:
- Confederate Monument at Cherokee National Capitol (1913).[379] Removed in 2020.[384]
- Stand Watie Monument (1971).[379] Removed in 2020.[384]
- Wynnewood: Confederate Soldier monument (2004)[385]
Schools

- Durant: Robert E. Lee Elementary School[386]
- Oklahoma City: school board studying renaming in 2017
- Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1910)[387] -now Adelaide Lee Elementary School.
- Jackson Elementary School (1910)[387] -now Mary Golda Ross Enterprise Elementary School.
- Wheeler Elementary School (1910)[387]
- Stand Watie Elementary School (1930)[387] -now Esperanza Elementary School.
- Pauls Valley: Lee Elementary School
Inhabited places
- Jackson County (1907) sources dispute if the name is for the CSA General or President Jackson
- Roger Mills County (1907), named for Roger Q. Mills, Confederate colonel and later Congressman and U.S. Senator.
- Town of Stonewall (1874) for Stonewall Jackson
Roads
- Jay: Stand Watie Road
Oregon
As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oregon.
Pennsylvania
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Pennsylvania.
Monuments


- Gettysburg: Gettysburg Battlefield. In addition to the monuments listed below, the battlefield features monuments to specific Confederate units.[388]
- Alabama State Monument (1933), Joseph Urner, sculptor.
- Arkansas State Monument (1966)
- "Armistead's Last Stand" Marker, for Brig. Gen. Lewis A. Armistead (1887)
- Army of Northern Virginia Marker (1908)
- Culp Brothers Memorial (2013), Gary Casteel, sculptor, near entrance Gettysburg Heritage Center. Honors brothers who fought on opposite sides: Confederate Private Wesley Culp and Union Lieutenant William Culp ("Brother against Brother").[389]
- Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's Headquarters Marker (1920)
- Florida State Monument (1963)
- Georgia State Monument (1961)
- High Water Mark of the Rebellion Monument (1892)
- Lt. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill's Headquarters Marker (1920)
- Gen. Robert E. Lee Equestrian Statue (1917), atop the Virginia State Monument
- Gen. Robert E. Lee Headquarters Marker (1920)
- Lt. Gen. James Longstreet Equestrian Statue (1998)
- Lt. Gen. James Longstreet Headquarters Marker (1907)
- Louisiana State Monument (1971), Donald De Lue, sculptor
- Maryland State Monument (1994). Honors Maryland soldiers on both the Union and Confederate sides.
- Mississippi State Monument (1973), Donald De Lue, sculptor
- North Carolina State Monument (1929), Gutzon Borglum, sculptor. Borglum was also the first sculptor on the Stone Mountain#Confederate Memorial Carving project.
- North Carolina Memorial Tablet
- Soldiers and Sailors of the Confederacy Monument (1965), Donald De Lue, sculptor
- South Carolina State Monument (1963)
- Tennessee State Monument (1982)
- Texas State Monument (1964)
- Virginia State Monument (1917), Frederick William Sievers, sculptor. Features a larger-than-life sculpture group, "Virginia to Her Sons at Gettysburg;" and is topped by an equestrian statue of Gen. Robert E. Lee. The National Park Service says the monument will not be removed.[390]
- McConnellsburg
- Confederate Soldiers Monument, dedicated in 1929.
- Last Confederate Bivouac Monument, dedicated in 1930.
- Philadelphia: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1911), Philadelphia National Cemetery. Commemorates 184 Confederate prisoners of war who died in Philadelphia area hospitals and camps.
Roads
- Gettysburg: Confederate Avenue
- McConnellsburg: Confederate Lane
Rhode Island
As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Rhode Island.
South Carolina
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 194 public spaces with Confederate monuments in South Carolina.[391]
South Dakota
In July 2020 the Confederate flag was removed from the patch of Gettysburg South Dakota police officers.
As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in South Dakota.
- Gettysburg: The Gettysburg police uniforms feature a patch with overlapping U.S. and Confederate flags and a civil-war era cannon along with the city's name, in a nod to the city's namesake, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, site of the famous Battle of Gettysburg.[392] The historical reference logo for the police emblem and uniform patch was designed in 2009.[393]
Tennessee
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 105 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Tennessee. The Tennessee Heritage Protection Act (2016) and a 2013 law restrict the removal of statues and memorials.[43]
The Tennessee legislature designated Confederate Decoration Day, the origin of Memorial Day, as June 3, and in 1969[394] designated January 19 and July 13, their birthdays, as Robert E. Lee Day and Nathan Bedford Forrest day respectively.
State capitol
- Nathan Bedford Forrest Bust. On display in the Capital rotunda since 1978. Former governor Bill Haslam wished to remove it, but he was not supported by the Legislature or the Capitol Commission. "In 2010, the state moved the Forrest bust from outside the doors of the House of Representatives' chamber to its current location between the legislature's two chambers. It was relocated in order to make room for a bust of Sampson Keeble, Tennessee's first black legislator."[395] In January 2019 a group of students demonstrated at the capital, calling for its removal.[396]
Buildings
- Greeneville: General Morgan Inn, located at the spot where Confederate general John Hunt Morgan was killed.
- Harrogate: Timeline: Learn more about the history of the Lincoln Memorial University Grant Lee Building at Lincoln Memorial University was named in honor of the two famous civil war generals. Lincoln Memorial University was named in honor of Abraham Lincoln.
- Murfreesboro: Forrest Hall at Middle Tennessee State University. The Tennessee Board of Regents has unanimously recommended the name change, on the recommendation of a campus task force, and the university president, but it has yet to pass the Tennessee Historical Commission, which plans "public hearings."[397][398]
Monuments
Courthouse monuments



- Benton: Confederate memorial (2009)[399]
- Blountville: Confederate Memorial (1928)[399]
- Bolivar: Monument to the Memory of Fallen Confederate Sons (1873)
- Brownsville: Confederate Memorial (1909)
- Carthage:
- Charlotte:
- Confederate Monument (2001): "Confederate Veterans Memorial honoring those from Dickson County who served the CSA."
- Confederate Veterans Memorial (2012) "honoring gallant soldiers, veterans and their families."[399]
- Cleveland: United Daughters of the Confederacy Monument (1911)[32]:191
- Cookeville: Eternal Flame, honors all Putnam County veterans[399]
- Covington: Confederate Monument (1895)[399]
- Decaturville: Confederate Monument[399]
- Dover: Fort Donelson. The Confederate fort was named for CSA General Daniel Smith Donelson but captured by Union General Grant in 1862, who retained the Fort's name saying "Fort Donelson will hereafter be marked in Capitals on the maps of our United Country..." Also contains Confederate Monument donated by United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1933.[400]
- Dresden: Weakley County Confederate Monument (1915)
- Dyersburg:
- Confederate Monument (1905)
- United Confederate Veterans Civil War Plaques (1926)[399]
- Erwin: War Memorial[399]
- Fayetteville:
- Civil War Memorial in memory of the three thousand Confederate soldiers of Lincoln County (1906)
- Women's Monument to those who kept up the responsibilities of farms and businesses during the Civil War (1904)[399]
- Franklin: "Our Confederate Soldiers" Monument (1899), UDC monument known locally as "Chip" memorializes soldiers who died in the Battle of Franklin. Since by state law it cannot be removed, the city of Franklin, with "broad support", wants to install historic markers "depicting the experience of the African-Americans before, during, and after the Civil War." The UDC opposes this, claiming ownership of the Public Square. As of December 2018, the issue is in litigation.[401][402]
- Greeneville: John Hunt Morgan Memorial[399]
- Jackson: "Our Confederate Dead" Monument (1888)
- Lafayette: Macon County Confederate Monument (2001)
- Lebanon:
- 1901 monument to the Confederacy
- 2011 memorial to those from the County who served in the Army of Tennessee.
- General Robert Hopkins Hatton marker (1912)[399]
- Lewisburg: Confederate Soldier Monument (1904)
- Manchester: Erected 1991 by United Daughters of the Confederacy.[399]
- McMinnville: Warren County Civil War Memorial (2004)[399]
- Murfreesboro:
- Rutherford County Confederate Memorial (1901)
- Rutherford County Confederate Veterans Memorial (2011)
- Nathan Bedford Forrest Memorial Tablet (1912)
- Nashville: Tennessee Confederate Women's Monument, Belle Kinney Scholz, sculptor (1926)
- Paris: Confederate Monument (1900)
- Pulaski: "Rebel Martyr" Sam Davis Statue (1906)
- Savannah: Confederate Monument (1995)
- Selmer: Confederate Memorial (1994)
- Shelbyville: Confederate Memorial in Memory of the "Shelbyville Rebels" Company F 41st Tennessee Regiment CSA (1937)[32]:205
- Smithville: DeKalb County Confederate Monument (1996)
- Spencer: Confederate Monument (1988)
- Springfield: Confederate Monuments (two monuments) (1997, 2012)[399]
- Trenton: Oakland Cemetery: Confederate Monument commissioned by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1900 and Confederate marker commissioned by the Sons of Confederate Veterans in 1990. Listed on the NRHP.[403]
- Union City: Confederate Monument (1869)
- Waynesboro: Confederate Monument (2003)
Other public monuments
- Altamont: Confederate Memorial (1896), depicting flags of the Confederacy[399]
- Beechgrove:
- Nathan Bedford Forrest monument, in Beechgrove Confederate Cemetery.
- Memorial to the 20th Tennessee Volunteer Infantry (2008), in Beechgrove Confederate Cemetery.[399]
- Centerville: Confederate Civil War Memorial Plaque[399]
- Chapel Hill: Obelisk with Confederate flag on the site where Nathan Bedford Forrest was born.[404] There is also "a medallion-shaped monument outside city hall" with a Confederate flag.[404]
- Chattanooga: statue of Alexander P. Stewart, a confederate lieutenant, in front of the Chattanooga/Hamilton County Courthouse. (1919) Efforts have been made to remove this statue.[405]
- Clarksville: Confederate Monument (1893), Greenwood Cemetery[406]
- Clifton: Nathan Bedford Forrest Memorial[399]
- Columbia: Confederate "Funeral Rest" Memorial, Rose Hill Cemetery (1882)[399]
- Cookeville: Confederate Memorial, Cookeville Cemetery (2004)[399]
- Covington: Nathan Bedford Forrest Memorial, Tipton County Museum (1998)[399]
- Crossville: Confederate and Union Memorial[407]
- Denmark: Britton Lane Confederate Monument (1897)
- Dover: Confederate Monument, Fort Donelson (1933)[399]
- Dyersburg: Confederate monument (2004), Old City Cemetery[399]
- Erwin: Confederate Memorial, Ohio Avenue (1903)[399]

- Franklin: Confederal "Funeral Rest" Memorial, Rose Hill Cemetery[399]
- Cannonballs are stacked in a pyramid to commemorate where CSA General Patrick Cleburne died in the Battle of Franklin[408]
- Gallatin: Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903)
- Hamilton County: Chickamauga & Chattanooga National Military Park. Numerous monuments and memorials to Confederate soldiers and units, as well as Union monuments.
- Humboldt: Confederate Monument (1900), Bailey Park
- Knoxville:
- A stone monument was erected in 1914 by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at the corner of 17th Street and Laurel Avenue, in the Fort Sanders neighborhood, defaced in August 2017.[409]
- Knoxville National Cemetery
- Monument to the Confederate dead (1892), Bethel Avenue[399]
- Bleak House, historical house that was formerly the headquarters of General James Longstreet and Lafayette McLaws. It is also known as the Confederate Memorial Hall.[410]
- Historical marker, with Confederate flag, in front of Immaculate Conception Church, for Father Abram Ryan, called "Poet of the Confederacy".
- Lebanon:
- Confederate Memorial Gen. Hatton Statue (1912)
- Rutherford County: grounds around the County Courthouse contain a 1901 monument to the Confederacy and a 2011 memorial to those from the County who served in the Army of Tennessee.
- Lynchburg: Confederate Veterans Memorial, Moore County Public Square[399]
- Memphis:
- Mount Pleasant: Confederate Monument (1907)
- Mulberry: Confederate Memorial (1909)
- Murfreesboro: Confederate Circle in Evergreen Cemetery was established in 1891 as a memorial to approximately 2,000 Confederate soldiers whose remains were reinterred there.
- Nashville:
- Confederate Private Monument (1909) in Centennial Park.
- Confederate Gallery, Ryman Auditorium[412]
- Mount Olivet Cemetery had a burial and memorial area established by a ladies group shortly after the Civil War which became known as Confederate Circle.
- The Hermitage: UDC monument and gates (1941) at the Tennessee Confederate Soldiers Cemetery[413]
- Obion: Obion Veterans Memorial, honoring those who were killed in service and were MIA-POW in Civil War, World Wars I & II, Korea, Vietnam, Desert Storm, Afghanistan and Iraq (2006)[399]
- Parkers Crossroads:
- Freeman's Battery (2002)
- Morton's Battery (2007)
- Pulaski:
- Seventh Kentucky Mounted Infantry Memorial (1911)
- Confederate subsection with a Confederate monument dedicated by the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1913, Maplewood Cemetery.[414]
- Santa Fe: Memorial plaque to Maury [County] Light Artillery (Confederate), public square.[399]
- Tazewell: Confederate memorial (2000) honoring unknown Confederate dead; located in Irish Memorial Cemetery.[399]
- Trimble: Cemetery Ridge Memorial Plaza, honoring Merion Spence Parks and Williams Hamilton Parks II, members of UDC and SCV respectively (2012)[399]
- Union City
- Winchester
- UDC Memorial to Confederate soldiers (1950), City Cemetery
- SCV Memorial to Confederate soldiers (2003), Confederate Cemetery, adjoining the City Cemetery"[399]
- Woodbury: 1926 monument "honors all confederate soldiers and marks the spot where CSA Lt. Col. John B. Hutchenson was killed."[399]
Private monuments
- Nashville
- Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue, made of fiberglass over foam, 25 feet high, on private land[415] near Interstate 65, installed in 1998, built with private money. It is surrounded by Confederate battle flags, constituting what the owner calls "Confederate Flag Park." (No government recognizes it as a park, and the entrance is chained shut with a "No Trespassing" sign.) The giant statue is visible from the highway to anyone entering the city from the south.[416] It has been called "hideous"[416] and "ridiculous."[417] There have been numerous calls for its removal. Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam said: "It's not a statue that I like and [ sic ] that most Tennesseans are proud of in any way."[418] Former Nashville Mayor Megan Barry called the statue "an offensive display of hatred."[418] In 2015, Nashville's Metro Council voted to petition the Tennessee Department of Transportation to plant obscuring vegetation;[419] the Department declined, because it is private land.[416] ("Never mind that the T.D.O.T. itself removed the obscuring vegetation back in 1998, when the statue was first erected."[416][418]) There has been occasional vandalism; in December 2017 it was covered in "pussy-hat pink" paint,[416] which Bill Dorris, current owner of the land, says he intends to leave.[420] He also said that if trees are planted to block the view from I-65, he "would make the statue taller."[415] It was sculpted, at no charge, by notorious racist Jack Kershaw, an attorney for Martin Luther King's murderer, famous for having said "Somebody needs to say a good word for slavery."[421][422]
Inhabited place
- Dixie Lee Junction, an unincorporated community where the Dixie and Lee Highways intersect.
Parks
- Eva: Nathan Bedford Forrest State Park (1963)
- Franklin: Confederate Memorial Park at Winstead Hill Park
Roads
- Brentwood
- Jefferson Davis Drive
- Robert E. Lee Lane
- Culleoka: General Lee Road
- Dandridge
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Stonewall Jackson Drive
- Elizabethton: Stonewall Jackson Drive
- Eva: Jeff Davis Drive
- Forest Hills: Robert E. Lee Drive
- Franklin:
- General J.B. Hood Drive
- General Nathan Bedford Forrest Drive
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Jefferson Davis Drive
- Gallatin: Robert Lee Drive
- Nashville:
- Beauregard Drive
- Jefferson Davis Drive
- Confederate Drive
- General Forrest Court
- Robert E. Lee Court
- Robert E. Lee Drives (two different streets with the same name)
- Newport
- Robert E. Lee Drive
- Stonewall Jackson Drive
- Oak Hill: Stonewall Jackson Court
- Pulaski
- Sam Davis Avenue
- Sam Davis Trail
- Sardis: Jeff Davis Lane
- Smyrna
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Lee Lane
- Longstreet Drive
- Robert E. Lee Lane
- Sam Davis Road
- Stonewall Drive
Schools
- Chapel Hill: Forrest High School
- Nashville: Father Ryan High School, named for Abram Ryan, called "Poet of the Confederacy".
- Paris: Robert E. Lee School – now called Paris Academy for the Arts.
- Sewanee: The University of the South: "Nowhere is the issue of Confederate remembrance more nettlesome than at Sewanee, whose origin[s] are entwined with the antebellum South and the Confederacy."[423] Confederate flags are in stained glass windows of the chapel, as is the Seal of the Confederacy.[423] It benefited greatly at its founding by a large gift from John Armfield, at one time co-owner of Franklin and Armfield, the largest and most prosperous slave trading enterprise in the country. Students as late as 1871 were required to wear uniforms of "cadet gray cloth".[424] Confederate flags hung in the chapel from its dedication in 1909 until the mid-1990s when they were removed "reportedly to improve acoustics".[425] There is an official portrait hanging at the University of Bishop Leonidas Polk, "an ardent defender of slavery,"[423] who was in charge of the celebration of the cornerstone laying in 1857, and said the new university will "materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us."[426] He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major general in the Confederate army (called "Sewanee's Fighting Bishop"), and died in battle in 1864. His official portrait at the University depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby. However, his portrait was moved from Convocation Hall to Archives and Special Collections in 2015.[427] The Confederate flag was also emblazoned on the university mace that led processions marking the beginning and ending of the term from 1965 until 1997. At a special chapel service to celebrate Jefferson Davis' birthday, the Ceremonial Mace was consecrated to the memory of Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, by Bishop Charles C. J. Carpenter of Alabama – one of the clergy who opposed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s activities in Birmingham in 1963 (see A Call for Unity), prompting King to write his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" in response.[425]
- The Vice Chancellor is the chief academic officer at the university; the chancellor is a bishop of the Episcopal church. Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee both turned down offers of the position.[428] (Sewanee has a portrait of Davis.[429]) The first vice chancellor was Rt. Rev. Charles Todd Quintard, called "chaplain of the Confederacy". He compiled the Confederate Soldiers' Pocket Manual of Devotions (Charleston, 1863).[430]
- The university's chief donor was John Armfield, at the time co-owner of Franklin and Armfield, the largest slave-trading firm in the U.S. He purchased the site and gave the university an endowment of $25,000 a year. In addition to Polk, Bishop Stephen Elliott, the first and only Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America, and Bishop James Hervey Otey, later prominent in the Confederacy, were significant founders of the university. Generals Edmund Kirby Smith, Josiah Gorgas, and Francis A. Shoup were prominent in the university's postbellum revival and continuance.

- Vanderbilt University:
- Calhoun Hall, named for William Henry Calhoun, a slave owner, Odd Fellows Grand Master and silversmith who was arrested for his Confederate support on the order of Union Brigadier General Robert Byington Mitchell pending the release of Union prisoners in 1863.[431][432]
- Portrait of Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith by Cornelius Hankins in the Wyatt Center.[433] Smith served as the chancellor of the University of Nashville from 1870 to 1875.[433]
- Marble bust of Confederate Colonel and Board of Trust Treasurer Edmund William Cole in Kirkland Hall, the administration building.[434] He is also the namesake of the annual Cole Lecture.[435]
- The campus includes several buildings tied to slavery and the Confederacy, like McTyeire Hall (named for pro-slavery essayist Holland Nimmons McTyeire) and Elliston Hall (named for Elizabeth Boddie Elliston of the Burlington Plantation, who owned slaves).[436][437][438]
Tourist sites
- Pigeon Forge: "Rebel Railroad" was a small theme park built in 1961, its main attraction being a simulated Confederate steam train which afforded "'good Confederate citizens' the opportunity to ride a five mile train route through 'hostile' territory and to help repel a Yankee assault on the train". Rebel Railroad was purchased in 1970 by Art Modell, owner of the Cleveland Browns.[439][440][441] In 2018 it is operating under the name Dollywood.
- Morristown, General Longstreet Headquarters Museum[442]
Texas
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[443] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[444]
State capitol
- "The Texas Capitol itself is a Confederate monument," according to then-Land CommissionerJerry E. Patterson.[445] The Texas Confederate Museum was once housed in the Capitol.
- Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903) features four bronze figures representing the Confederate artillery, cavalry, infantry, and navy. A bronze statue of Jefferson Davis stands above them.[446] The inscription reads: "Died for state rights guaranteed under the constitution. The people of the South, animated by the spirit of 1776, to preserve their rights, withdrew from the federal compact in 1861. The North resorted to coercion. The South, against overwhelming numbers and resources, fought until exhausted."[447]
- Hood's Texas Brigade, a monument "to memorialize those [who] fought for the Confederacy".[448] "The monument includes a depiction of a Confederate soldier, quotes by Confederate leaders, a flag of the Confederacy and the Confederate battle flag."[449] These are the only Confederate flags currently (2017) visible in the Capitol.[450] Representative Eric Johnson has called for its removal.[449]
- Terry's Texas Rangers Monument, a monument "to memorialize those [who] fought for the Confederacy"[448] (1907).
State symbols

- The reverse side of the Seal of Texas (1992) includes "the unfurled flags of the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the United Mexican States, the Republic of Texas, the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America". The Confederate flag is rendered as the Stars and Bars.
State holiday
- Confederate Heroes Day is celebrated on January 19. State employees have the day off.
- April is Confederate History Month in Texas.[451]
Buildings
- Austin
- The John H. Reagan state office building is located at 1400 Congress.[448]
Monuments
Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[452][453]

Courthouse monuments
- Alpine: Confederate Colonel Henry Percy Brewster (1963)[455]
- Aspermont: Historical marker, "County Named for Confederate Hero Stonewall Jackson", Stonewall County Courthouse (1963)
- Bastrop: Monuments at Bastrop County Courthouse include:
- Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1910)[456]
- Historical marker, "Home Town of Texas Confederate Major Joseph D. Sayers" (1963)[457]
- Bay City: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1913), Matagorda County Courthouse[458][459]
- Belton: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Bell County Courthouse[460]
- Bonham: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1905), Fannin County Courthouse[461]
- Bryan: Commemorative marker, erected 1965, to the Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court.[462]
- Comanche: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (2002), Comanche County Courthouse[463]
- Corsicana: Call to Arms (Confederate Soldiers' Monument), by Louis Amateis (1907), Navarro County Courthouse.[464][465] A Civil War bugler stands in uniform holding a bugle to his mouth with his proper right hand. He holds a sword in his proper left hand at his side. He wears a hat with a feather in it and knee-high boots. A bedroll is slung over his proper left shoulder and strapped across his chest and proper right hip. The sculpture is mounted on a rectangular base.[466] "Isaac O'Haver was a member of Co K of the 17th VA Cavalry. He was a 17 year-old bugler for his unit. He was born Sep. 20, 1844 and died at the age of 27 on March 30, 1872. He is buried at the Ladoga Cemetery."[467] The plaques on the monument read:
- South side: The Call to Arms Erected 1907 by Navarro chapter United Daughters of the Confederacy To commemorate the valor and heroism of our Confederate Soldiers It is not in the power of mortals to command success The Confederate Soldier did more – he deserved it. "But their fame on brightest pages penned by poets and by pages Shall go sounding down the ages"
- West side: "Nor shall your glory be fought while fame her record keeps or honor points the hollowed spot where valor proudly sleeps" "Tell it as you may It never can be told Sing it as you Will It never can be sung The Story of the Glory of the men who wore the gray"
- East side: "It is a duty we owe the dead who died for us: – But where memories can never die – It is a duty we owe to posterity to see that our children shall know the virtues And rise worthy of their sires".
- North side: The soldiers of the Southern Confederacy fought valiantly for The liberty of state bequeathed them By their forefathers of 1776 "Who Glorified Their righteous cause and they who made The sacrifice supreme in That they died To keep their country free"[466]
- Clarksville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Red River County County Courthouse[468]

- Denton: Denton Confederate Soldier Monument, Denton County Courthouse.[469] Cost $2,000; a project of the Denton Chapter, UDC. Dedicated June 3, 1918, Jefferson Davis's birthday.[470] It had "whites only" drinking fountains on each side.[471] In 2015 it was defaced with the words "THIS IS RACIST" in red paint.[472] The twenty-year campaign of a Denton resident, Willie Hudspeth, to have the monument removed was the subject of a Vice news video in 2018.[471] After the wave of Confederate monument removals that followed the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in large part as a result of Hudspeth's campaign, a county 15-person Confederate Memorial Committee met for three months in 2017–18 and recommended "adding context" – two video kiosks and a large plaque, "with interviews about local veterans and the history of slavery"[473] – to the monument rather than removing it, a suggestion accepted unanimously by the county commissioners. Once the nature of the historical context has been determined, approval of the Texas Historical Commission will be required.[474] As of September 2018, "the county still does not have a timeline for completing the project and...there were no updates to report".[475] The video caught the attention of Kali Holloway, director of the Make It Right Project, which is working to remove Confederate monuments. She added the Denton monument to the group's "top 10 list" of monuments they consider priorities.[244][475] The statue was removed in June 2020.[476]
- Fort Worth: Monument to "Confederate Soldiers and their Descendents" (1953), Tarrant County Courthouse[477]

- Galveston: Dignified Resignation (1909) by Louis Amateis at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a Confederate flag, it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.[478][479] It was "erected to the soldiers and sailors of the Confederate States of America." An inscription on the plaque reads, "there has never been an armed force which in purity of motives intensity of courage and heroism has equaled the army and navy of the Confederate States of America."[447]
- Gainesville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Cooke County Courthouse (1911)[480][481][454][482]

- Georgetown: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Williamson County Courthouse (1916)
- Goldthwaite: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Mills County Courthouse[483]
- Granbury: Statue of CSA General Hiram B. Granbury (1913), killed in the Battle of Franklin (1913), Hood County Courthouse. Erected by UDC.[484]
- Hillsboro: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Hill County, Texas Courthouse[485]
- Jefferson: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1907, moved to the courthouse in the 1930s), Marion County Courthouse[486][487]
- Linden: Confederate Monument (1903), Cass County Courthouse[488]
- Livingston: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Polk County Courthouse[489]
- Llano: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Llano County Courthouse[490]
- Lockhart: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Caldwell County Courthouse[491]
- Longview: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1911), Gregg County Courthouse[492][493]
- Mount Pleasant: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1912), Titus County Courthouse[494][495]
- Memphis: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Hall County Courthouse[496]
- Marshall: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1906), Harrison County Courthouse[497]
- New Braunfels: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1937), Comal County Courthouse[498]
- Paris: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Lamar County Courthouse[499]
- Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Kaufman, Kaufman County Courthouse[500]
- Perryton: Courthouse monument to CSA colonel William Beck Ochiltree[501]
- Rusk: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Cherokee County Courthouse[502]
- Sherman: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1896), Grayson County Courthouse. This was the first Confederate statue dedicated at a county courthouse in Texas.[503]
- Snyder: marker (1963) commemorating William Read Scurry, Scurry County Courthouse[504]
- Stephenville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (2001), Erath County Courthouse[505]

- Texarkana: The Confederate Mothers Monument (1918), located in Texas near the state line with Arkansas, is shared by the US District Court in Texarkana, Texas, and the US Post Office and Courthouse in Texarkana, Arkansas[506][507]
- Vernon: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Wilbarger County Courthouse[508]
- Weatherford: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1929), Parker County Courthouse[509]
- Waxahachie: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1912), Ellis County Courthouse[510][511]
Other public monuments


- Alpine: CSA Gen. Lawrence "Sul" Ross Monument (1963)
- Anderson: Confederate Memorial Plaza (2010).[512] The plaza beside the Grimes County courthouse flies a Confederate flag behind a gate with metal lettering reading "Confederate Memorial Plaza." A metal statue depicts one of several Grimes County residents who fought with the 4th Texas volunteer infantry brigade in Virginia.[447]
- Athens: Henderson County Confederate Monument (1964)
- Austin:
- Hood's Texas Brigade Monument, Texas State Capitol
- Littlefield Fountain, University of Texas, commemorates George W. Littlefield, a university regent and CSA officer. An inscription reads, "To the men and women of the Confederacy who fought with valor and suffered with fortitude that states [sic] rights be maintained."
- Texas Confederate Women's and Men's Historical Markers, at 3710 Cedar St. and 1600 W. Sixth, commemorate campgrounds built to house and care for widows, wives, and veterans of the Confederacy.[448]
- Beaumont: "Our Confederate Soldiers" Monument (1912). Removed in June 2020.[513]
- Clarksville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1912)
- Cleburne: Cleburne Monument (2015) Confederate Arch (1922)
- Coleman: Hometown of Texas CSA Col. James E. McCord Monument (1963)
- College Station: A statue of Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of A&M University is located on the campus of Texas A&M University. In August 2017 the Chancellor of the university, John Sharp, confirmed that the university will not be removing the statue from the campus.[514]
- Corpus Christi: Queen of the Sea (1914; restored 1990), bas-relief by Pompeo Coppini; UDC-sponsored Confederate memorial featuring an allegorical female figure – representing Corpus Christie – holding keys of success while receiving blessings from Mother Earth and Father Neptune, who are standing next to her.[478] "Coppini was abhorrent of war", and in Queen of the Sea "he crafted a sculpture that symbolized peace and captured the spirit of Corpus Christi".[515]
- El Paso:
- Hometown of Texas CSA Capt. James W. Magoffin Monument (1964)
- CSA Maj. Simeon Hart Monument (1964)
- Farmersville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1917), Farmersville City Park[516]
- Fort Worth: Confederate Soldier Memorial (1939), Oakwood Cemetery[478]
- Gainesville Confederate Heroes Statue (1908) in Leonard Park[517][518]
- Gonzales: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Confederate Square. Dedicated on June 3, 1909. To "our Confederate dead."[519][520]
- Greenville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1926)
- Holliday: Stonewall Jackson Camp 249 Monument (1999)
- Houston:
- Spirit of the Confederacy (1908, in present location since 1925), by Louis Amateis.[478] Erected by United Daughters of the Confederacy.[521]
- Statue of Richard W. Dowling, located at the entrance to Hermann Park. Erected in 1905, the monument was in front of City Hall until 1958, when it was moved to its present location. In August 2017 Andrew Schneck was arrested at the statue with bomb materials.[522]
- Kermit: Col. C.M. Winkler Monument (1963)
- Marshall:
- Confederate Capitol of Missouri Monument (1963)
- Confederate Monument (1906)
- Home of Last Texas Confederate Gov. Pendleton Murrah Monument (1963)
- Miami: Col. O.M. Roberts Monument (1963)

- Palestine: John H. Reagan Memorial (1911) by Pompeo Coppini[478]
- Sabine Pass: Sabine Pass Battleground State Historic Site. Where the Sabine River enters the Gulf of Mexico, 47 Confederate men held off a large Union attack, destroying two Union boats and capturing hundreds of prisoners. Today the site is managed by the Texas Historical Commission, and it hosts battle reenactments in honor of the Confederate soldiers.
- Sherman: Confederate Soldier Monument (1897)
- Tomball: Confederate Powder Mill Marker Monument (1966)
- Victoria: Confederate Monument (1912). Pompeo Coppini's statue, called The Last Stand, and sometimes The Firing Line, sits in De Leon Plaza. The inscription reads: "On civilization's height / Immutable they stand". The $5,000 cost was raised by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Private monuments

- Austin: Confederate monument, Oakwood Cemetery. Erected in 2016 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[523]
- Belton: Monument to Confederate Sargeant Jacob Hemphill. Erected 2016 by Sons of Confederate Veterans.[524]
- Crowley: "Confederate Veterans Memorial Monument honoring The Confederate Veterans of Crowley and the surrounding area interred at the Crowley Cemetery." Erected 2011 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[524]
- Hempstead: The Liendo Plantation was a center for Confederate recruiting efforts and held Union prisoners during the war. Now it holds battle reenactments and demonstrations of Civil War era Confederate life at its annual Civil War Weekend.
- Orange: The Confederate Memorial of the Wind, located on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, but visible from I-10, has been under construction since 2013, and will be the largest Confederate monument built since 1916, according to the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[444] A center stone ring is held aloft by 13 pillars, one for each state that seceded. There are twenty commemorative flagpoles.
- Palestine: Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza (2013), funded by the Sons of the Confederate Veterans[525]
Inhabited places
Counties
- Brewster County (1887) named for Henry Percy Brewster
- Culberson County (1911) named for CSA Lieutenant Colonel David B. Culberson
- Donley County (1882) named for Stockton P. Donley, a lawyer who enlisted in the Confederate Army. Just after the war in 1866, he was elected to the Supreme Court of Texas, but was removed by the Reconstruction military government.
- Ector County (1891) named for CSA General Mathew Ector, who later served as a judge.
- Foard County (1891) named for Robert L. Foard, an attorney and Confederate Major.[526]
- Gray County (1902) named for Peter W. Gray, a lawyer and legislator who attended the 1861 Texas State Secession Convention, and voted to leave the union. Shortly after, Gray was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives.
- Gregg County (1873) named for CSA General John Gregg, who was a delegate to the Texas Secession Convention in 1861 and was elected to represent Texas in the Provisional Confederate Congress in Montgomery, Alabama, and later in Richmond, Virginia. He was killed in action at the Siege of Petersburg in 1864.
- Hemphill County and Hemphill city (1877) named for John Hemphill, Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court from 1841 to 1858 until he was elected to the US Senate when Sam Houston refused to support secession. He was expelled from the Senate when Texas seceded in 1861 and then represented Texas in the Provisional Confederate Congress.
- Hood County (1866) named for CSA General John Bell Hood
- Jeff Davis County (1887) named for Jefferson Davis.
- Lee County (1874) named for Robert E. Lee.
- Lubbock County named for CSA colonel Thomas Saltus Lubbock
- Madison County: In 2020 County Commissioners designated April as Confederate History and Heritage Month.[451]
- McCulloch County, for CSA general Benjamin McCulloch
- Ochiltree County (1889) named for secessionist politician William Beck Ochiltree.
- Oldham County (1881) named for William Simpson Oldham Sr., a Confederate politician.
- Randall County (1889) named for CSA Brig. Gen. Horace Randal.
- Reagan County (1903) named for CSA Postmaster GeneralJohn H. Reagan.
- Reeves County (1884) named for CSA officer George R. Reeves.
- Roberts County (1889) named for Oran Milo Roberts, who was unanimously elected president of the 1861 Secession Convention, a meeting that he had been influential in calling. In 1862 he resigned the Supreme Court seat and was elected colonel of the Eleventh Texas infantry in the Confederate Army. He was Governor of Texas from 1879 to 1883.
- Scurry County (1884) named for secessionist and CSA Gen. William Read Scurry.
- Starr County Confederate official James Harper Starr
- Stephens County, originally Buchanan County, for U.S. President James Buchanan, in 1861 was renamed for CSA Vice-President Alexander Stephens.
- Stonewall County (1888) named for CSA General Stonewall Jackson.
- Sutton County (1890) named for CSA officer John S. Sutton.
- Terrell County (1905) named for CSA acting General Alexander W. Terrell.
- Terry County (1904) named for CSA Col. Benjamin Franklin Terry .
- Tom Green County (1875) named for CSA Brig. Gen. Thomas Green, KIA (killed in action).
- Upton County (1910) named for brothers John C. and William F. Upton, both colonels in the Confederate Army.
- Val Verde County (1885) Confederate victory in the Battle of Val Verde
- Winkler County (1910) named for CSA Col. Clinton M. Winkler.
Municipalities
- City of Cleburne (1871)
- City of Fort Davis: named for Jefferson Davis.
- City of Granbury (1887)
- City of Hemphill: named for judge and Confederate politician John Hemphill (see Hemphill County as well)
- City of Lubbock, named for Thomas Saltus Lubbock, a colonel in the Confederate Army
- City of Robert Lee
- City of Stonewall: named for Stonewall Jackson.
Museums
- Columbus: Confederate Memorial Museum. Located in an unusual building, built in 1883, that formerly was the town's water tower, and in the base its Fire Station. It is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. Curated by UDC, which purchased the building from the town in 1926, when its water system was modernized and the unneeded tower building put up for sale.[527] According to the UDC it holds a collection of artifacts from Civil War soldiers of Columbus and Colorado County. It is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, dedicated, according to UDC, to the veterans of all wars, although the museum holds only Confederate artifacts.[528]
- White Settlement: Texas Civil War Museum, opened 2006. It is pro-Confederacy,[529] and the UDC has permanently one of the three seats on its board. Has material from the former Texas Confederate Museum in Austin, which closed in 1988.
Parks
- Confederate Reunion Grounds State Historic Site, Limestone County, near Mexia, Texas
- Davis Mountains State Park (1938) named for the mountain range
- Davis Mountains (geographic feature in West Texas around and named for Fort Davis)
- Fort Worth: Jefferson Davis Park.[530] -now Unity Park.
- Holliday: Stonewall Jackson Campground
- Lakeside, Tarrant County: Confederate Park. The two Confederate flags displayed on each side of the park's marker were removed by the Texas Department of Public Transportation in 2017. Marker text:
[530]Site of Confederate Park // Local businessman K. M. Van Zandt organized the Robert E. Lee Camp of the United Confederate Veterans in 1889. By 1900 it boasted more than 700 members. The Club received a 25-year charter to create the Confederate Park Association in 1901, then purchased 373 acres (151 ha) near this site for the "recreation, refuge and relief of Confederate soldiers" and their families. Opening events included a picnic for veterans and families on June 20, 1902, and a statewide reunion September 8–12, 1902, with 3,500 attendees. The park thrived as a center for the civil and social activities on Texas Confederate organizations. By 1924 the numbers [ sic ] of surviving veterans had greatly diminished, and the Confederate Park Association dissolved when its charter expired in 1926.
- Palestine: John H. Reagan Park
Roads
- Austin:
- In July 2018, at approximately the same time that Robert E. Lee Road and Jeff Davis Avenue were renamed, the city's Equity Office recommended changing the names of seven more streets:
- Littlefield Street. Commemorates George W. Littlefield, a CSA officer.[531]
- Tom Green Street[531]
- Sneed Cove, named for Richard A. Sneed, Confederate soldier and co-founder of the Ku Klux Klan.[531]
- Reagan Hill Drive[531]
- Dixie Drive[531]
- Plantation Road[531]
- Confederate Avenue[531]
- In July 2018, at approximately the same time that Robert E. Lee Road and Jeff Davis Avenue were renamed, the city's Equity Office recommended changing the names of seven more streets:
- Conroe:
- Beauregard Drive
- Jubal Early Lane
- Stonewall Jackson Drive
- El Paso: Robert E. Lee Road – now Buffalo Soldier Road
- Hamilton: Stonewall Jackson Road
- Hillsboro: Confederate Drive
- Hemphill:
- Confederate Street
- Stonewall Street
- Holliday: Stonewall Road
- Houston:
- Robert E. Lee Road – now Unison Road.
- Robert Lee Road
- Sul Ross St, Named for Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of Texas A&M University.
- Tuam Street, a major artery named for CSA Gen. Dowling's birthplace, Tuam, Ireland.
- Hunt: Robert E. Lee Road
- Jacksonville: Jeff Davis Street
- Kermit East Winkler Street
- Lakeside Confederate Park Road
- League City: Jeb Stuart Drive
- Levelland: Robert Lee Street
- Liberty: Confederate Street
- Livingston: Robert E. Lee Road
- Marshall:
- Jeff Davis Street
- Stonewall Drive
- Missouri City
- Beauregard Court
- Bedford Forrest Drive
- Breckinridge Court
- Confederate Drive
- Pickett Place
- Richmond:
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Jeff Davis Drive
- Stonewall Drive
- Ridgley: Bedford Forrest Lane
- Roma: Robert Lee Avenue
- San Antonio:
- Beauregard Street
- Robert E. Lee Drive
- Sterling City: Robert Lee Highway
- Sweetwater: Robert Lee Street
- Tyler:
- Jeb Stuart Drive
- Jeff Davis Drive
- Victoria: Robert E. Lee Road
Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"
Schools
- Abilene:
- Jackson Elementary School – now Dr. Jose Alcorta Sr. Elementary School.
- Johnston Elementary School – now Eugene Purcell Elementary School.
- Lee Elementary School (1961) -now Robert and Sammye Stafford Elementary School.
- Amarillo:
- Lee Elementary School (was renamed Park Hills Elementary School in 2019)
- Tascosa High School. Confederacy iconography was dropped in 1974. The school dropped its mascot, Johnny Reb, and stopped playing "Dixie" as their fight song. The Dixieland Singers became the Freedom Singers. Miss Southern Belle became Tascosa Belle. The "Rebel" nickname remained, but other ties to the Civil War disappeared.[532]
- Austin:
- John H. Reagan Early College High School (1965) – now Northeast Early College High School.
- William B. Travis High School, home of the "Rebels".[533] Dropped "Dixie" as its song in 2012.[534]
- Zachary Taylor Fulmore Middle School – now Sarah Beth Lively Middle School.
- Sidney Lanier High School: Sidney Lanier, poet of the Confederacy, was a private in the Confederate Army.[535] -now Juan Navarro High School.
- Johnston High School: Named for Albert Sidney Johnston, Confederate general killed in the Battle of Shiloh. The school closed in 2008; Eastside Memorial High School is now (2017) at that location.[535]
- Bryan:
- Sul Ross Elementary School: Named for Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of Texas A&M University.[536]
- Buda:
- Jack C. Hays High School. The school uses the "Rebel" nickname for its athletic teams.[537] Mascot "Colonel Jack" no longer has a Confederate flag belt buckle but still dresses in grey. The school dropped the Confederate flag as an official symbol in 2010 and the school district banned it from all district property in 2012.[538] In 2015 it replaced the school song "Dixie".
- Baytown:
- Lee College (1934) Lee College dropped “Rebels” as their nickname/mascot, and rebranded as “Navigators” in 2022.[539]
- Lee High School (1928)

- Dallas:
- Albert Sidney Johnston Elementary School – now Cedar Crest Elementary School.
- John H. Reagan Elementary School – now Bishop Arts STEAM Academy.
- Robert E. Lee Elementary School – now Geneva Heights Elementary School.
- Stonewall Jackson Elementary School (1939) – now Mockingbird Elementary School.
- Sidney Lanier Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School – now Jesús Moroles Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School.
- Denton: Lee Elementary School (1988), renamed Alice Moore Alexander Elementary School in 2017
- Eagle Pass: Robert E. Lee Elementary School – now Juan N. Seguin Elementary School.
- Edinburg: Lee Elementary School
- El Paso: Lee Elementary School -now Sunrise Mountain Elementary School.
- Evadale: Evadale High School. The school uses a Confederate flag-inspired crest. Its athletic teams are nicknamed the "Rebels".[540]
- Fort Davis:
- Fort Davis AEC School
- Fort Davis High School
- Gainesville: Robert E. Lee Intermediate School – now Gainesville Intermediate School.
- Grand Prairie: Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1948) -now Delmas F. Morton Elementary School.
- Houston:
- Davis High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Northside High School.
- Dowling Middle School (1968), named for CSA Maj. Richard W. Dowling. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Audrey H. Lawson Middle School.
- Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Middle School to Yolanda Black Navarro Middle School of Excellence.
- Sydney Lanier, Confederate poet and soldier. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Bob Lanier Middle School.
- Lee High School to Margaret Long Wisdom High School.
- John H. Reagan High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Heights High School.
- Johnston Middle School (1959), named for Albert Sidney Johnston. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Meyerland Performing and Visual Arts Middle School.
- Marshall: Robert E. Lee Elementary School – closed in 2018.
- Midland:
- Lee Freshman High School (1961) – now Midland Freshman High School.
- Lee High School (1961). The school's athletic teams are nicknamed the "Rebels". Lee High School had used the Confederate flag in the past.[542] -now Legacy High School.
- North Richland Hills, home of the Richland High School "Rebels" and "Dixie Belles". The school mascot is "Johnny Rebel".[543]
- Port Arthur: Lee Elementary School (1959)-now Lakeview Elementary School.
- Robert Lee:
- Robert Lee Elementary School
- Robert Lee High School
- Rosenberg: B. F. Terry High School. Named for Confederate hero Benjamin Franklin Terry.
- San Angelo: Lee Middle School (1949)-now Lone Star Middle School.
- San Antonio: Robert E. Lee High School (1958). After voting against a name change in 2015, the school board voted in August 2017 to change the name of the school.[544] In October, district trustees voted 5-2 to name the school Legacy of Educational Excellence, or LEE High School.[545] Its mascot is currently the Volunteer and the school colors are red and grey. Its pep squad, currently called the Southern Belles, were once called the Confederates. Its varsity dance team and junior varsity drill team are respectively named the Rebel Rousers and Dixie Drillers.[447]
- Stonewall: Stonewall Elementary School
- Tyler:
- Hubbard Middle School (1964), named for Confederate Col. Richard B. Hubbard
- Robert E. Lee High School (1958). Called "the city's most radioactive Confederate symbol," the possible renaming of the school was the subject of active discussion at meetings in August and September 2017. In 1970, as a result of a statewide federal desegregation order, the school had to get rid of "its Confederate-themed mascot (the Rebels), fight song ("Dixie"), and prized Confederate flag (so large that it required twenty boys to carry). Its beloved Rebel Guard, a squadron of boys handpicked by an American-history teacher to dress in replica Confederate uniforms at football games and fire a cannon named Ole Spirit after touchdowns, had to find a new name. Same for the Rebelettes drill team."[546] -now Tyler Legacy High School.
Other memorials
- Granbury: The city holds an annual General Granbury's Birthday Bash dedicated to Confederate General Hiram B. Granbury
Utah
- Dixie, a region of Washington County, Utah; The first president of the Washington Stake was Robert Dockery Covington, a slave owner from North Carolina and Mississippi. There were other Southern settlers; crops such as tobacco and cotton would grow there.[547]
- Dixie National Forest
- Dixie State University, The former name of Utah Tech UniversitySt. George, Utah.
- Large word "DIXIE"[548] painted on sandstone cliffs nearby, painted yearly by Dixie High School. St. George Utah
- Dixie Technical College
Vermont
Virginia
As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia, more than in any other state.[549][550] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.
Washington State
As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.
- Bellingham: Pickett House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:
- Clark County: Near Ridgefield is Jefferson Davis Park (2007), established by the SCV to hold the Jeff Davis Highway markers from Blaine and Vancouver. Flags of the Confederacy are also displayed there.[551][552]
- Seattle: United Confederate Veterans Memorial, Lake View Cemetery. Erected in 1926 by United Daughters of the Confederacy.[553] In October 2018, the Make It Right Project put up a billboard in Seattle, saying: "Hey Seattle, there's a Confederate Memorial in your backyard".[554] After years of calls to remove the monument and numerous acts of vandalism against it, the monument was toppled by unknown persons, apparently on July 3, 2020. In the process, the lower ends of both formerly vertical columns were broken in multiple places.[555] The wreckage was discovered by visitors to the cemetery on July 4.
West Virginia
As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.
State capitol
- Bust of Stonewall Jackson (born in West Virginia, at that time part of Virginia) by Bryant Baker, located "in the rotunda of the West Virginia State Capitol." (1959)[556]
- Statue of Stonewall Jackson by Moses Ezekiel[557] on the State Capitol grounds (1910) placed by UDC Chapter No. 151[558][559]
Monuments

- Bunker Hill, West Virginia: Monument marking the death of Brig.-Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew, wounded on July 14, 1863, near Falling Waters during the retreat after the Battle of Gettysburg. He died at Edgewood on July 17, 1863.[560]
- Clarksburg: Bronze equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson created by Charles Keck (1953) by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). Jackson was born in Clarksburg.
- Charles Town: Portraits of Lee and Jackson hang in the courtroom in which John Brown was tried and sentenced to death.[561]
- Charleston – See West Virginia State Capitol, above.
- Harpers Ferry: Heyward Shepherd Monument (1931). Although Shepherd was a black freeman working for the railway when killed in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, the monument was erected by UDC and Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV). They called the project the "Faithful Slave Memorial" for many years and saw it as a way to emphasize their idea that blacks enjoyed being slaves and that men like Shepherd were victims of those seeking to free slaves.[562]
- Hinton: Confederate Soldier Monument, Summers County Courthouse (dedicated May 1914)[563] The base of the monument carries the inscription: "(North base:) This monument erected in honor of American valor as displayed by the Confederate soldiers from 1861 to 1865, and to perpetuate to remotest ages the patriotism and fidelity to principles of the heroes who fought and died for a lost cause. (East base:) sacred to the memory of the noble women of the Confederacy, who suffered more and lost as much, with less glory, than the Confederate soldier. (South base:) erected in the year 1914 by Camp Allen Woodrm Confederate veterans and Camp Bob Christian sons of Confederacy veterans and their friends. (West base:) This monument is dedicated to the Confederate soldiers of Greenbrier and New River valleys who followed Lee and Jackson.[564]
- Lewisburg: Confederate Monument (1906) The Confederate "monument was erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a cost of $2,800. The monument was originally located on the campus of the Greenbrier College, but moved to its present location when U.S. Route 60 was relocated."[565] It is now located on the lawn of the old public library in Lewisburg. Some residents have suggested interpretive signage for the statue.[566] The inscription on the base reads, "In memory of our Confederate dead."[567]
- Mingo: Confederate Soldier Monument (1913/2013) The inscription reads in part, "TO THE MEMORY OF THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS OF RANDOLPH COUNTY AND VICINITY THIS INCLUDES ALL SOLDIERS WHO DIED IN VALLEY MOUNTAIN"[568]
- Parkersburg: Confederate Soldier Monument, (1908) The monument was created by Leon Hermant and the inscription reads in part, " IN MEMORY OF OUR CONFEDERATE DEAD ERECTED BY PARKERSBURG CHAPTER UNITED DAUGHTERS OF CONFEDERACY"[569]
- Romney: First Confederate Memorial (1867) Carved on the main facade are the words, "The daughters of Old Hampshire erect this tribute of affection to her heroic sons who fell in defense of Southern Rights."
- Union: Monroe County Confederate Soldier Monument (1901); marble statue inscribed "There is a true glory and a true honor. The glory of duty done, the honor of integrity of principle. R. E. Lee"[570]
Inhabited places
- Bartow, initially an 1861 Confederate encampment, Camp Bartow, named for the late Confederate Colonel Francis Bartow.[571]:97
- Harding, named for CSA Maj. French Harding.[571]:297
- Hotchkiss, named for Stonewall Jackson's map maker Jedediah Hotchkiss
- Linden, named for CSA Capt. Charles Linden Broadus.[571]:374
- Thurmond, named for CSA Captain W. D. Thurmond[572]
- Welch, named for CSA Capt. Isaiah A. Welch.[573]
Parks and water features
- Weston: Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park (1990) named for Stonewall Jackson Lake named for Confederate General Stonewall Jackson.
Roads
- Charles Town:
- Beauregard Boulevard
- Lee Way
- Charleston:
- Beauregard Street
- Jackson Street
- Lee Street
- Dixie Street
- Craigsville: General Lee Street
- Elkins: Robert E. Lee Avenue
- Flatwoods: Stonewall Jackson Highway
- Inwood: Jubal Early Avenue
- Philippi: Porterfield Road
Schools
- Charleston: Stonewall Jackson Middle School occupies the building that housed the former Stonewall Jackson High School.
- The name was changed to West Side Middle School in July 2020.
Wisconsin
- Prairie du Chien: United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) monument to Jefferson Davis at Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot. Davis served briefly at Fort Crawford.[574] The text on the plaque reads, "JEFFERSON DAVIS, 1808–1889, Lieutenant United States Army, Assigned Fort Crawford 1831, Served here with distinction during Black Hawk War, Hero in Mexican War 1846–1848, United States Congressman, Senator, Secretary of War, President Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, Erected by The United Daughters of the Confederacy"[575]
- Wisconsin Dells: The Confederate spy Belle Boyd (1844–1900) is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells. She would go on tour in the United States and speak about being a spy for the Confederacy. She also wrote a book about her career. She was to speak at a Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Post in Kilbourne City (now Wisconsin Dells) when she died from a heart attack. Members of the local GAR served as pallbearers at her funeral and was buried at the cemetery. Her grave is marked with a Confederate flag.[576]
Wyoming
Natural features
- Yellowstone National Park: The Lamar River (named 1884–85) is named for L.Q.C. Lamar, a secessionist who drafted the instrument of Mississippi's secession and raised a regiment for the Confederates with his own money. He served as a Confederate ambassador to Russia. The river was named while he served as the United States Secretary of the Interior after the war. The Lamar Valley and other park features or administrative names which contain Lamar are derived from this original naming.[577]
International
Brazil
- In 1865, at the end of the American Civil War, a substantial number of Southerners left the South; many moved to other parts of the United States, such as the American West, but a few left the country entirely. The most popular country of Southerners emigration was Brazil, which still allowed slavery and wanted to encourage cotton production.[578] These emigrants were known as Confederados. A Confederate monument was erected in the city of Americana, São Paulo state, Brazil.[579]
Canada
- Kitchener, Ontario: Eastwood Collegiate Institute (1956), a public high school, replaced its Johnny Rebel mascot and Confederate imagery, perceived as associated with white bigotry, with Rebel Lion in 1999. The school retains the Rebel name for its teams.
Ireland
- Tuam: Ireland commemorated CSA Major Richard W. Dowling, who was born in the Tuam, with a bronze memorial plaque on the Town Hall bearing his image and life story. Text of plaque: "Major Richard W. (Dick) Dowling C.S.A., 1837–1867 Born Knock, Tuam; Settled Houston Texas, 1857; Outstanding business and civic leader; Joined Irish Davis Guards in American Civil War; With 47 men foiled Invasion of Texas by 5000 federal troops at Sabine Pass, 8 Sept 1863, a feat of superb gunnery; formed first oil company in Texas; Died aged 30 of yellow fever. This plaque was unveiled by Col. J.B. Collerain 31 May 1998"
Scotland
- Edinburgh: Dean Cemetery, obelisk for Scottish-born CSA Colonel Robert A. Smith, with a Confederate marker and Confederate flags.[580]
See also
- Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
- Confederate holidays
- List of Civil War Discovery Trail sites
- List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery
- List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
- List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
- List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson
- List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
- List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
- List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy
- List of monuments of the Gettysburg Battlefield
- List of monuments to African Americans
- List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
- List of U.S. counties named after prominent Confederate historical figures
- Monument and memorial controversies in the United States
- Robert E. Lee Elementary School (disambiguation)
- Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
- Modern display of the Confederate battle flag
Notes
- ↑This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[5]
- ↑"The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[5]
- ↑Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[274]
- ↑Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[274]
- ↑Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[274]
- ↑Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[274]
References
- 1234Palmer, Brian; Wessler, Seth Freed (December 2018). "The Costs of the Confederacy". Smithsonian Magazine.
- ↑Shaffer, Josh (October 25, 2018). "NC's highest court will review courtroom portraits amid complaint about pro-slavery judge". Island Packet.
- ↑Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (June 25, 2015). "Take Down the Confederate Flags, but Not the Monuments". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ↑Criss, Doug; Elkin, Elizabeth (June 5, 2018). "The state leading the way in removing Confederate monuments? Texas". CNN.
- 12Gunter, Booth; Kizzire, Jamie (April 21, 2016). Gunter, Booth (ed.). "Whose heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy"(PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ↑Cunningham, Anne, ed., The Confederate Flag, p. 31 (quotes original text of SPLC report).
- ↑"Actually, Robert E. Lee was against erecting Confederate memorials". WPTV News Channel 5 West Palm. CNN. August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
- ↑"Memorialization of Robert E. Lee and the Lost Cause". National Park Service. National Park Service. September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
- ↑Maxwell, Hu (1897). History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: from its earliest settlement to the present. Morgantown, W. Va: A.B. Boughner, printer. OL 23304577M.
- 12Andrew J. Yawn; Todd A. Price; Maria Clark (August 1, 2020). "'This is not just about symbols': America's reckoning over Confederate monuments". The Tennessean. USA Today Network. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
- ↑"Monuments and Memorials". Vicksburg National Military Park. National Park Service. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
- ↑Leib, Jonathan I.; Webster, Gerald R.; Webster, Roberta H. (December 1, 2000). "Rebel with a cause? Iconography and public memory in the Southern United States". GeoJournal. 52 (2): 303–310. Bibcode:2000GeoJo..52..303L. doi:10.1023/A:1014358204037. ISSN 0343-2521. S2CID 151000497.
- 12Cox, Karen L. (August 16, 2017). "Analysis – The whole point of Confederate monuments is to celebrate white supremacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ↑American Historical Association, AHA Statement on Confederate Monuments (August 2017)
- ↑Parks, Miles (August 20, 2017). "Confederate Participation Trophies Were Built To Further A 'White Supremacist Future'". npr.org. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ↑"Durham Confederate Participation Trophy: tribute to dying veterans or political tool of Jim Crow South?". The Herald-Sun. Durham, North Carolina. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ↑Confederate Monuments and Civic Values in the Wake of Charlottesville. Dell Upton, Society of American Historians, September 13, 2017
- ↑Confederate monuments: What to do with them?. Grier, Peter. Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2017
- ↑Dotinga, Randy (June 14, 2017). "Inside the hidden history of confederate memorials". The Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Robertson, James I. Jr. (July 28, 2018). "Debate Over Confederate Monuments | C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org.
- ↑Kristina Dunn Johnson (April 6, 2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. Arcadia Publishing Inc. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1614232827.
- ↑Winsboro, Irvin D.S. (2016). "The Confederate Monument Movement as a Policy Dilemma for Resource Managers of Parks, Cultural Sites, and Protected Places: Florida as a Case Study"(PDF). The George Wright Forum. 33: 217–29.
- ↑Wiggins, David N. (2005). Remembering Georgia's Confederates. Arcadia. pp. 106, 108, 109, 117. ISBN 978-0738518237.
- ↑Confederate Monument in Forsyth ParkArchived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, City of Savannah website, accessed April 24, 2010
- ↑Mills, Cynthia; Simpson, Pamela H. (2003). Monuments to the Los Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory. University of Tennessee Press. p. . ISBN 978-1572332720.
- ↑Gulley, H.E. (1993). "Women and the Lost Cause: preserving a Confederate identity in the American Deep South". Journal of Historical Geography. 19 (2): 125–41. doi:10.1006/jhge.1993.1009.
- ↑Fisher, Marc (August 18, 2017). "Why those Confederate soldier participation trophies look a lot like their Union counterparts". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
Because of technological innovations in the granite and bronze industries, the price of these participation trophies came way down
- ↑Holpuch, Amanda; Chalabi, Mona (August 16, 2017). "'Changing history'? No – 32 Confederate monuments dedicated in past 17 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
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- 12Blevins, Ernest (Fall 2019). "Forever in Mourning: Union and Confederate Monuments, 1860–1920". Nineteenth Century. 39 (2).
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- ↑Du can, Charles (June 19, 2019). "More than a dozen Confederate participation trophies vandalized around the country so far in 2019". Charlotte Observer.
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- 12Harrop, Katelyn (June 13, 2017). "BTW, These Four States Legally Protect Confederate Monuments". Vice Impact. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
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- 123Robert Philpot (22 Mar 2023) Exchange Teams Prepare for Big Changes as 9 Army Posts Get New Names
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There is only one known statue of a Jewish Confederate leader. It depicts David Levy Yulee, an industrialist, plantation owner and Confederate senator from Florida, and it shows him sitting on a bench.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑"Boise National Forest – Grayback Campground and Group". www.fs.usda.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
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- 12Munson, Kyle (August 25, 2017). "'Stupid liberals' vs. white privilege: Iowa caught up in Confederate monuments debate". Des Moines Register. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
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- 12Eads, Morgan; Ward, Karla; Musgrave, Beth (October 17, 2017). "In a surprise move, Lexington removes controversial Confederate statues". Herald-Leader.
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- 123Jacobs, David (October 3, 2017). "Will Confederate Landmarks in Baton Rouge Become the Subject of Controversy?". 225 Magazine.
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- ↑Pierce, Walter (February 1, 2016). "A Monumental Question: Amid a National Conversation on Confederate Iconography, What, If Anything, Should Lafayette Do with Our Own Memorial to Jim Crow". The Independent (Lafayette, Louisiana).
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- 1234Serrano, Alicia (June 29, 2015). "Who Are the other Confederate Soldiers Honored with Statues on Jefferson Davis Parkway in Mid-City?". Midcity Messenger. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
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- ↑Rosen, Michael (December 1, 2015). "Here are all the racist college mascots left in the United States". Splinter. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
- ↑Beaujon, Andrew (August 19, 2015). "Maryland's Flag Has a Subtle Symbol of Confederate Sympathy". Washingtonian. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
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- 12City of Rockville (September 10, 2015). "Historic District Commission Staff Report: Certificate of Approval HDC2016-00756, 29 Courthouse Square". Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- 12Browne, Allen (March 26, 2017). "The Confederate Monument in Rockville".
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- 12Turque, Bill (July 24, 2017). "Confederate statue moved from Rockville courthouse over the weekend". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Bunow, Miriam (July 16, 2015). "The History and Future of the Rockville Confederate Soldier Statue". Peerless Rockville Historic Preservation Ltd.
- ↑Turque, Bill (August 3, 2015). "Montgomery boxes Confederate statue to protect it from vandalism". The Washington Post.
- ↑Turque, Bill (February 28, 2017). "New spot for Confederate statue: site of historic ferry". The Washington Post.
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- 1234Schmitt, Will. "No apparent plans yet to remove Confederate monuments in Springfield and Missouri". Springfield News-Leader.
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- ↑Visitors Guide to the Confederate Prison Site & Confederate Memorials Alton, IllinoisArchived June 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Visitors Guide to the Middle Mississippi River Valley, accessed June 25, 2015
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Memorializing Confederate generals has no place in 2017
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- 12Bamforth, Emily (August 17, 2017). "Willoughby South High School drops rebel mascot, keeps name". cleveland.com. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
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But in 2012, a new college hall was dedicated to Elizabeth Boddie Elliston, whose family owned slaves and who, according to the university website, "donated segments of her plantation for the formation of the Vanderbilt campus."
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- ↑Beck, Jillian (July 13, 2015). "Little discussion over Bastrop County Confederate monument". Austin American-Statesman. Cox Media Group. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
- ↑"Details – Home Town of Texas Confederate Major Joseph D. Sayers – Atlas Number 5021012388 –Texas Historical Commission". atlas.thc.state.tx.us. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
- ↑"Matagorda County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Matagorda County Courthouse: Civil War Veterans Monument". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Monument". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Fannin County: Bonham, Texas". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑"Details for Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court". Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ↑"Confederate Veterans Memorial, Comanche County Courthouse". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Memorial, Navarro County Courthouse Square". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Navarro County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- 12Smithsonian American Art Museum. "Call To Arms, (sculpture)". Retrieved May 7, 2018.
- ↑"Isaac O'Haver". September 1, 2009.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Memorial on the Courthouse Square, Clarksville, Texas, Red River County". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldiers' Monument – The Portal to Texas History". Texashistory.unt.edu. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldiers' Monument". University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History. 2007. p. 7. Retrieved September 14, 2018.
- 12Lee Adams, Host; Dylan Coburn, Producer (2018). Inside the Two-Decade Fight to Bring Down a Confederate Monument. Vice. Archived from the original on March 7, 2018.
- ↑Smith, Mark (February 8, 2018). "Denton County to keep Confederate monument". Cross Timbers Gazette.
- ↑Falcon, Julia (February 5, 2018). "30 turn out to protest recommendation". Denton Record-Chronicle.
- ↑Rarden, Devin (May 30, 2018). "Judge does not expect Confederate Monument context to be added until 2019". North Texas Daily.
- 12LaFerney, Dalton (September 9, 2018). "Removal of Denton County's Confederate statue a priority for national group". Denton Record-Chronicle.
- ↑"Confederate soldier statue removed from Denton County Courthouse-on-the-Square". wfaa.com. June 25, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ↑"Confederate Soldiers Memorial, Tarrant County, Fort Worth, TX". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- 123456Little, Carol Morris (1996). A Comprehensive Guide to Outdoor Sculpture in Texas. University of Texas Press. pp. 53, 122, 216, 229, 247, 350. ISBN 978-0292760363.
- ↑"Galveston County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Cooke County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier, (sculpture)". Smithsonian Institution Research Info System (SIRIS), Art Inventories Catalog. 1993. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Carter, Simone (August 18, 2020). "Gainesville's County Commissioners Vote to Keep Courthouse Confederate Monument". Dallas Observer. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Marion County Courthouse, Jefferson Texas". Texasescapes.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑Hall, Andy (August 21, 2016). "A Monumental Mystery". Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Banks, Theodore (2015). Lest We Forget: Commemorative Movements In Texas, 1893–1936(PDF) (MA). Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Monument, Caldwell County Courthouse Square". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Gregg County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Titus County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Memorial". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Harrison County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Comal County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Monument Stays At The Lamar County Courthouse". eParisExtra.com. June 16, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
- ↑Wendel, Wayne. "Confederate Soldier Monuments on Texas Courthouse Squares". Birdshooter.smugmug.com. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Colonel William B. Ochiltree". hmdb.org. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Monument". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Humphrey, Sara. "Resident wants Grayson County courthouse confederate statue removed". Kxii.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑Kirchner, Bill (December 3, 2017). "County Named for Texas Confederate William R. Scurry 1821–1864". HMdb.com.
- ↑Osborne, Ryan (August 18, 2017). "Not an issue or 'terrifying'? Texas towns proud of their Confederate monuments". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Meachum, Alex (June 26, 2015). "Confederate monument stirs mixed emotions in Texarkana". Arklatexhomepage.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑"Bowie County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Little 1996, p. 430.
- ↑"Parker County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Soldier Monument, Ellis County Courthouse Grounds". Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑"Ellis County Confederate Monument". Texas Confederate Veterans. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑"Statue in Confederate Memorial Plaza". Texashistory. February 14, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
- ↑"City of Beaumont takes down confederate monument at Wiess Park". 12newsnow.com. KBMT. June 29, 2020.
The City of Beaumont removed a Confederate statue Monday. The statue had been in a downtown park since 1912. Crews removed the statue around 10 a.m. June 29. The city council had voted 6-1 on Tuesday, June 23 to remove the statue at Wiess Park and store it in a warehouse.
- ↑"Amid debate over Confederate monuments, Texas A&M will not remove Sul Ross statue". The Dallas Morning News. August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
- ↑King, Jeff. "Queen of the Sea – A Spirited Sculpture". The Bend. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Memorial – Farmersville, TX". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑Rand, Chuck (February 21, 2012). "Sons of Confederate Veterans: Statue to Be Restored in Texas". Sonsofconfederateveterans.blogspot.com. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Heroes, (sculpture)". Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museums. 1993. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Maxwell, Nikki (July 16, 2009). "Confederate Monument rededicated, turns 100". Gonzales Inquirer. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
- ↑"Gonzales Confederate Monument – Gonzales, TX – American Civil War Monuments and Memorials". Waymarking. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
- ↑"Spirit of The Confederacy". Houstontx.gov. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ↑Berman, Mark (August 21, 2017). "Texas man charged with trying to bomb a Confederate statue in Houston". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
- ↑Barnes, Michael (August 25, 2018). "Even as Confederate monuments fell, a new one rose in Austin". Austin American-Statesman.
- 12Sons of Confederate Veterans, Texas Division (2018). "Monuments". Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
- ↑Vernon, Cheril (April 13, 2013). "Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza Dedicated in Palestine". Palestine Herald-Press.
- ↑Christopher, JJackson, Charles (June 12, 2010). "Foard, Robert Levi". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑The Team at roadsideamerica.com. "Confederate Museum in a Water Tower". Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ↑Texas Historical Commission. "Columbus: Confederate Memorial Museum". Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
- ↑Wilonsky, Robert (April 24, 2018). "Trip to Texas Civil War Museum shows why Dallas should never send its Robert E. Lee statue there". Dallas News.
- 12Kennedy, Bud (August 17, 2017). "A Confederate flag display comes down. But it was a tiny one, and the mayor wonders – why now?". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
- 1234567Winkle, Kate (July 27, 2018). "Austin outlines Confederate streets slated for renaming". KXAN Austin.
- ↑Levin, Matt (July 15, 2015). "A brief history on controversial mascots at Texas high schools". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ↑Dirickson, Perry (2006). School Spirit or School Hate: The Confederate Battle Flag, Texas High Schools, and Memory, 1953–2002(PDF) (Thesis). University of North Texas.
- ↑Heinauer, Laura. "One local high school drops 'Dixie,' while another keeps it". www.statesman.com. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
- 12"Guide to Confederate Monuments in Austin". Austin Chronicle. August 18, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- ↑"School Profile – About Us – Ross Elementary". ross.bryanisd.org. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
- ↑News, KXAN (July 11, 2015). "Hays HS looks at whether 'Rebels' mascot needs changing". KXAN.com. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ↑"Hays High School Loses "Dixie"". KyleLife.com. July 28, 2015. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- ↑"A Focused Future: Lee Rebrands Mascot to Navigators | Lee College". www.lee.edu.
- ↑"Texas High School Defends Rebels Confederate Flag". Myhighplains.com. July 13, 2015. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
- 12345"District Renames Seven Schools". Austin American-Statesman. May 14, 2016. p. B5.
- ↑"Midland Lee alum no longer proud of school's rebel mascot". Dallas News. August 1, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ↑Fechter, Joshua (July 15, 2015). "Texas high school defends Confederate mascot as coach gets slap for racial remarks". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ↑Caruba, Lauren (August 30, 2017). "NEISD board votes to drop name of Lee High School". MySanAntonio.com. Hearst Communications, Inc. San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
North East Independent School District trustees – prodded by a fervent national debate over memorializing the Confederacy that some said had become a distraction for students – voted 7–0 Tuesday to change the name of Robert E. Lee High School.
- ↑"Lee High School to keep school colors, mascot". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ↑Raja, Tasneem (September 19, 2017). "To Be Black at Robert E. Lee High School". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
- ↑Larson, Andrew (1992). I Was Called to "Dixie:" The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences on Mormon Pioneering. St. George, Utah: Dixie College Foundation. p. 185.
- ↑English: The St. George Utah Sugarloaf newly painted with the word "Dixie.", December 31, 1914, retrieved June 9, 2022
- ↑"Civil War Lessons Often Depend on Where the Classroom Is". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 22, 2017. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ↑Schneider, Gregory S (August 27, 2017). "In the former capital of the Confederacy, the debate over statues is personal and painful". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
- ↑Knute Berger (June 22, 2015), Confederate symbols also blight the Northwest, Crosscut.com
- ↑"Jefferson Davis Park". wordpress.com. June 27, 2014. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
- ↑Clarridge, Christine (August 16, 2017). "Seattle's own monument to the Confederacy was erected on Capitol Hill in 1926 – and it's still there". The Seattle Times.
- ↑Millman, Zosha (November 8, 2018). "Campaign to take down Seattle's confederate memorial gets a billboard". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
- ↑"Huge Confederate monument toppled at Seattle's Lake View Cemetery". KOMO News. July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
- ↑"Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson – Charleston, West Virginia – Statues of Historic Figures on Waymarking.com". www.waymarking.com.
- ↑Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, Moses Jacob Ezekiel: Memoirs from the Bath of Diocletian, ed. by Joseph Gutmann and Stanley F. Chyet, Wayne State University, Detroit, 1975 p. 71
- ↑Biennial Report of the Department of Archives and History of the State of West Virginia, Charleston, 1911, pp. 275–79.
- ↑Steelhammer, Rick (August 22, 2017). "Charleston's Civil War soldier statues erected with private funds". Charleston Gazette-Mail.
- ↑"James Johnston Pettigrew Monument Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org.
- ↑"OPINION: Finally righting a wrong at our historic courthouse". Spirit of Jefferson. December 12, 2018.
- ↑Johnson, Mary (1997). "An "Ever Present Bone of Contention": The Heyward Shepherd Memorial". West Virginia History. 56: 1–26.
- ↑"Hinton Confederate Monument". Clio. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
- ↑Unknown (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Monument"– via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
- ↑Sivers, W.; Sheppard, William Ludwell; Mason, William R.; Strealey, William J. (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Monument"– via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
- ↑"Confederation conversation, monumental questions arise in Lewisburg". September 29, 2017.
- ↑Libraries, WVU. "Confederate Monument, Lewisburg, W. Va. – West Virginia History OnView – WVU Libraries". wvhistoryonview.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ↑Unknown (October 24, 2017). "Confederate Soldier"– via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
- ↑Hermant, Leon; Lang, Fred A.; Berchem, Jules. "Confederate Soldier"– via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
- ↑Unknown; Dixon, Andy. "Monroe County Confederate Soldier"– via siris-artinventories.si.edu Library Catalog.
- 123Kenny, Hamill (1945). West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press.
- ↑"Thurmond: A Town Born from Coal Mines and Railroads | Reading 1". National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 26, 2020.
- ↑Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of West Virginia. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 196. ISBN 978-0403098439.
- ↑"Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot". U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. September 15, 2017.
- ↑"Jefferson Davis". www.wisconsinhistoricalmarkers.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
- ↑"Confederate Spy Buried in Dells Cemetery"(PDF).
- ↑Haines, Aubrey L. Yellowstone Place Names-Mirrors of History. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. pp. 106–107. ISBN 087081382X.
- ↑Herbert, Paul N (December 17, 2009). "Confederados forge new cultural identity". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
- ↑"The Brazilian Confederacy". Sleuthsayers.org.
- ↑Millar, Stephen (August 31, 2017). "Edinburgh's little-known Confederate memorial – and why it must stay". The Scotsman. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Further reading
- Blight, David W. (2002). Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558493612.
- Blight, David W. (2002). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674008199.
- Brown, Thomas J. (2004). The Public Art of Civil War Commemoration: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0312397913.
- Brown, Thomas J. (2015). Civil War Canon: Sites of Confederate Memory in South Carolina. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469620954.
- Cox, Karen L. (2003). Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813028125.
- Gary W. Gallagher; Alan T. Nolan (2000). The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253338228.
- Hagler, Gould B. Jr. (2014). Georgia's Confederate Monuments: In Honor of a Fallen Nation. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0881464665.
- Gelbert, Doug (1997). Civil War sites, memorials, museums, and library collections : a state-by-state guidebook to places open to the public. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0786403195.
- Hardy, Michael C. (2006). Remembering North Carolina's Confederates. Arcadia. ISBN 978-0738542973.
- Hesse, Monica (May 8, 2016). "The South's Confederate-monument problem is not going away". The Washington Post.
- Itzkowitz, Laura (June 24, 2020). "What Should Happen to Confederate Statues in the U.S."Architectural Digest.
- Janney, Caroline E. (2016). Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469629896.
- Johnson, Kristina Dunn (2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. The History Press. ISBN 978-1596293977.
- Klibanoff, Caroline (June 22, 2017). "Public Memory and Street Names in the South: Who Gets Remembered?". Medium.
- Lees, William B.; Gaske, Frederick P. (2014). Recalling Deeds Immortal: Florida Monuments to the Civil War. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813049960.
- Misra, Tanvi (August 25, 2017). "The South's Love for Confederate Street Names, Mapped". CityLab.
- Martin, David G. (1995). Confederate Monuments at Gettysburg. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0938289487.
- Moltke-Hansen, David (2017). "Honoring the Confederate Defeat the Georgia Way". Georgia Historical Quarterly. Vol. 101, no. 1. pp. 1–23.
- Neff, John R. (2005). Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700613663.
- Richardson, William D.; McNinch-Su, Ron (2001). Martinez, J. Michael (ed.). Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813021003.
- Robertson, Campbell; Blinder, Alan; Fausset, Richard (August 18, 2017). "In Monument Debate, Calls for an Overdue Reckoning on Race and Southern Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691009476. OCLC 36470304.
- Williams, Caroline Randall (June 26, 2020). "You Want a Confederate Monument? My Body Is a Confederate Monument". The New York Times.
- Wilson, Charles (2009). Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (2nd ed.). University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820334257.
External links
- Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy (interactive map, 2019)
- Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where. (2020 map from The Washington Post showing additions and removals)
- American Civil War-related lists
- Confederate States of America monuments and memorials
- Lists of American Civil War monuments and memorials
- Lists of monuments and memorials by subject
- Lost Cause of the Confederacy
- Sons of Confederate Veterans
- United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials