Articulo de referencia

Monumentos y memoriales confederados

Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldado...

Los monumentos y memoriales confederados en Estados Unidos incluyen exhibiciones públicas y símbolos de los Estados Confederados de América (CSA), líderes confederados o soldados confederados de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . Muchos monumentos y memoriales han sido o serán retirados en medio de una gran controversia. Como parte de la conmemoración de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense , estos símbolos incluyen monumentos y estatuas, banderas, días festivos y otras celebraciones, así como los nombres de escuelas, carreteras, parques, puentes, edificios, condados, ciudades, lagos, presas, bases militares y otras estructuras públicas. En un informe especial de diciembre de 2018, la revista Smithsonian afirmó: "En los últimos diez años, los contribuyentes han destinado al menos 40 millones de dólares a monumentos confederados (estatuas, casas, parques, museos, bibliotecas y cementerios) y a organizaciones de patrimonio confederado". [ 1 ]

Esta entrada no incluye conmemoraciones de figuras anteriores a la Guerra Civil relacionadas con los orígenes de la Guerra Civil pero no directamente vinculadas a la Confederación, como el juez de la Corte Suprema Roger B. Taney , el congresista Preston Brooks , el presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Carolina del Norte Thomas Ruffin , [ 2 ] o el vicepresidente John C. Calhoun , aunque los monumentos a Calhoun "han sido los objetivos más frecuentes" de los vándalos. [ 3 ]

Los monumentos y memoriales se enumeran alfabéticamente por estado y por ciudad dentro de cada estado. Los estados que no aparecen en la lista no tienen elementos conocidos que cumplan los requisitos. [ 4 ]

Historia

Construcción de monumentos y dedicatorias

Se han erigido monumentos conmemorativos en espacios públicos (incluidos los terrenos de los juzgados), ya sea con fondos públicos o financiados por organizaciones privadas y donantes. También se han erigido numerosos monumentos conmemorativos privados.

Tabla de símbolos públicos de la Confederación y sus líderes según el estudio realizado por el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), por año de establecimiento. La mayoría de estos se colocaron durante la era de Jim Crow o durante el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles . [ a ] ​​Estos dos períodos también coincidieron con los 50.º y 100.º aniversarios de la Guerra Civil. [ b ] [ 6 ]

Según la revista Smithsonian , «los monumentos confederados no son solo reliquias, artefactos de una época pasada. En cambio, los contribuyentes estadounidenses siguen invirtiendo fuertemente en estos homenajes hoy en día». [ 1 ] El informe también concluyó que los monumentos fueron construidos y se mantienen regularmente para promover la Causa Perdida , la mitología supremacista blanca, y que, durante las muchas décadas de su establecimiento, los líderes afroamericanos protestaron regularmente contra estos monumentos y lo que representaban. [ 1 ]

Se realizaron algunas pequeñas conmemoraciones durante la guerra, principalmente como nombres de barcos y lugares. Después de la guerra, Robert E. Lee dijo en varias ocasiones que se oponía a cualquier monumento, ya que, en su opinión, "mantendrían abiertas las heridas de la guerra". [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Sin embargo, se siguieron dedicando monumentos y memoriales poco después de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense. [ 9 ] Antes de 1890, la mayoría se erigieron en cementerios como memoriales a los soldados que murieron en la guerra. [ 10 ] Se dedicaron muchos más monumentos en los años posteriores a 1890, cuando el Congreso estableció el primer Parque Militar Nacional en Chickamauga y Chattanooga , y para el comienzo del siglo XX, se habían preservado cinco campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil: Chickamauga-Chattanooga, Antietam , Gettysburg , Shiloh y Vicksburg . En el Parque Militar Nacional de Vicksburg, más del 95% de los monumentos del parque se erigieron en los primeros dieciocho años después de su establecimiento en 1899. [ 11 ] Pero los monumentos comenzaron a aparecer en lugares públicos con el surgimiento del Sur de Jim Crow , coincidiendo con el punto más bajo de las relaciones raciales en Estados Unidos . [ 10 ]

Jim Crow

La construcción de monumentos confederados ha formado parte a menudo de campañas generalizadas para promover y justificar las leyes de Jim Crow en el Sur. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Según la Asociación Histórica Estadounidense (AHA), la erección de monumentos confederados a principios del siglo XX fue «parte integral del inicio de la segregación legalmente impuesta y la privación generalizada del derecho al voto en todo el Sur». Según la AHA, los monumentos a la Confederación erigidos durante este período «tenían como objetivo, en parte, ocultar el terrorismo necesario para derrocar la Reconstrucción , intimidar políticamente a los afroamericanos y aislarlos de la vida pública». Una ola posterior de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el movimiento por los derechos civiles , y según la AHA, «estos símbolos de la supremacía blanca todavía se invocan con fines similares». [ 14 ] Según la revista Smithsonian , "lejos de ser simplemente marcadores de eventos y personas históricas, como argumentan sus defensores, estos monumentos fueron creados y financiados por los gobiernos de Jim Crow para rendir homenaje a una sociedad esclavista y servir como afirmaciones directas de dominio sobre los afroamericanos". [ 1 ]

Estatua de un soldado confederado, en el condado de Monroe, Virginia Occidental , 2016.

Según la historiadora Jane Dailey de la Universidad de Chicago , en muchos casos, el propósito de los monumentos no era celebrar el pasado sino promover un "futuro supremacista blanco". [ 15 ] Otra historiadora, Karen L. Cox , de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Charlotte , ha escrito que los monumentos son "un legado de la brutalmente racista era de Jim Crow", y que "el objetivo de los monumentos confederados es celebrar la supremacía blanca". [ 13 ] Otro historiador de la UNC, James Leloudis, afirmó que "los financiadores y patrocinadores de estos monumentos son muy explícitos al exigir una educación política y una legitimidad para la era de Jim Crow y el derecho de los hombres blancos a gobernar". [ 16 ] Fueron erigidos sin el consentimiento ni la participación de los afroamericanos del Sur, quienes recordaban la Guerra Civil de manera muy diferente y no tenían ningún interés en honrar a quienes lucharon para mantenerlos esclavizados. [ 17 ] Según la historiadora de la Guerra Civil Judith Giesberg, profesora de historia en la Universidad de Villanova , "la supremacía blanca es realmente lo que representan estas estatuas". [ 18 ] Algunos monumentos también tenían como objetivo embellecer las ciudades como parte del movimiento City Beautiful , aunque esto era secundario. [ 19 ]

En un discurso de junio de 2018, el historiador de la Guerra Civil James I. Robertson Jr., de Virginia Tech, dijo que los monumentos no eran una "señal de desafío de Jim Crow" y se refirió a la tendencia actual de desmantelarlos o destruirlos como una "era de idiotez" motivada por "elementos empeñados en destruir la unidad que generaciones de estadounidenses han construido dolorosamente". [ 20 ] Katrina Dunn Johnson, curadora de la Sala de Reliquias Confederadas y Museo Militar de Carolina del Sur , afirma que "miles de familias en todo el país no pudieron reclamar los restos de sus soldados; muchas nunca supieron el destino exacto de sus seres queridos en el campo de batalla o en los campos de prisioneros. El impacto psicológico de una pérdida tan devastadora no puede subestimarse al intentar comprender las motivaciones principales detrás de la conmemoración sureña". [ 21 ]

Muchos monumentos confederados fueron dedicados en los antiguos estados confederados y estados fronterizos en las décadas posteriores a la Guerra Civil, en muchos casos por Asociaciones de Damas Conmemorativas , Hijas Unidas de la Confederación (UDC), Veteranos Confederados Unidos (UCV), Hijos de Veteranos Confederados (SCV), la Asociación para la Preservación del Patrimonio y otras organizaciones conmemorativas. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Otros monumentos confederados se encuentran en campos de batalla de la Guerra Civil. Muchos monumentos confederados están incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos , ya sea por separado o como elementos que contribuyen dentro de los listados de juzgados o distritos históricos. Las historiadoras de arte Cynthia Mills y Pamela Simpson argumentaron, en Monuments to the Lost Cause , que la mayoría de los monumentos confederados, del tipo que definen, fueron "encargados por mujeres blancas, con la esperanza de preservar una visión positiva de la vida anterior a la guerra". [ 25 ] [ 26 ]

A finales del siglo XIX, las innovaciones tecnológicas en las industrias del granito y el bronce contribuyeron a reducir los costos y a que los monumentos fueran más asequibles para los pueblos pequeños. Las empresas que buscaban aprovechar esta oportunidad a menudo vendían copias casi idénticas de monumentos tanto al Norte como al Sur. [ 27 ]

Otra oleada de construcción de monumentos coincidió con el Movimiento por los Derechos Civiles y el Centenario de la Guerra Civil Estadounidense . Al menos treinta y dos monumentos confederados fueron inaugurados entre 2000 y 2017, incluyendo al menos siete reinauguraciones. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ]

Estudio académico

Los estudios académicos sobre los monumentos comenzaron en la década de 1980. En 1983, John J. Winberry publicó un estudio basado en datos del trabajo de RW Widener. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Estimó que el período principal de construcción de monumentos fue de 1889 a 1929 y que de los monumentos erigidos en las plazas de los juzgados, más de la mitad se construyeron entre 1902 y 1912. Determinó cuatro ubicaciones principales para los monumentos: campos de batalla, cementerios, terrenos de juzgados de condado y terrenos de capitolios estatales. Más de un tercio de los monumentos de juzgados estaban dedicados a los muertos. La mayoría de los monumentos de cementerios en su estudio se construyeron en el período anterior a 1900, mientras que la mayoría de los monumentos de juzgados se erigieron después de 1900. De los 666 monumentos en su estudio, el 55% eran de soldados confederados, mientras que el 28% eran obeliscos. Los soldados dominaban los terrenos del juzgado, mientras que los obeliscos representan casi la mitad de los monumentos del cementerio. Se descubrió que la idea de que las estatuas de soldados siempre miraban al norte era falsa y que, por lo general, los soldados miraban en la misma dirección que el juzgado. Observó que los monumentos eran «notablemente diversos», con «solo unos pocos casos de repetición de inscripciones». [ 33 ]

El Monumento Confederado en Fulton , Kentucky, está incluido en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Él clasificó los monumentos en cuatro tipos. El tipo 1 era un soldado confederado en una columna con su arma en posición de descanso , o desarmado y mirando a la distancia. Estos representaban aproximadamente la mitad de los monumentos estudiados. Sin embargo, son los más populares entre los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 2 era un soldado confederado en una columna con el rifle listo, o portando una bandera o una corneta. El tipo 3 era un obelisco, a menudo cubierto con telas y con balas de cañón o una urna. Este tipo representaba el 28% de los monumentos estudiados, pero el 48% de los monumentos en cementerios y el 18% de los monumentos de los juzgados. El tipo 4 era un grupo misceláneo, que incluía arcos, menhires, placas, fuentes, etc. Estos representan el 17% de los monumentos estudiados. [ 33 ]

Más de un tercio de los monumentos en los juzgados estaban dedicados específicamente a los caídos confederados. El primer monumento en un juzgado se erigió en Bolivar, Tennessee , en 1867. Para 1880, se habían erigido nueve monumentos en juzgados. Winberry señaló dos centros de monumentos en juzgados: los condados del Potomac en Virginia, desde donde la tradición se extendió a Carolina del Norte, y un área más extensa que abarcaba Georgia, Carolina del Sur y el norte de Florida. La difusión de los monumentos en los juzgados se vio favorecida por organizaciones como los Veteranos Confederados Unidos y sus publicaciones, aunque otros factores también pudieron haber influido. [ 33 ]

Winberry enumeró cuatro razones para el cambio de cementerios a juzgados. La primera fue la necesidad de preservar la memoria de los caídos confederados y también reconocer a los veteranos que regresaron. La segunda fue celebrar la reconstrucción del Sur después de la guerra. La tercera fue la idealización de la Causa Perdida , y la cuarta fue unificar a la población blanca en una herencia común contra los intereses de los afroamericanos sureños. Concluyó: «Ninguna de estas cuatro posibles explicaciones para el monumento confederado es adecuada o completa por sí sola. El monumento es un símbolo, pero si fue un recuerdo del pasado, una celebración del presente o un presagio del futuro sigue siendo una pregunta difícil de responder; los monumentos y los símbolos pueden ser complejos y a veces indescifrables». [ 33 ]

El movimiento de los monumentos

El Movimiento de los Monumentos fue un movimiento nacional de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación se erigieron como memoriales comunitarios. En el Norte y el Sur, las comunidades se unieron en tiempos de guerra, aportando a sus hombres y jóvenes (y algunas mujeres documentadas), y luego volvieron a unirse para honrar la memoria de estos soldados y sus contribuciones a la causa, según su perspectiva. Los ciudadanos pagaban suscripciones para los monumentos, se recaudaban impuestos para las asociaciones de monumentos, y la GAR, las Órdenes Aliadas, las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación y los Veteranos Confederados Unidos lideraron las campañas de recaudación de fondos. [ 34 ]

El monumento al coronel confederado Francis S. Bartow se erigió después de la Primera Batalla de Manassas, pero fue destruido antes o durante la Segunda Batalla de Manassas. Otros monumentos tempranos fueron los monumentos de la Unión en la Batalla de Rowlett's Station en Munfordville, Kentucky, en enero de 1862, en honor a los hombres del 32.º Regimiento de Indiana caídos. Fue retirado para su propia protección contra la intemperie en 2008. [ 35 ] Otros monumentos tempranos de la Unión antes del fin de la guerra fueron el Monumento a la Brigada Hazen en Murfreesboro y el Monumento a Ladd y Whitney de 1865 en Lowell, Massachusetts. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ]

Los monumentos del norte registrados en el trabajo de investigación hasta la fecha enumeran 11 monumentos erigidos antes de 1866, incluidos los ya mencionados. Otros diez monumentos fueron documentados en 1866, y 11 más en 1867 para cuando se erigieron los primeros monumentos confederados de posguerra en Romney, condado de Hampshire, Virginia Occidental y Chester, condado de Chester, Carolina del Sur en 1867. [ 34 ]

El gráfico de Blevins titulado "Siempre de luto" sobre los monumentos de la Unión y la Confederación, 1860-1920.

Además de los monumentos a los homenajeados de la Unión y la Confederación, el Movimiento de Monumentos propició la colocación de monumentos a la Guerra de Independencia para conmemorar el centenario de la Revolución Americana entre 1876 y 1883. En el catálogo de la compañía WH Mullins, The Blue and the Gray, se mencionan, junto con los monumentos a la Unión y la Confederación, las recientes instalaciones de monumentos a la Guerra de Independencia realizadas por la compañía en Guilford Courthouse, Carolina del Norte. [ 39 ]

Vandalismo

Hasta el 19 de junio de 2019, más de 12 monumentos confederados habían sido vandalizados en 2019, generalmente con pintura. [ 40 ] [ 41 ]

Eliminación

El monumento confederado a Robert E. Lee fue retirado de su pedestal en Lee Circle en Nueva Orleans el 17 de mayo de 2017.

A partir de abril de 2017 Según el Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) , al menos 60 símbolos de la Confederación habían sido retirados o renombrados desde 2015. [ 42 ] Al mismo tiempo, las leyes en varios estados del Sur imponen restricciones o prohíben por completo la remoción de estatuas y monumentos, así como el cambio de nombre de parques, carreteras y escuelas. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ]

Una encuesta de Reuters de 2017 reveló que el 54% de los adultos afirmó que los monumentos deberían permanecer en todos los espacios públicos, el 27% opinó que deberían ser retirados y el 19% se mostró indeciso. Los resultados se dividieron según líneas raciales y políticas: los blancos y los republicanos preferían mantener los monumentos en su lugar, mientras que los afroamericanos y los demócratas eran más propensos a apoyar su retirada. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Una encuesta similar de 2017 realizada por HuffPost/YouGov halló que un tercio de los encuestados estaba a favor de la retirada, mientras que el 49% se oponía. [ 50 ] [ 51 ]

El apoyo a la remoción aumentó durante las protestas de George Floyd , con un 52% a favor de la remoción y un 44% en contra. [ 52 ] [ 53 ]

Distribución geográfica

Los monumentos confederados están ampliamente distribuidos por el sur de los Estados Unidos, con algunas docenas dispersas en los estados fronterizos y varios cientos en Gettysburg, Pensilvania. [ 33 ] El patrón de distribución sigue los límites políticos generales de la Confederación. [ 33 ] De los más de 1503 monumentos y memoriales públicos a la Confederación, más de 718 son monumentos y estatuas. Casi 300 monumentos y estatuas se encuentran en Georgia, Virginia o Carolina del Norte. Los estados occidentales que se colonizaron en gran medida después de la Guerra Civil tienen pocos o ningún monumento a la Confederación.

Nacional

Capitolio de los Estados Unidos

En la colección del Salón Nacional de las Estatuas , en el Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , hay seis figuras confederadas .

En la Colección Nacional de Estatuas , ubicada dentro del Capitolio de los Estados Unidos , cada estado ha aportado estatuas de dos ciudadanos a quienes desea honrar. Seis figuras confederadas se encuentran entre ellas. Las fechas que se indican a continuación reflejan cuándo se donó cada estatua a la colección: [ 56 ] [ 57 ]

Además de estas piezas, desde principios del siglo XXI se han retirado otras cuatro esculturas de figuras confederadas.

Cementerio Nacional de Arlington

Monumento conmemorativo confederado, Cementerio Nacional de Arlington
El Servicio de Parques Nacionales (NPS) describe la propiedad como "el monumento nacional a Robert E. Lee . Lo honra por razones específicas, incluyendo su papel en la promoción de la paz y la reunificación después de la Guerra Civil. En un sentido más amplio, existe como un lugar de estudio y contemplación del significado de algunos de los aspectos más difíciles de la historia estadounidense: el servicio militar, el sacrificio, la ciudadanía, el deber, la lealtad, la esclavitud y la libertad". [ 73 ]

Monedas y sellos

  • Robert E. Lee y Stonewall Jackson fueron representados por la Casa de la Moneda de los Estados Unidos en el medio dólar conmemorativo de plata de 1925 , junto con las palabras "Stone Mountain". La moneda fue una recaudación de fondos para el monumento de Stone Mountain , que honra a los generales confederados. La emisión autorizada fue de 5 millones de monedas, que se venderían a 1 dólar cada una, pero resultó ser demasiado optimista y solo se emitieron 1,3 millones de monedas, muchas de las cuales terminaron en circulación después de ser gastadas por su valor nominal. [ 76 ] La leyenda en el reverso dice "Monumento al valor del soldado del Sur".
  • Robert E. Lee ha sido conmemorado en al menos cinco sellos postales estadounidenses. Un sello de 1936-37 mostraba a los generales Lee y Stonewall Jackson junto con la casa de Lee, Stratford Hall . [ 77 ]

ejército estadounidense

Bases

Antes de 2023, había nueve bases militares importantes de EE. UU. nombradas en honor a líderes militares confederados, todas en antiguos estados confederados. Tras las protestas a nivel nacional por el asesinato de George Floyd a manos de un policía, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos creó en 2021 la Comisión de Nomenclatura con el fin de cambiar el nombre de los activos militares con nombres asociados a la Confederación. [ 78 ] El Secretario de Defensa de los Estados Unidos debía implementar un plan desarrollado por la comisión y "eliminar todos los nombres, símbolos, exhibiciones, monumentos y parafernalia que honraran o conmemoraran a los Estados Confederados de América o a cualquier persona que sirviera voluntariamente en los Estados Confederados de América de todos los activos del Departamento de Defensa " dentro de los tres años posteriores a la creación de la comisión. [ 79 ] [ 80 ]

Para octubre de 2023, las nueve bases habían sido oficialmente redesignadas con los nuevos nombres propuestos por la comisión.

Instalaciones

Barcos actuales

Antiguos barcos

y Lista de buques de la Armada de los Estados Unidos que conmemoran a los Estados Confederados de América.

Varios barcos que llevaban nombres de líderes confederados cayeron en manos de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil. La Armada de la Unión conservó los nombres de estos barcos mientras dirigía sus cañones contra la Confederación.

  • El Beauregard, un corsario con patente de corso emitida por la Confederación, fue nombrado en honor al general PGT Beauregard . Fue capturado como botín de guerra y comprado el 24 de febrero de 1862 por la Armada de la Unión, que lo operó como el USS Beauregard .
  • El USS General Price (1862), un barco confederado hundido en batalla, fue reflotado y utilizado por la Unión hasta que fue vendido en 1865.

Autopistas interestatales

El 16 de octubre de 2018, la Junta de Comisionados del Condado de Orange, Carolina del Norte (donde se encuentra la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill , véase Silent Sam ), votó por unanimidad para derogar la resolución del condado de 1959 que nombraba en honor a Davis el tramo de la US 15 que atraviesa el condado. [ 97 ]

Alabama

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Alabama existen al menos 122 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Alaska

  • Área censal de Yukon-Koyukuk : "Confederate Gulch" [ 98 ] y "Union Gulch" drenan la ladera de una masa montañosa mineralizada al noreste de Wiseman . Se descubrió oro en ambos barrancos a principios del siglo XX, aunque solo se explotó Union Gulch. [ 99 ]

Arizona

A fecha de 20 de agosto de 2020  En Phoenix y Sierra Vista, Arizona , solo quedan dos placas relacionadas con la Confederación en propiedades públicas.

Arkansas

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Arkansas existen al menos 65 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Capitolio estatal

monumentos

Monumento confederado de Van Buren en el juzgado del condado de Crawford en Van Buren, Arkansas.

monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento confederado de Bentonville
Estatua confederada, cementerio confederado de Fayetteville
Monumento a los Soldados Confederados, Cementerio Nacional de Little Rock
Monumento Confederado de Little Rock , Cementerio Nacional de Little Rock
Monumento a Robert E. Lee en Marianna
Monumento confederado de Star City

lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Escuelas

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Arkansas desde 1913
  • Bandera de Arkansas La estrella azul sobre "ARKANSAS" representa a los Estados Confederados de América y está situada sobre las otras tres estrellas que representan a los países (España, Francia y EE. UU.) a los que perteneció el estado antes de su incorporación. El rombo representa la única mina de diamantes del país, con un borde de 25 estrellas que simbolizan el 25.º estado de EE. UU. [ 129 ] El diseño del borde alrededor del rombo blanco evoca la cruz de San Andrés que se encuentra en la bandera de batalla confederada. [ 130 ]

California

A fecha de 23 de julio de 2020  En California existían al menos cuatro espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

lugares habitados

Carreteras

Escuelas

  • Anaheim : La mascota de la escuela secundaria Savanna (1961) siempre ha sido Johnny Rebel , y una estatua de fibra de vidrio de un soldado confederado estuvo en el patio desde 1964 hasta 2009 [ 133 ] , cuando fue retirada debido a su deterioro. Los colores de la escuela son rojo y gris, y la escuela cuenta con la banda de música y la guardia de color Savanna Mighty Marching Rebel.

Montañas y recreación

Mío

Mina Stonewall Jackson, condado de San Diego, alrededor de 1872.

Colorado

Mina Robert E. Lee en Leadville. Fotografía de William Henry Jackson .

Lugares habitados

Escuelas

  • Keenesburg : La escuela secundaria Weld Central y la escuela intermedia Weld Central comparten el Weld Central Rebel, un soldado de la época de la Guerra Civil que solía aparecer con representaciones de banderas confederadas. Los equipos escolares se llaman Rebels. [ 140 ]

Monumento

Mío

Delaware

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Delaware existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados .

Distrito de Columbia

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Washington, D.C. , existen al menos nueve monumentos públicos confederados , la mayoría pertenecientes a la Colección del Salón Nacional de las Estatuas. ( Véase más arriba ).

  • Monumento a Albert Pike (1901): [ 146 ] Una estatua al aire libre que es propiedad del Servicio de Parques Nacionales en 3rd y D Streets NW en el barrio Judiciary Square de Washington, DC Pike fue un general confederado y un masón destacado y está vestido como un masón en la escultura. [ 57 ] La estatua es un "retrato de Albert Pike como un líder masónico y no como un general en el ejército". [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] "Ocho funcionarios electos de DC han pedido al Servicio de Parques Nacionales que retire" la estatua. [ 150 ] El 19 de junio de 2020, manifestantes derribaron la estatua y le prendieron fuego como parte de las protestas de George Floyd debido a la asociación de Pike con la Confederación.

Florida

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Florida existen al menos 63 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Una reunión de agosto de 2017 de la Liga de Alcaldes de Florida se dedicó al tema de qué hacer con los monumentos de la Guerra Civil. [ 151 ]

Capitolio estatal

Símbolo estatal

Bandera de Florida desde 1900
  • La bandera actual de Florida , adoptada por referéndum popular en 1900, con cambios menores en 1985, contiene la Cruz de San Andrés. Se cree que la Cruz se agregó en memoria de la Confederación y como muestra de apoyo a ella. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Otros, en cambio, dicen que no hay ningún vínculo con la Confederación, sino que la cruz de San Andrés recuerda la Cruz de Borgoña , el emblema de Nueva España . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Sin embargo, la adición de la Cruz fue propuesta por el gobernador Francis P. Fleming , un exsoldado confederado, quien estaba firmemente comprometido con la segregación racial .

Día festivo estatal

  • En Florida, el cumpleaños de Robert E. Lee (19 de enero), el Día Conmemorativo de la Confederación (26 de abril) y el cumpleaños de Jefferson Davis (3 de junio) son días festivos legales. [ 160 ]

monumentos

monumentos del juzgado

Inauguración del monumento confederado, Ocala, 1908

Otros monumentos públicos

Monumento en Crawfordville, Florida
  • Crawfordville, Florida, Condado de Wakulla :
    • Monumento Confederado (1987): Este obelisco blanco se encuentra en Hudson Park. En uno de sus lados lleva grabada la imagen de una bandera confederada y la siguiente inscripción: «1861-1865. En memoria de aquellos del condado de Wakulla que sirvieron a la Confederación durante la guerra de secesión. Erigido por el Capítulo 2469 de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación R. Don McLeod el 17 de mayo de 1987».
  • Daytona Beach :
    • Monumento al Reloj de Sol Confederado (1961) [ 32 ] Originalmente una base y columna de mármol coronada con un reloj de sol (a principios de la década de 1980 solo quedaban la base y la placa de bronce). Dedicado a los caídos confederados. Erigido por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 1961. La placa fue retirada por la ciudad de Daytona Beach en 2017 tras violentos enfrentamientos en Charlottesville, Virginia, por su monumento a Robert E. Lee. Iba a ser donado al Museo Histórico de Halifax. [ 167 ]
    • En 1979 y 1985, los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados erigieron otras dos placas de bronce en Riverfront Park, que incluían los nombres de los veteranos confederados enterrados en el este del condado de Volusia. Estas placas estaban colocadas sobre un largo muro de granito junto con otras placas que conmemoraban diversas guerras de Estados Unidos. En 2017, la ciudad las retiró para donarlas al Museo Histórico de Halifax. [ 167 ]
    • Monumento confederado de Boulder (1979) [ 32 ] : 33
Monumento conmemorativo en Darsey, Florida
Monumento al Fuerte Yellow Bluff
Miembros de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación sentadas alrededor de un monumento confederado en Lakeland, 1915.
  • Madison : Monumento confederado, Parque de las Cuatro Libertades (1909). Enumera los nombres de los hombres del condado que murieron. Cerca se encuentra un monumento a los antiguos esclavos del condado. [ 163 ] [ 32 ] : 35
  • Miami : Monumento confederado, Círculo Confederado en el cementerio de la ciudad (1914 en el Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Dade, fue trasladado al cementerio en 1927) [ 181 ] [ 32 ] : 36
Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Olustee
  • Olustee :
    • Monumento del campo de batalla, Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Olustee (1912). Inscripción: Aquí se libró, el 20 de febrero de 1864, la Batalla de Ocean Pond bajo el mando directo del general Alfred Holt Colquitt, "Héroe de Olustee". Este enfrentamiento decisivo impidió una invasión de Georgia desde el sur similar a la de Sherman. Erigido el 20 de abril de 1936 por el Capítulo Alfred Holt Colquitt de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación, División de Georgia.
    • Monumento al general de brigada Joseph Finnegan de los Estados Confederados de América , Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Olustee (1912). "Colocado por la División de Florida de las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en memoria del general de brigada Joseph Finnegan, comandante del Distrito del Centro y Este de Florida. Su labor fue tan eficaz que se logró una victoria decisiva sobre las fuerzas federales en la Batalla de Olustee, el 20 de febrero de 1864".
  • Pensacola :
    • Florida Square pasó a llamarse Lee Square en 1889. [ 182 ]
    • En Lee Square se encuentra un monumento de 15 metros de altura dedicado a los caídos confederados, erigido en 1891. [ 183 ] Conmemora a Jefferson Davis, a los veteranos confederados de Pensacola Stephen R. Mallory (Secretario de la Marina Confederada) y Edward Aylesworth Perry (General Confederado y Gobernador de Florida entre 1885 y 1889), y a «los héroes anónimos de la Confederación del Sur». El alcalde de Pensacola ha solicitado su retirada. [ 182 ]
  • Perry : Monumento confederado, Complejo deportivo del condado de Taylor (2007) [ 184 ] [ 185 ]
  • Quincy : Monumento confederado, Cementerio de Soldados dentro del Cementerio Oriental, parte del Distrito Histórico Nacional de la ciudad (2010). El monumento también destaca la restauración de la cerca histórica. [ 186 ] [ 187 ]
  • San Agustín :
    • Monumento confederado, en la Plaza de la Constitución (1879). [ 188 ] "El Comité Asesor para la Contextualización del Monumento Confederado, un grupo de trabajo de siete miembros compuesto principalmente por historiadores", recomendó en 2018 a la Comisión de la Ciudad que se conservara el monumento, con la adición de "cierto contexto necesario". [ 189 ]
  • St. Cloud : Monumento confederado, Parque de los Veteranos (2006) [ 190 ]
  • San Petersburgo : Monumento confederado, cementerio Greenwood (1900) [ 191 ]
  • Tampa : En la iglesia católica del Sagrado Corazón hay una vidriera donada por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 1906 en honor al padre Abram Ryan , llamado "Poeta de la Confederación" .
  • Trenton : Monumento confederado, frente al Palacio de Justicia del Condado de Gilchrist en Veterans' Park (2010) [ 192 ]
  • Woodville : Monumento en memoria de los caídos, Parque Estatal Histórico del Campo de Batalla de Natural Bridge (1922) [ 32 ] : 37 Una placa colocada en la base del monumento en 2000 enumera los nombres de quienes murieron como resultado de la batalla. [ 193 ]

monumentos privados

  • Alachua : Monumento confederado, cementerio de Newnansville (2002) por el Club de Leones de Alachua [ 194 ]
  • Bradfordville , comunidad no incorporada en el condado de Leon : Monumento a Robert E. Lee , dedicado a lo largo de la carretera 319 en 1927 por la UDC. Trasladado en las décadas de 1960 y 1990, ahora se encuentra aproximadamente a una milla al sur de la frontera con Georgia. [ 195 ] [ 196 ]
  • Dade City : Monumento confederado, cementerio Townsend House (2010) [ 197 ]
  • Deland : Monumento a los veteranos confederados, cementerio de Oakdale (1958) [ 198 ]
  • Kissimmee : Obelisco de granito en el cementerio Rose Hill, dedicado a los veteranos confederados enterrados en el condado de Osceola, cuyos nombres figuran en el monumento. Erigido en 2002 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados. [ 167 ]
  • Ciudad del Lago :
  • Leesburg : Fuente conmemorativa de piedra caliza rústica, en el cementerio Lone Oak. Erigida en 1935 por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación, pero dedicada a los soldados de todas las guerras. Un mástil adyacente de 6 metros y un bloque de granito con una inscripción, dedicados a los veteranos de la Guerra Civil allí enterrados, fueron erigidos por las Hijas Unidas de la Confederación en 2005. [ 167 ]
  • Ormond Beach : 2011; Cementerio Pilgrim's Rest. El monumento consta de un mástil y una base de hormigón con una Cruz del Sur de bronce y una losa de granito con los nombres de los veteranos confederados allí enterrados. Erigido por la Asociación de Hijos Confederados de Florida. [ 167 ]
  • Oxford : Monumento vertical de losa de granito en el cementerio Pine Level, que enumera los nombres de los veteranos confederados enterrados allí. Erigido en 2007 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados. [ 167 ]
  • White Springs : Monumento confederado y gran bandera, a lo largo de la Interestatal 75 (2002) [ 203 ]

lugares habitados

condados

  • El condado de Baker (1861) recibió su nombre en honor a James McNair Baker , abogado y juez que fue senador de los Estados Confederados de América por Florida. [ 204 ]
  • El condado de Bradford (1861), nombrado en honor al capitán Richard Bradford, quien murió en la batalla de la isla de Santa Rosa , convirtiéndose en el primer oficial confederado de Florida en morir durante la Guerra Civil. [ 204 ]
  • Condado de Hendry (1923), nombrado en honor a Francis Asbury Hendry , capitán confederado y uno de los primeros colonos de la zona. [ 204 ]
  • Condado de Lee (1887), nombrado en honor a Robert E. Lee. [ 205 ]
  • El condado de Levy (1845) recibió su nombre en honor a David Levy Yulee , un empresario y senador de Florida, firme defensor de la esclavitud, que se retiró del Senado de los Estados Unidos en 1861 y cumplió nueve meses de prisión después de la Guerra Civil por apoyar a la Confederación.
  • El condado de Pasco (1887) recibió su nombre en honor a Samuel Pasco , quien luchó para los Estados Confederados de América (CSA) pero pasó gran parte de la guerra como prisionero de guerra. Posteriormente, Pasco se convirtió en representante estatal y senador de los Estados Unidos por Florida.

Municipios

Parques

  • Ellenton : Monumento conmemorativo de Judah P. Benjamin en el Parque Estatal Histórico de Gamble Plantation (1925) [ 209 ]
  • Fort Walton Beach : Heritage Park conserva el Campamento Confederado Walton, que lleva el nombre del condado en el que estaba ubicado. [ 210 ]
  • Jacksonville :
    • Confederate Park , inaugurado en 1907. Originalmente llamado Dignan Park, el parque fue renombrado cuando la UCV eligió el lugar como sede de sus reuniones anuales en 1914. [ 211 ] -ahora Springfield Park.
    • El Parque Hemming /Plaza Hemming (1899) fue renombrado en honor al veterano de la Guerra Civil Charles C. Hemming, después de que instalara un monumento confederado de 19 m (62 pies) de altura en el parque en 1898. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] -ahora Parque James Weldon Johnson.
    • La estación de Hemming Park era una estación de tren elevada que tomaba su nombre del parque. Ahora se llama estación James Weldon Johnson Park.
  • Miami : Parque Robert E. Lee, el campo deportivo de la escuela secundaria Jose de Diego que reemplazó a la escuela secundaria Robert E. Lee (1924–1989) en el barrio de Wynwood en 1999. [ 214 ] Un portavoz del distrito escolar ha dicho que el nombre no es oficial y solicitó a las agencias con listados incorrectos que los actualicen. [ 215 ] A partir de 2024, Google Maps cambió el nombre del parque a Parque Jose de Diego.
  • Pensacola : Lee Square (1889) -ahora Florida Square.
  • Tampa : Parque Conmemorativo Confederado , inaugurado en 2008 por los Hijos de los Veteranos Confederados.

Carreteras

  • Carretera conmemorativa de Stonewall Jackson, designada por la UDC. Las secciones locales colocaron los siguientes marcadores en el estado:
  • Hilliard : Carretera General Lee
  • Jacksonville
    • Camino de Confederate Point
    • Calle Confederada
    • Carretera del General Lee
  • Nápoles : Confederate Drive
  • Orlando
    • Carretera Kirby Smith
    • Stonewall Jackson Road cambia de nombre
  • Pensacola : Confederate Drive
  • Perry : Avenida Jeff Davis Norte
  • St. Cloud : Robert Lee Road
  • Stuart : Terraza General Lee, sureste
  • Tampa : Robert E. Lee Road
  • Zephyrhills :
    • Jeff Davis Drive
    • Carretera temprana de Jubal

Escuelas y bibliotecas

  • Gainesville :
    • Escuela Primaria JJ Finley (1939), nombrada en honor al general de brigada de los Estados Confederados de América, Jesse J. Finley . [ 219 ] -ahora Escuela Primaria Carolyn Beatrice Parker.
    • Centro Kirby-Smith (1939), oficinas administrativas de las Escuelas Públicas del Condado de Alachua . Construido en 1900, el edificio fue inicialmente la Escuela Primaria y Secundaria Gainesville, exclusivamente para blancos. [ 220 ] En agosto de 2017, la junta escolar anunció planes para cambiar el nombre del centro. [ 221 ]
    • Escuela Sidney Lanier . Lanier fue un soldado y poeta confederado.
  • Condado de Hillsborough : La escuela primaria Robert E. Lee, también conocida como Lee Elementary Magnet School of World Studies and Technology, fue construida en 1906 y nombrada en honor a Lee en 1943. Un miembro de la junta escolar que impulsó un cambio de nombre en 2017 señaló que si el ejército de Lee hubiera ganado la guerra, "la mayoría de nuestros estudiantes serían esclavos". [ 222 ] -ahora Tampa Heights Elementary Magnet School.
  • Jacksonville [ 223 ]
    • Escuela Secundaria JEB Stuart (1966), nombrada en honor al general de la CSA JEB Stuart . -Ahora es la Escuela Secundaria Westside.
    • Escuela Secundaria Jefferson Davis (1961) - ahora Academia Charger.
    • La escuela secundaria Kirby-Smith (1924), nombrada en honor al general de la CSA Edmund Kirby Smith , ahora es la escuela secundaria Springfield.
    • Escuela Secundaria Robert E. Lee (1928) - ahora Escuela Secundaria Riverside.
    • Escuela Primaria Stonewall Jackson, ahora Escuela Primaria Hidden Oaks.
  • Orlando :
    • La escuela secundaria Robert E. Lee pasó a llamarse escuela secundaria College Park en 2017. [ 224 ]
    • La escuela secundaria Stonewall Jackson pasó a llamarse escuela secundaria Roberto Clemente en 2020, al igual que la calle que se encuentra frente a la escuela.
  • Pensacola : Disturbios por la mascota "Rebel" de la escuela secundaria Escambia , 1972-1977. Antes de que se eligiera un nombre que no generara controversia, se produjeron protestas y actos de violencia en la escuela y en la comunidad, se quemaron cruces en los jardines de los miembros del distrito escolar, se presentaron demandas y el Ku Klux Klan organizó una manifestación y presentó una petición a la junta escolar.
  • Tampa : Escuela Primaria Lee de Tecnología / Estudios Mundiales (1906). La mascota de la escuela es Traveller, el caballo de Robert E. Lee. En julio de 2015, los estudiantes pidieron a la junta escolar que cambiara el nombre de la escuela. [ 225 ] En junio de 2017, un miembro de la junta solicitó que se considerara el cambio de nombre. [ 226 ] -ahora Escuela Primaria Tampa Heights

Símbolos de la ciudad

  • Condado de Hillsborough : hasta 1997, el sello del condado de Hillsborough incluía la bandera de batalla confederada. [ 227 ]
  • Ciudad de Panamá : la bandera de la ciudad es bastante similar a la bandera del estado de Florida, con un fondo blanco y la cruz de San Andrés que recuerda a la bandera de batalla confederada, pero con el escudo de la ciudad en lugar del escudo estatal.

Vacaciones en la ciudad

  • El 2 de abril de 2019, el alcalde de Ocala, Kent Guinn, firmó una declaración en la que designaba el 26 de abril de 2019 como el Día Conmemorativo de la Confederación. Afirmó haberlo hecho en años anteriores. [ 228 ]

Día festivo del condado

  • En 2016, la Comisión del Condado de Marion (con sede en Ocala) declaró abril como el Mes de la Historia Confederada. [ 166 ]

Georgia

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Georgia existen al menos 201 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Monumento confederado en Macon, Georgia, en la calle Mulberry, alrededor de 1877.

Hawai

Idaho

La colonización de Idaho coincidió con la Guerra Civil y los colonos de los estados del Sur conmemoraron a la Confederación con los nombres de varias ciudades y accidentes geográficos. [ 229 ] [ 230 ] [ 231 ]

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 En Idaho existen al menos tres espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

lugares habitados

  • Atlanta : zona no incorporada, y su aeropuerto . La zona recibió su nombre de los sureños tras los informes de una victoria confederada sobre el general Sherman en la batalla de Atlanta , que resultaron ser totalmente falsos, pero el nombre se mantuvo.
  • Confederate Gulch: antigua comunidad minera no incorporada. [ 232 ] [ 231 ]
  • Grayback Gulch: antigua comunidad minera no incorporada, fundada por soldados confederados y nombrada por el color de sus uniformes. Actualmente es un campamento del Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos. [ 233 ]
  • Leesburg : un antiguo pueblo minero de oro no incorporado, fundado por sureños y nombrado en honor a Robert E. Lee. [ 234 ]

Características naturales y recreación

Illinois

Monumento confederado en el cementerio Oak Woods de Chicago.

Los cuatro monumentos conmemorativos de Illinois se encuentran en cementerios del gobierno federal y están relacionados con prisioneros de guerra.

cementerios federales

Parcela federal dentro de un cementerio privado.

Indiana

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 Existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Indiana .

Monumento confederado, Cementerio Nacional Crown Hill , Indianápolis.

Iowa

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020 Existe al menos un espacio público con monumentos confederados en Iowa .

Kansas

El Parque Conmemorativo de los Veteranos en Wichita, Kansas, alberga un monumento confederado y otro de la Unión, un Monumento a la Reconciliación. "La intención de este monumento es unir a las personas y reconciliar sus diferencias". A medida que se retiran los monumentos confederados en todo Estados Unidos, el monumento de Wichita genera controversia . El monumento es un pequeño obelisco con un texto que honra a los combatientes del Norte y del Sur. Consulte la sección "Remoción de monumentos y memoriales confederados#Kansas" para ver los monumentos que han sido retirados.

Kentucky

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Kentucky existen al menos 37 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

monumentos

Monumento Confederado, Georgetown
Monumento Confederado, Cementerio Spring Hill, Harrodsburg
Monumento a John B. Castleman, Louisville
Estatua de Lloyd Tilghman, Paducah

Puente

lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

Autopistas

Escuelas

Luisiana

A fecha de 24 de junio de 2020  En Luisiana existen al menos 83 espacios públicos con monumentos confederados .

Capitolio estatal

  • Estatua del gobernador Francis T. Nicholls (1934). Nicholls fue general de brigada en el Ejército Confederado.
  • Estatua del gobernador Henry Watkins Allen (1934). Allen fue general de brigada en el Ejército Confederado. Está enterrado en los terrenos del antiguo Capitolio del Estado de Luisiana .
  • Monumento "Centinela Silencioso", oficialmente Monumento a los Soldados Confederados de las Parroquias de East y West Baton Rouge. Pedestal erigido en 1886 y estatua en 1890. Inaugurado por el gobernador John McEnery . El pedestal original de granito y mármol se agrietó; fue reemplazado en la década de 1960 por un pequeño pedestal de ladrillo que resultaba poco atractivo estéticamente. Anteriormente se encontraba en North Boulevard y 3rd Street, cerca del Ayuntamiento. En 2012, para dar paso a la construcción de Town Square, fue trasladado al cercano Old Louisiana State Capitol , ahora un museo. [ 285 ] La placa dice: "Erigido por los hombres y mujeres de East y West Baton Rouge para perpetuar el heroísmo y la devoción patriótica de los nobles soldados de las dos parroquias que vistieron el uniforme gris y cruzaron el río con sus líderes inmortales para descansar bajo la sombra de los árboles. Monumento original erigido en 1886 d. C."

Edificios

Salón Conmemorativo Confederado en Nueva Orleans

monumentos

monumentos del juzgado

Otros monumentos públicos

Cementerio Greenwood, Nueva Orleans
Tumba del Ejército de Tennessee, Cementerio de Metairie , Nueva Orleans
Monumento en Camp Moore , parroquia de Tangipahoa
Estatua de Charles Didier Dreux en Nueva Orleans

lugares habitados

Parques

Carreteras

  • Baton Rouge :
    • Avenida Confederada
    • Calle Jeff Davis
    • Lee Drive
  • Bell City : Calle Jeff Davis
  • Bogalusa : Jefferson Davis Drive
  • Ciudad de Bossier :
    • General Bragg Drive
    • General Ewell Drive
    • General Polk Drive
    • General Sterling Price Drive
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Kirby Smith Drive
    • Longstreet Place
    • Bulevar Robert E. Lee
    • Calle Robert E. Lee
  • Chalmette : Calle Beauregard
  • Gretna : Beauregard Drive
  • Houma : Calle Jefferson Davis
  • Lafayette : Jeff Davis Drive
  • Lago Charles :
    • Beauregard Drive
    • Avenida Beauregard
    • Calle Beauregard
  • Merryville : Carretera Robert E. Lee
  • Monroe : Jefferson Davis Drive
  • Nueva Orleans :
    • Beauregard Drive
    • Avenida Dreux, llamada así por el general confederado Charles Didier Dreux
    • Gayarre Place, nombrada en honor a Charles Gayarré , quien financió a la Confederación. Clío , musa o diosa de la historia, figura en un monumento. (Gayarré era historiador). El monumento fue financiado por George Hacker Dunbar, artillero durante la Guerra Civil, casado con una sobrina del general Beauregard. La estatua original fue reemplazada en 1938, tras ser dañada por vándalos. [ 301 ]
    • Calle del Gobernador Nicholls
    • Avenida Jefferson Davis. Originalmente llamada Avenida Hagan; el nombre se cambió en 1911 para coincidir con la inauguración del Monumento a Jefferson Davis . [ 299 ] -ahora Avenida Norman C. Francis.
    • Círculo Lee
    • Calle Polk
    • Bulevar Robert E. Lee
    • Calle Slidell
  • Pineville :
    • Avenida Jefferson Davis
    • Longstreet Drive
  • Rayne : Avenida Jeff Davis

Escuelas

Exhibición de la bandera confederada

Maryland

El soldado confederado , Cementerio Nacional de Loudon Park , Baltimore

Existen al menos siete monumentos confederados en terrenos públicos. Generalmente se encuentran dentro o cerca de cementerios.

Al 27 de diciembre de 2022, en el campo de batalla de Antietam, se encuentra una estatua del general Robert E. Lee sobre una gran piedra, visible desde la carretera. Estaba ubicada en un terreno privado adyacente al parque y fue donada junto con el terreno.

La estatua de los "Talbot Boys" en Easton, Maryland, fue el último monumento confederado retirado de la propiedad pública el 14 de marzo de 2022.

Símbolos estatales

Bandera de Maryland desde 1904
  • Bandera de Maryland (1904). La bandera estatal de Maryland presenta la Bandera Cruzada roja y blanca, la bandera estatal no oficial de Maryland utilizada por los secesionistas y los confederados durante la Guerra Civil estadounidense. [ 306 ] [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] La bandera estatal actual comenzó a aparecer después de la Guerra Civil como una forma de reconciliación. La bandera se oficializó en 1904.
  • El antiguo himno estatal " Maryland, My Maryland " instaba al estado a unirse a la Confederación . [ 310 ] Antes de 2021, la Asamblea General de Maryland votó nueve veces para derogar, reemplazar o modificar el himno estatal, sin éxito alguno. En 2017, la Mighty Sound of Maryland , la banda de música de la Universidad de Maryland en College Park , dejó de tocar el himno. [ 311 ] En marzo de 2021, ambas cámaras de la Asamblea General de Maryland votaron por amplios márgenes para abandonar "Maryland, My Maryland" como himno estatal. El 18 de mayo de 2021, el gobernador Larry Hogan firmó el proyecto de ley que derogaba oficialmente el himno estatal. [ 312 ] Desde entonces, Maryland no ha tenido un himno estatal oficial.

monumentos

monumentos públicos

monumentos privados

Monumento a los Soldados Confederados Desconocidos, Frederick, Maryland
  • Beallsville : Monumento a los soldados confederados en el cementerio de Monocacy (1911; reemplazado en 1975). [ 319 ]
  • Frederick : Monumento a los soldados confederados desconocidos (1881), cementerio Mount Olivet [ 320 ]
  • Fox's Gap , condado de Frederick, Maryland : Monumento de Carolina del Norte (2003): El monumento es una figura de bronce de tamaño natural de un abanderado confederado herido sobre una base de granito negro. Fue creado por el escultor Gary Casteel para la asociación de recreación histórica de Mecklinburg, Carolina del Norte, e inaugurado el 18 de octubre de 2003. Está dedicado a todas las tropas de Carolina del Norte que lucharon en la Batalla de South Mountain . Fox's Gap es el campo de batalla más meridional de la Batalla de South Mountain. La propiedad pertenece a la Central Maryland Heritage League, un grupo de protección de campos de batalla. [ 321 ]
Monumento conmemorativo de Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap
Monumento conmemorativo de Carolina del Norte en Fox's Gap (2003)
  • White's Ferry , condado de Montgomery : Monumento confederado, un pedestal de granito.
    La base del monumento de la CSA fue trasladada de Rockville, Maryland, a White's Ferry, Maryland.
The original monument, a bronze life-sized Confederate soldier on this pedestal, was originally donated by the UDC and the United Confederate Veterans, and built by the Washington firm of Falvey Granite Company at a cost of US$3,600(equivalent to $117,273 in 2025). The artist is unknown.[322] The inscription says "To Our Heroes of Montgomery Co. Maryland That We Through Life May Not Forget to Love The Thin Gray Line / Erected A.D. 1913 / 1861 CSA 1865."[323] because Confederate uniforms are gray. The Rockville dedication was on June 3, 1913, Jefferson Davis's birthday,[323] and was attended by 3,000 out of a county population of 30,000.[324] It was originally located in a small triangular park[325] called Courthouse Square. In 1971, urban renewal led to the elimination of the Square, and the monument was moved to the east lawn of the Red Brick Courthouse (no longer in use as such), facing south.[326] In 1994 it was cleaned and waxed by the Maryland Military Monuments Commission.[322] The monument was defaced with "Black Lives Matter" in 2015; a wooden box was built over it to protect it.[327] The monument was removed in July 2017 from its original location outside the Old Rockville Court House to private land[325] at White's Ferry in Dickerson, Maryland.[328][329] The statue was removed from the pedestal in June 2020, but the pedestal urging people to "Love The Thin Gray Line" remains.

Inhabited places

Roads

Ferry

Gen. Jubal A. Early
The renamed White's Ferry ferryboat

Massachusetts

As of May 2019, all public memorials had been removed.[335]

Private memorials

  • Cambridge
    • Memorial Hall, Harvard University. Stained-glass windows to commemorate various figures, among them:
      • Honor and Peace Window (1900). There is no inscription, but a Harvard University page (Memorial Hall) explaining the windows says: "This window commemorates those who surrendered their lives in the War of the Rebellion." Portrays two warriors, one with sword high in triumph, one kneeling in defeat, who from the ribbons can be seen to be from different but related countries.
      • Student and Soldier Window (1889). Soldier wears gray uniform.

Michigan

As of June 29,2020, there is at least one known public monument of a confederate soldier in Michigan. It is located in Allendale, Michigan, a town in Ottawa County. A part of the Veterans Garden of Honor (1998) which features nine life sized statues of soldiers from various wars, the statue in question depicts a union soldier and a confederate soldier back to back with a young slave at their feet holding a plaque reading "Freedom to Slaves," and the date January 5, 1863.[336]

Minnesota

Murray County Central High School in Slayton, and United South Central High School in Wells both use a Rebel mascot and the nickname "Rebels."[337]

Mississippi

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 147 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Mississippi.

Missouri

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 19 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Missouri.

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Statue of David Rice Atchison in front of the Clinton County Courthouse, Plattsburg, Missouri

Other public monuments

UDC monument at Forest Hill and Calvary Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri
Union Confederate Monument, Union Cemetery, Kansas City, Missouri

Inhabited places

Parks

Roads

Schools

Montana

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 2 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Montana.

Nevada

As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in Nevada.

New Jersey

Confederate Monument (1910), Finn's Point National Cemetery.

There are at least two public spaces dedicated to the Confederacy in New Jersey.

New Mexico

As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in New Mexico.

New York

Confederate Monument, Woodlawn National Cemetery, Elmira, New York

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in New York.[359]

Monuments

Public monuments

  • The Bronx: Busts of Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee were in the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at Bronx Community College. The college removed the busts in 2020.[360][361]
  • Central Park: J. Marion Sims. In November 2017, the cover of Harper's Magazine featured J. C. Hallman's article "Monumental Error," about the Central Park monument of controversial surgeon – and Confederate spy – J. Marion Sims.[362] The timing coincided with the work New York City Mayor Bill De Blasio's committee on monuments, and Hallman's article was distributed to members of New York's Public Design Commission. The commission voted unanimously to remove Sims's statue, and it was removed in April 2018.[363] Hallman has since written articles about Sims's statue in Montgomery, Alabama, and is working on a book, The Anarcha Quest, about Sims and his so-called "first cure," Anarcha Westcott.[364]

Private monuments

Roads

  • Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn:
    • General Lee Avenue. The avenue was renamed to John Warren Avenue in 2022, to honor a 22-year-old lieutenant in the Army who was killed in the Vietnam War in January 1969.[368]
    • Stonewall Jackson Drive. The road was later renamed to Washington Road in 2022, shortly after the renaming of General Lee Avenue.
Governor Andrew Cuomo had twice requested the Army, unsuccessfully, to have these streets renamed.[361]

North Carolina

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 164 public spaces with Confederate monuments in North Carolina.

Ohio

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 5 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Ohio.

Historical marker

Monuments

Confederate Soldier Memorial, Camp Chase, Columbus
The Lookout (1910), Johnson's Island, Ottawa County[372]

Inhabited places

  • Confederate Hills, a neighborhood in Batavia Township named for the Confederate cause that is home to roads named for a CSA leader and various southern locations, notably Stanton Hall and the Natchez Trace.

Roads

  • Batavia Township:
  • Day Heights:
  • Fairfield:
    • Robert E Lee Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. Robert E. Lee.
    • Stonewall Lane, memorializing CSA Gen. Stonewall Jackson.
  • Mt. Repose:
    • Beauregard Court, memorializing CSA Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard.
    • Jeb Stuart Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. J. E. B. Stuart.
    • Monassas Run Road, memorializing the CSA victory at the battle at Manassas, known to the North as Bull Run.
    • Stonewall Jackson Drive, memorializing CSA Gen. Stonewall Jackson.

Schools

  • Cleveland: John Adams High School uses the Rebels team name, but the mascot more closely resembles a cavalier than a Confederate soldier.[377]
  • Mcconnelsville: Morgan High School is named for Confederate General John Hunt Morgan. Their nickname is the "Raiders".
  • Willoughby: Willoughby South High School dropped its Confederate uniformed mascot and removed all remaining Confederate imagery from the school while retaining the Rebels team name and school colors grey and blue. In 1993 the school dropped Stars and Bars as the school song and removed Confederate imagery from school uniforms.[377]

Oklahoma

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 13 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oklahoma.

Buildings

  • Ardmore: Oklahoma Confederate Home, operated as OK Confederate Home from 1911 to 1942. Renamed Oklahoma Veterans Center after last residing confederate veteran passed.[378][379]

Monuments

Stand Watie Monument, Polson Cemetery, Delaware County
Confederate Monument at Cherokee National Capitol

Schools

Robert E. Lee School in Durant, Oklahoma
  • Durant: Robert E. Lee Elementary School[386]
  • Oklahoma City: school board studying renaming in 2017
    • Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1910)[387] -now Adelaide Lee Elementary School.
    • Jackson Elementary School (1910)[387] -now Mary Golda Ross Enterprise Elementary School.
    • Wheeler Elementary School (1910)[387]
    • Stand Watie Elementary School (1930)[387] -now Esperanza Elementary School.
  • Pauls Valley: Lee Elementary School

Inhabited places

Roads

  • Jay: Stand Watie Road

Oregon

As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Oregon.

Pennsylvania

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 3 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Pennsylvania.

Monuments

Virginia State Monument (1917), Gettysburg Battlefield.
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (1911), Philadelphia National Cemetery.

Roads

  • Gettysburg: Confederate Avenue
  • McConnellsburg: Confederate Lane

Rhode Island

As of 24 June 2020, there are no public spaces with Confederate monuments in Rhode Island.

South Carolina

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 194 public spaces with Confederate monuments in South Carolina.[391]

South Dakota

In July 2020 the Confederate flag was removed from the patch of Gettysburg South Dakota police officers.

As of June 24,2020, there is at least one public space with Confederate monuments in South Dakota.

  • Gettysburg: The Gettysburg police uniforms feature a patch with overlapping U.S. and Confederate flags and a civil-war era cannon along with the city's name, in a nod to the city's namesake, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, site of the famous Battle of Gettysburg.[392] The historical reference logo for the police emblem and uniform patch was designed in 2009.[393]

Tennessee

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 105 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Tennessee. The Tennessee Heritage Protection Act (2016) and a 2013 law restrict the removal of statues and memorials.[43]

The Tennessee legislature designated Confederate Decoration Day, the origin of Memorial Day, as June 3, and in 1969[394] designated January 19 and July 13, their birthdays, as Robert E. Lee Day and Nathan Bedford Forrest day respectively.

State capitol

  • Nathan Bedford Forrest Bust. On display in the Capital rotunda since 1978. Former governor Bill Haslam wished to remove it, but he was not supported by the Legislature or the Capitol Commission. "In 2010, the state moved the Forrest bust from outside the doors of the House of Representatives' chamber to its current location between the legislature's two chambers. It was relocated in order to make room for a bust of Sampson Keeble, Tennessee's first black legislator."[395] In January 2019 a group of students demonstrated at the capital, calling for its removal.[396]

Buildings

  • Greeneville: General Morgan Inn, located at the spot where Confederate general John Hunt Morgan was killed.
  • Harrogate: Timeline: Learn more about the history of the Lincoln Memorial University Grant Lee Building at Lincoln Memorial University was named in honor of the two famous civil war generals. Lincoln Memorial University was named in honor of Abraham Lincoln.
  • Murfreesboro: Forrest Hall at Middle Tennessee State University. The Tennessee Board of Regents has unanimously recommended the name change, on the recommendation of a campus task force, and the university president, but it has yet to pass the Tennessee Historical Commission, which plans "public hearings."[397][398]

Monuments

Courthouse monuments

Tipton County Courthouse, Covington
Confederate Monument "Chip", Franklin
Confederate Women monument, Nashville

Other public monuments

Pyramid of cannonballs commemorate Patrick Cleburne in Franklin, Tennessee

Private monuments

  • Nashville
    • Nathan Bedford Forrest Statue, made of fiberglass over foam, 25 feet high, on private land[415] near Interstate 65, installed in 1998, built with private money. It is surrounded by Confederate battle flags, constituting what the owner calls "Confederate Flag Park." (No government recognizes it as a park, and the entrance is chained shut with a "No Trespassing" sign.) The giant statue is visible from the highway to anyone entering the city from the south.[416] It has been called "hideous"[416] and "ridiculous."[417] There have been numerous calls for its removal. Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam said: "It's not a statue that I like and [ sic ] that most Tennesseans are proud of in any way."[418] Former Nashville Mayor Megan Barry called the statue "an offensive display of hatred."[418] In 2015, Nashville's Metro Council voted to petition the Tennessee Department of Transportation to plant obscuring vegetation;[419] the Department declined, because it is private land.[416] ("Never mind that the T.D.O.T. itself removed the obscuring vegetation back in 1998, when the statue was first erected."[416][418]) There has been occasional vandalism; in December 2017 it was covered in "pussy-hat pink" paint,[416] which Bill Dorris, current owner of the land, says he intends to leave.[420] He also said that if trees are planted to block the view from I-65, he "would make the statue taller."[415] It was sculpted, at no charge, by notorious racist Jack Kershaw, an attorney for Martin Luther King's murderer, famous for having said "Somebody needs to say a good word for slavery."[421][422]

Inhabited place

Parks

Roads

  • Brentwood
    • Jefferson Davis Drive
    • Robert E. Lee Lane
  • Culleoka: General Lee Road
  • Dandridge
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Stonewall Jackson Drive
  • Elizabethton: Stonewall Jackson Drive
  • Eva: Jeff Davis Drive
  • Forest Hills: Robert E. Lee Drive
  • Franklin:
    • General J.B. Hood Drive
    • General Nathan Bedford Forrest Drive
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Jefferson Davis Drive
  • Gallatin: Robert Lee Drive
  • Nashville:
    • Beauregard Drive
    • Jefferson Davis Drive
    • Confederate Drive
    • General Forrest Court
    • Robert E. Lee Court
    • Robert E. Lee Drives (two different streets with the same name)
  • Newport
    • Robert E. Lee Drive
    • Stonewall Jackson Drive
  • Oak Hill: Stonewall Jackson Court
  • Pulaski
    • Sam Davis Avenue
    • Sam Davis Trail
  • Sardis: Jeff Davis Lane
  • Smyrna
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Lee Lane
    • Longstreet Drive
    • Robert E. Lee Lane
    • Sam Davis Road
    • Stonewall Drive

Schools

  • Chapel Hill: Forrest High School
  • Nashville: Father Ryan High School, named for Abram Ryan, called "Poet of the Confederacy".
  • Paris: Robert E. Lee School – now called Paris Academy for the Arts.
  • Sewanee: The University of the South: "Nowhere is the issue of Confederate remembrance more nettlesome than at Sewanee, whose origin[s] are entwined with the antebellum South and the Confederacy."[423] Confederate flags are in stained glass windows of the chapel, as is the Seal of the Confederacy.[423] It benefited greatly at its founding by a large gift from John Armfield, at one time co-owner of Franklin and Armfield, the largest and most prosperous slave trading enterprise in the country. Students as late as 1871 were required to wear uniforms of "cadet gray cloth".[424] Confederate flags hung in the chapel from its dedication in 1909 until the mid-1990s when they were removed "reportedly to improve acoustics".[425] There is an official portrait hanging at the University of Bishop Leonidas Polk, "an ardent defender of slavery,"[423] who was in charge of the celebration of the cornerstone laying in 1857, and said the new university will "materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us."[426] He resigned his ecclesiastical position to become a major general in the Confederate army (called "Sewanee's Fighting Bishop"), and died in battle in 1864. His official portrait at the University depicts him dressed as a bishop with his army uniform hanging nearby. However, his portrait was moved from Convocation Hall to Archives and Special Collections in 2015.[427] The Confederate flag was also emblazoned on the university mace that led processions marking the beginning and ending of the term from 1965 until 1997. At a special chapel service to celebrate Jefferson Davis' birthday, the Ceremonial Mace was consecrated to the memory of Nathan Bedford Forrest, the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, by Bishop Charles C. J. Carpenter of Alabama – one of the clergy who opposed Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s activities in Birmingham in 1963 (see A Call for Unity), prompting King to write his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" in response.[425]
Calhoun Hall, named for slave owner and Confederate supporter W. H. Calhoun.

Tourist sites

  • Pigeon Forge: "Rebel Railroad" was a small theme park built in 1961, its main attraction being a simulated Confederate steam train which afforded "'good Confederate citizens' the opportunity to ride a five mile train route through 'hostile' territory and to help repel a Yankee assault on the train". Rebel Railroad was purchased in 1970 by Art Modell, owner of the Cleveland Browns.[439][440][441] In 2018 it is operating under the name Dollywood.
  • Morristown, General Longstreet Headquarters Museum[442]

Texas

As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 205 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Texas.[443] "Nowhere has the national re-examination of Confederate emblems been more riven with controversy than the Lone Star State."[444]

State capitol

  • "The Texas Capitol itself is a Confederate monument," according to then-Land CommissionerJerry E. Patterson.[445] The Texas Confederate Museum was once housed in the Capitol.
    • Confederate Soldiers Monument (1903) features four bronze figures representing the Confederate artillery, cavalry, infantry, and navy. A bronze statue of Jefferson Davis stands above them.[446] The inscription reads: "Died for state rights guaranteed under the constitution. The people of the South, animated by the spirit of 1776, to preserve their rights, withdrew from the federal compact in 1861. The North resorted to coercion. The South, against overwhelming numbers and resources, fought until exhausted."[447]
    • Hood's Texas Brigade, a monument "to memorialize those [who] fought for the Confederacy".[448] "The monument includes a depiction of a Confederate soldier, quotes by Confederate leaders, a flag of the Confederacy and the Confederate battle flag."[449] These are the only Confederate flags currently (2017) visible in the Capitol.[450] Representative Eric Johnson has called for its removal.[449]
    • Terry's Texas Rangers Monument, a monument "to memorialize those [who] fought for the Confederacy"[448] (1907).

State symbols

Seal of Texas
  • The reverse side of the Seal of Texas (1992) includes "the unfurled flags of the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, the United Mexican States, the Republic of Texas, the Confederate States of America, and the United States of America". The Confederate flag is rendered as the Stars and Bars.

State holiday

Buildings

Monuments

Many monuments were donated by pro-Confederacy groups like Daughters of the Confederacy. County governments at the time voted to accept the gifts and take ownership of the statues.[452][453]

Detail of Cooke County Courthouse monument. Inscription reads “no nation rose so white and fair none fell so pure of crime[454]

Courthouse monuments

  • Alpine: Confederate Colonel Henry Percy Brewster (1963)[455]
  • Aspermont: Historical marker, "County Named for Confederate Hero Stonewall Jackson", Stonewall County Courthouse (1963)
  • Bastrop: Monuments at Bastrop County Courthouse include:
  • Bay City: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1913), Matagorda County Courthouse[458][459]
  • Belton: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Bell County Courthouse[460]
  • Bonham: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (1905), Fannin County Courthouse[461]
  • Bryan: Commemorative marker, erected 1965, to the Brazos County Confederate Commissioners Court.[462]
  • Comanche: Confederate Soldiers' Monument (2002), Comanche County Courthouse[463]
  • Corsicana: Call to Arms (Confederate Soldiers' Monument), by Louis Amateis (1907), Navarro County Courthouse.[464][465] A Civil War bugler stands in uniform holding a bugle to his mouth with his proper right hand. He holds a sword in his proper left hand at his side. He wears a hat with a feather in it and knee-high boots. A bedroll is slung over his proper left shoulder and strapped across his chest and proper right hip. The sculpture is mounted on a rectangular base.[466] "Isaac O'Haver was a member of Co K of the 17th VA Cavalry. He was a 17 year-old bugler for his unit. He was born Sep. 20, 1844 and died at the age of 27 on March 30, 1872. He is buried at the Ladoga Cemetery."[467] The plaques on the monument read:
    • South side: The Call to Arms Erected 1907 by Navarro chapter United Daughters of the Confederacy To commemorate the valor and heroism of our Confederate Soldiers It is not in the power of mortals to command success The Confederate Soldier did more – he deserved it. "But their fame on brightest pages penned by poets and by pages Shall go sounding down the ages"
    • West side: "Nor shall your glory be fought while fame her record keeps or honor points the hollowed spot where valor proudly sleeps" "Tell it as you may It never can be told Sing it as you Will It never can be sung The Story of the Glory of the men who wore the gray"
    • East side: "It is a duty we owe the dead who died for us: – But where memories can never die – It is a duty we owe to posterity to see that our children shall know the virtues And rise worthy of their sires".
    • North side: The soldiers of the Southern Confederacy fought valiantly for The liberty of state bequeathed them By their forefathers of 1776 "Who Glorified Their righteous cause and they who made The sacrifice supreme in That they died To keep their country free"[466]
  • Clarksville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Red River County County Courthouse[468]
Denton, Texas
  • Denton: Denton Confederate Soldier Monument, Denton County Courthouse.[469] Cost $2,000; a project of the Denton Chapter, UDC. Dedicated June 3, 1918, Jefferson Davis's birthday.[470] It had "whites only" drinking fountains on each side.[471] In 2015 it was defaced with the words "THIS IS RACIST" in red paint.[472] The twenty-year campaign of a Denton resident, Willie Hudspeth, to have the monument removed was the subject of a Vice news video in 2018.[471] After the wave of Confederate monument removals that followed the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in large part as a result of Hudspeth's campaign, a county 15-person Confederate Memorial Committee met for three months in 2017–18 and recommended "adding context" – two video kiosks and a large plaque, "with interviews about local veterans and the history of slavery"[473] – to the monument rather than removing it, a suggestion accepted unanimously by the county commissioners. Once the nature of the historical context has been determined, approval of the Texas Historical Commission will be required.[474] As of September 2018, "the county still does not have a timeline for completing the project and...there were no updates to report".[475] The video caught the attention of Kali Holloway, director of the Make It Right Project, which is working to remove Confederate monuments. She added the Denton monument to the group's "top 10 list" of monuments they consider priorities.[244][475] The statue was removed in June 2020.[476]
  • Fort Worth: Monument to "Confederate Soldiers and their Descendents" (1953), Tarrant County Courthouse[477]
Dignified Resignation in Galveston, Texas
  • Galveston: Dignified Resignation (1909) by Louis Amateis at the Galveston County Courthouse. With his back turned to the US flag while carrying a Confederate flag, it is the only memorial in Texas to feature a Confederate sailor.[478][479] It was "erected to the soldiers and sailors of the Confederate States of America." An inscription on the plaque reads, "there has never been an armed force which in purity of motives intensity of courage and heroism has equaled the army and navy of the Confederate States of America."[447]
  • Gainesville: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Cooke County Courthouse (1911)[480][481][454][482]
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Georgetown, Texas
Confederate Mothers Monument in Texarkana

Other public monuments

Confederate Memorial Plaza in Anderson, Texas
Confederate Soldiers Monument, Austin
Confederate Monument, Beaumont
  • Alpine: CSA Gen. Lawrence "Sul" Ross Monument (1963)
  • Anderson: Confederate Memorial Plaza (2010).[512] The plaza beside the Grimes County courthouse flies a Confederate flag behind a gate with metal lettering reading "Confederate Memorial Plaza." A metal statue depicts one of several Grimes County residents who fought with the 4th Texas volunteer infantry brigade in Virginia.[447]
  • Athens: Henderson County Confederate Monument (1964)
  • Austin:
    • Hood's Texas Brigade Monument, Texas State Capitol
    • Littlefield Fountain, University of Texas, commemorates George W. Littlefield, a university regent and CSA officer. An inscription reads, "To the men and women of the Confederacy who fought with valor and suffered with fortitude that states [sic] rights be maintained."
    • Texas Confederate Women's and Men's Historical Markers, at 3710 Cedar St. and 1600 W. Sixth, commemorate campgrounds built to house and care for widows, wives, and veterans of the Confederacy.[448]
  • Beaumont: "Our Confederate Soldiers" Monument (1912). Removed in June 2020.[513]
  • Clarksville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1912)
  • Cleburne: Cleburne Monument (2015) Confederate Arch (1922)
  • Coleman: Hometown of Texas CSA Col. James E. McCord Monument (1963)
  • College Station: A statue of Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of A&M University is located on the campus of Texas A&M University. In August 2017 the Chancellor of the university, John Sharp, confirmed that the university will not be removing the statue from the campus.[514]
  • Corpus Christi: Queen of the Sea (1914; restored 1990), bas-relief by Pompeo Coppini; UDC-sponsored Confederate memorial featuring an allegorical female figure – representing Corpus Christie – holding keys of success while receiving blessings from Mother Earth and Father Neptune, who are standing next to her.[478] "Coppini was abhorrent of war", and in Queen of the Sea "he crafted a sculpture that symbolized peace and captured the spirit of Corpus Christi".[515]
  • El Paso:
    • Hometown of Texas CSA Capt. James W. Magoffin Monument (1964)
    • CSA Maj. Simeon Hart Monument (1964)
  • Farmersville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1917), Farmersville City Park[516]
  • Fort Worth: Confederate Soldier Memorial (1939), Oakwood Cemetery[478]
  • Gainesville Confederate Heroes Statue (1908) in Leonard Park[517][518]
  • Gonzales: Confederate Soldiers' Monument, Confederate Square. Dedicated on June 3, 1909. To "our Confederate dead."[519][520]
  • Greenville: Confederate Soldier Monument (1926)
  • Holliday: Stonewall Jackson Camp 249 Monument (1999)
  • Houston:
  • Kermit: Col. C.M. Winkler Monument (1963)
  • Marshall:
    • Confederate Capitol of Missouri Monument (1963)
    • Confederate Monument (1906)
    • Home of Last Texas Confederate Gov. Pendleton Murrah Monument (1963)
  • Miami: Col. O.M. Roberts Monument (1963)
John H. Reagan Memorial in Palestine, Texas. The allegorical figure seated beneath Reagan represents the Lost Cause of the Confederacy.[478]

Private monuments

Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza, Palestine, Texas
  • Austin: Confederate monument, Oakwood Cemetery. Erected in 2016 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[523]
  • Belton: Monument to Confederate Sargeant Jacob Hemphill. Erected 2016 by Sons of Confederate Veterans.[524]
  • Crowley: "Confederate Veterans Memorial Monument honoring The Confederate Veterans of Crowley and the surrounding area interred at the Crowley Cemetery." Erected 2011 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[524]
  • Hempstead: The Liendo Plantation was a center for Confederate recruiting efforts and held Union prisoners during the war. Now it holds battle reenactments and demonstrations of Civil War era Confederate life at its annual Civil War Weekend.
  • Orange: The Confederate Memorial of the Wind, located on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, but visible from I-10, has been under construction since 2013, and will be the largest Confederate monument built since 1916, according to the Sons of Confederate Veterans.[444] A center stone ring is held aloft by 13 pillars, one for each state that seceded. There are twenty commemorative flagpoles.
  • Palestine: Confederate Veterans Memorial Plaza (2013), funded by the Sons of the Confederate Veterans[525]

Inhabited places

Counties

Municipalities

Museums

Parks

  • Confederate Reunion Grounds State Historic Site, Limestone County, near Mexia, Texas
  • Davis Mountains State Park (1938) named for the mountain range
  • Davis Mountains (geographic feature in West Texas around and named for Fort Davis)
  • Fort Worth: Jefferson Davis Park.[530] -now Unity Park.
  • Holliday: Stonewall Jackson Campground
  • Lakeside, Tarrant County: Confederate Park. The two Confederate flags displayed on each side of the park's marker were removed by the Texas Department of Public Transportation in 2017. Marker text:

    Site of Confederate Park // Local businessman K. M. Van Zandt organized the Robert E. Lee Camp of the United Confederate Veterans in 1889. By 1900 it boasted more than 700 members. The Club received a 25-year charter to create the Confederate Park Association in 1901, then purchased 373 acres (151 ha) near this site for the "recreation, refuge and relief of Confederate soldiers" and their families. Opening events included a picnic for veterans and families on June 20, 1902, and a statewide reunion September 8–12, 1902, with 3,500 attendees. The park thrived as a center for the civil and social activities on Texas Confederate organizations. By 1924 the numbers [ sic ] of surviving veterans had greatly diminished, and the Confederate Park Association dissolved when its charter expired in 1926.

    [530]
  • Palestine: John H. Reagan Park

Roads

  • Austin:
    • In July 2018, at approximately the same time that Robert E. Lee Road and Jeff Davis Avenue were renamed, the city's Equity Office recommended changing the names of seven more streets:
  • Conroe:
    • Beauregard Drive
    • Jubal Early Lane
    • Stonewall Jackson Drive
  • El Paso: Robert E. Lee Road – now Buffalo Soldier Road
  • Hamilton: Stonewall Jackson Road
  • Hillsboro: Confederate Drive
  • Hemphill:
    • Confederate Street
    • Stonewall Street
  • Holliday: Stonewall Road
  • Houston:
    • Robert E. Lee Road – now Unison Road.
    • Robert Lee Road
    • Sul Ross St, Named for Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Confederate general and former president of Texas A&M University.
    • Tuam Street, a major artery named for CSA Gen. Dowling's birthplace, Tuam, Ireland.
  • Hunt: Robert E. Lee Road
  • Jacksonville: Jeff Davis Street
  • Kermit East Winkler Street
  • Lakeside Confederate Park Road
  • League City: Jeb Stuart Drive
  • Levelland: Robert Lee Street
  • Liberty: Confederate Street
  • Livingston: Robert E. Lee Road
  • Marshall:
    • Jeff Davis Street
    • Stonewall Drive
  • Missouri City
    • Beauregard Court
    • Bedford Forrest Drive
    • Breckinridge Court
    • Confederate Drive
    • Pickett Place
  • Richmond:
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Jeff Davis Drive
    • Stonewall Drive
  • Ridgley: Bedford Forrest Lane
  • Roma: Robert Lee Avenue
  • San Antonio:
    • Beauregard Street
    • Robert E. Lee Drive
  • Sterling City: Robert Lee Highway
  • Sweetwater: Robert Lee Street
  • Tyler:
    • Jeb Stuart Drive
    • Jeff Davis Drive
  • Victoria: Robert E. Lee Road

Note: "There are similarly named streets in towns and cities across east Texas, notably Port Arthur and Beaumont, as well as memorials to Dowling and the Davis Guards, not least at Sabine Pass, where the battleground is now preserved as a state park"

Schools

  • Abilene:
    • Jackson Elementary School – now Dr. Jose Alcorta Sr. Elementary School.
    • Johnston Elementary School – now Eugene Purcell Elementary School.
    • Lee Elementary School (1961) -now Robert and Sammye Stafford Elementary School.
  • Amarillo:
    • Lee Elementary School (was renamed Park Hills Elementary School in 2019)
    • Tascosa High School. Confederacy iconography was dropped in 1974. The school dropped its mascot, Johnny Reb, and stopped playing "Dixie" as their fight song. The Dixieland Singers became the Freedom Singers. Miss Southern Belle became Tascosa Belle. The "Rebel" nickname remained, but other ties to the Civil War disappeared.[532]
  • Austin:
  • Bryan:
  • Buda:
    • Jack C. Hays High School. The school uses the "Rebel" nickname for its athletic teams.[537] Mascot "Colonel Jack" no longer has a Confederate flag belt buckle but still dresses in grey. The school dropped the Confederate flag as an official symbol in 2010 and the school district banned it from all district property in 2012.[538] In 2015 it replaced the school song "Dixie".
  • Baytown:
Stonewall Jackson Elementary School, Dallas
  • Dallas:
    • Albert Sidney Johnston Elementary School – now Cedar Crest Elementary School.
    • John H. Reagan Elementary School – now Bishop Arts STEAM Academy.
    • Robert E. Lee Elementary School – now Geneva Heights Elementary School.
    • Stonewall Jackson Elementary School (1939) – now Mockingbird Elementary School.
    • Sidney Lanier Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School – now Jesús Moroles Expressive Arts Vanguard Elementary School.
  • Denton: Lee Elementary School (1988), renamed Alice Moore Alexander Elementary School in 2017
  • Eagle Pass: Robert E. Lee Elementary School – now Juan N. Seguin Elementary School.
  • Edinburg: Lee Elementary School
  • El Paso: Lee Elementary School -now Sunrise Mountain Elementary School.
  • Evadale: Evadale High School. The school uses a Confederate flag-inspired crest. Its athletic teams are nicknamed the "Rebels".[540]
  • Fort Davis:
  • Gainesville: Robert E. Lee Intermediate School – now Gainesville Intermediate School.
  • Grand Prairie: Robert E. Lee Elementary School (1948) -now Delmas F. Morton Elementary School.
  • Houston:
    • Davis High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Northside High School.
    • Dowling Middle School (1968), named for CSA Maj. Richard W. Dowling. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Audrey H. Lawson Middle School.
    • Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson Middle School to Yolanda Black Navarro Middle School of Excellence.
    • Sydney Lanier, Confederate poet and soldier. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Bob Lanier Middle School.
    • Lee High School to Margaret Long Wisdom High School.
    • John H. Reagan High School (1926). In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Heights High School.
    • Johnston Middle School (1959), named for Albert Sidney Johnston. In 2016, the Houston school board voted to rename the school.[541] -now Meyerland Performing and Visual Arts Middle School.
  • Marshall: Robert E. Lee Elementary School – closed in 2018.
  • Midland:
    • Lee Freshman High School (1961) – now Midland Freshman High School.
    • Lee High School (1961). The school's athletic teams are nicknamed the "Rebels". Lee High School had used the Confederate flag in the past.[542] -now Legacy High School.
  • North Richland Hills, home of the Richland High School "Rebels" and "Dixie Belles". The school mascot is "Johnny Rebel".[543]
  • Port Arthur: Lee Elementary School (1959)-now Lakeview Elementary School.
  • Robert Lee:
    • Robert Lee Elementary School
    • Robert Lee High School
  • Rosenberg: B. F. Terry High School. Named for Confederate hero Benjamin Franklin Terry.
  • San Angelo: Lee Middle School (1949)-now Lone Star Middle School.
  • San Antonio: Robert E. Lee High School (1958). After voting against a name change in 2015, the school board voted in August 2017 to change the name of the school.[544] In October, district trustees voted 5-2 to name the school Legacy of Educational Excellence, or LEE High School.[545] Its mascot is currently the Volunteer and the school colors are red and grey. Its pep squad, currently called the Southern Belles, were once called the Confederates. Its varsity dance team and junior varsity drill team are respectively named the Rebel Rousers and Dixie Drillers.[447]
  • Stonewall: Stonewall Elementary School
  • Tyler:
    • Hubbard Middle School (1964), named for Confederate Col. Richard B. Hubbard
    • Robert E. Lee High School (1958). Called "the city's most radioactive Confederate symbol," the possible renaming of the school was the subject of active discussion at meetings in August and September 2017. In 1970, as a result of a statewide federal desegregation order, the school had to get rid of "its Confederate-themed mascot (the Rebels), fight song ("Dixie"), and prized Confederate flag (so large that it required twenty boys to carry). Its beloved Rebel Guard, a squadron of boys handpicked by an American-history teacher to dress in replica Confederate uniforms at football games and fire a cannon named Ole Spirit after touchdowns, had to find a new name. Same for the Rebelettes drill team."[546] -now Tyler Legacy High School.

Other memorials

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

As of 24 June 2020, there were at least 241 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia, more than in any other state.[549][550] Virginia also has numerous schools, highways, roads and other public infrastructure named for Confederates. Some have been removed since. Lee-Jackson Day ceased to be a State holiday in 2020.

Washington State

As of 24 June 2020, only one public space contains a Confederate connected monument in Washington.

3rd Flag of the Confederacy and the Bonnie Blue Flag at the Jefferson Davis Park, 2018

At least two private properties contain a Confederate memorial or fly a CSA flag:

  • Clark County: Near Ridgefield is Jefferson Davis Park (2007), established by the SCV to hold the Jeff Davis Highway markers from Blaine and Vancouver. Flags of the Confederacy are also displayed there.[551][552]
  • Seattle: United Confederate Veterans Memorial, Lake View Cemetery. Erected in 1926 by United Daughters of the Confederacy.[553] In October 2018, the Make It Right Project put up a billboard in Seattle, saying: "Hey Seattle, there's a Confederate Memorial in your backyard".[554] After years of calls to remove the monument and numerous acts of vandalism against it, the monument was toppled by unknown persons, apparently on July 3, 2020. In the process, the lower ends of both formerly vertical columns were broken in multiple places.[555] The wreckage was discovered by visitors to the cemetery on July 4.

West Virginia

As of 2020 there were 21 public spaces with Confederate monuments in West Virginia.

State capitol

Monuments

Bronze plaque commemorating the site of Pettigrew's death.
First Confederate Memorial (1867), Romney, West Virginia
  • Bunker Hill, West Virginia: Monument marking the death of Brig.-Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew, wounded on July 14, 1863, near Falling Waters during the retreat after the Battle of Gettysburg. He died at Edgewood on July 17, 1863.[560]
  • Clarksburg: Bronze equestrian statue of Stonewall Jackson created by Charles Keck (1953) by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC). Jackson was born in Clarksburg.
  • Charles Town: Portraits of Lee and Jackson hang in the courtroom in which John Brown was tried and sentenced to death.[561]
  • Charleston – See West Virginia State Capitol, above.
  • Harpers Ferry: Heyward Shepherd Monument (1931). Although Shepherd was a black freeman working for the railway when killed in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, the monument was erected by UDC and Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV). They called the project the "Faithful Slave Memorial" for many years and saw it as a way to emphasize their idea that blacks enjoyed being slaves and that men like Shepherd were victims of those seeking to free slaves.[562]
  • Hinton: Confederate Soldier Monument, Summers County Courthouse (dedicated May 1914)[563] The base of the monument carries the inscription: "(North base:) This monument erected in honor of American valor as displayed by the Confederate soldiers from 1861 to 1865, and to perpetuate to remotest ages the patriotism and fidelity to principles of the heroes who fought and died for a lost cause. (East base:) sacred to the memory of the noble women of the Confederacy, who suffered more and lost as much, with less glory, than the Confederate soldier. (South base:) erected in the year 1914 by Camp Allen Woodrm Confederate veterans and Camp Bob Christian sons of Confederacy veterans and their friends. (West base:) This monument is dedicated to the Confederate soldiers of Greenbrier and New River valleys who followed Lee and Jackson.[564]
  • Lewisburg: Confederate Monument (1906) The Confederate "monument was erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a cost of $2,800. The monument was originally located on the campus of the Greenbrier College, but moved to its present location when U.S. Route 60 was relocated."[565] It is now located on the lawn of the old public library in Lewisburg. Some residents have suggested interpretive signage for the statue.[566] The inscription on the base reads, "In memory of our Confederate dead."[567]
  • Mingo: Confederate Soldier Monument (1913/2013) The inscription reads in part, "TO THE MEMORY OF THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS OF RANDOLPH COUNTY AND VICINITY THIS INCLUDES ALL SOLDIERS WHO DIED IN VALLEY MOUNTAIN"[568]
  • Parkersburg: Confederate Soldier Monument, (1908) The monument was created by Leon Hermant and the inscription reads in part, " IN MEMORY OF OUR CONFEDERATE DEAD ERECTED BY PARKERSBURG CHAPTER UNITED DAUGHTERS OF CONFEDERACY"[569]
  • Romney: First Confederate Memorial (1867) Carved on the main facade are the words, "The daughters of Old Hampshire erect this tribute of affection to her heroic sons who fell in defense of Southern Rights."
  • Union: Monroe County Confederate Soldier Monument (1901); marble statue inscribed "There is a true glory and a true honor. The glory of duty done, the honor of integrity of principle. R. E. Lee"[570]

Inhabited places

Parks and water features

Roads

Schools

  • Charleston: Stonewall Jackson Middle School occupies the building that housed the former Stonewall Jackson High School.
    • The name was changed to West Side Middle School in July 2020.

Wisconsin

  • Prairie du Chien: United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) monument to Jefferson Davis at Fort Crawford Cemetery Soldiers' Lot. Davis served briefly at Fort Crawford.[574] The text on the plaque reads, "JEFFERSON DAVIS, 1808–1889, Lieutenant United States Army, Assigned Fort Crawford 1831, Served here with distinction during Black Hawk War, Hero in Mexican War 1846–1848, United States Congressman, Senator, Secretary of War, President Confederate States of America, 1861–1865, Erected by The United Daughters of the Confederacy"[575]
  • Wisconsin Dells: The Confederate spy Belle Boyd (1844–1900) is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Wisconsin Dells. She would go on tour in the United States and speak about being a spy for the Confederacy. She also wrote a book about her career. She was to speak at a Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) Post in Kilbourne City (now Wisconsin Dells) when she died from a heart attack. Members of the local GAR served as pallbearers at her funeral and was buried at the cemetery. Her grave is marked with a Confederate flag.[576]

Wyoming

Natural features

  • Yellowstone National Park: The Lamar River (named 1884–85) is named for L.Q.C. Lamar, a secessionist who drafted the instrument of Mississippi's secession and raised a regiment for the Confederates with his own money. He served as a Confederate ambassador to Russia. The river was named while he served as the United States Secretary of the Interior after the war. The Lamar Valley and other park features or administrative names which contain Lamar are derived from this original naming.[577]

International

Brazil

  • In 1865, at the end of the American Civil War, a substantial number of Southerners left the South; many moved to other parts of the United States, such as the American West, but a few left the country entirely. The most popular country of Southerners emigration was Brazil, which still allowed slavery and wanted to encourage cotton production.[578] These emigrants were known as Confederados. A Confederate monument was erected in the city of Americana, São Paulo state, Brazil.[579]

Canada

Ireland

  • Tuam: Ireland commemorated CSA Major Richard W. Dowling, who was born in the Tuam, with a bronze memorial plaque on the Town Hall bearing his image and life story. Text of plaque: "Major Richard W. (Dick) Dowling C.S.A., 1837–1867 Born Knock, Tuam; Settled Houston Texas, 1857; Outstanding business and civic leader; Joined Irish Davis Guards in American Civil War; With 47 men foiled Invasion of Texas by 5000 federal troops at Sabine Pass, 8 Sept 1863, a feat of superb gunnery; formed first oil company in Texas; Died aged 30 of yellow fever. This plaque was unveiled by Col. J.B. Collerain 31 May 1998"

Scotland

See also

Notes

  1. This chart is based on data from an SPLC survey which identified "1,503 publicly sponsored symbols honoring Confederate leaders, soldiers or the Confederate States of America in general." The survey excluded "nearly 2,600 markers, battlefields, museums, cemeteries and other places or symbols that are largely historical in nature."[5]
  2. "The second spike began in the early 1950s and lasted through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement led to a backlash among segregationists."[5]
  3. Pair of Kentucky Historic Markers located on KY 61, near bridge crossing at Salt River, near Shepherdsville. Marker #1296, "L & N Bridge in Civil War. Destroyed three times by CSA. Partially razed on Sept. 7, 1862, by troops under Col. John Hutcheson. During the occupation of Shepherdsville, Sept. 28, Braxton Bragg's troops again destroyed it, but new bridge was up by Oct. 11. After Battle of Elizabethtown, Dec. 27, John Hunt Morgan's men moved along tracks, destroying everything on way to trestle works at Muldraugh's Hill." Marker #1413, "Morgan-on to Ohio. July 2, 1863, CSA Gen. J. H. Morgan began raid to prevent USA move to Tenn. and Va. Repulsed at Green River, July 4. Defeated a USA force at Lebanon, July 5. Moved through Bardstown, July 6. After night march, crossed here July 7. Rested troops few hours and proceeded to Brandenburg. Crossed to Indiana, July 8. He continued raid until captured in northeast Ohio, July 26." See also Morgan's Raid.[274]
  4. Kentucky Historic Marker located 2 mi. N. of Somerset, KY 39. Marker #712, "March 30, 1863, USA force of 1,250 under General Q. A. Gillmore overtook 1,550 Confederate cavalry under Gen. John Pegram, here. Five-hour battle resulted. CSA driven from one position to another, withdrew during night across Cumberland. Killed, wounded, missing, CSA 200 and USA 30. On nine-day expedition into Ky., CSA had captured 750 cattle and took 537 across river.".[274]
  5. Kentucky Historic Marker located Springfield, US 150, KY 55. Marker #689, erected in 1964, "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry moved thru Springfield on raids, July 12 and December 30, 1862. On third raid, into Ohio, after battle of Lebanon, July 5, 1863, Union prisoners brought here but paroled to speed CSA movement. Confederate invasion force of 16,000 here before meeting Union Army in battle at Perryville, Oct. 8, 1862. See map other side."[274]
  6. Kentucky Historic Marker #625, "Morgan's Men Here" located in Winchester, Kentucky on Courthouse lawn, US 60 & KY 627. Inscribed "CSA Gen. John H. Morgan's cavalry first raided Kentucky July, 1862. Took Cynthiana but, faced by large USA forces, withdrew. Destroyed arms here on 19th and went to Richmond. On last raid, June 1864, after two battles at Mt. Sterling, they moved by here to Lexington and to Cynthiana where they met defeat on 12th and retreated to Virginia. See map on other side." Dedicated March 9, 1964. See also Battle of Cynthiana.[274]

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Further reading

  • Blight, David W. (2002). Beyond the Battlefield: Race, Memory, and the American Civil War. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1558493612.
  • Blight, David W. (2002). Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674008199.
  • Brown, Thomas J. (2004). The Public Art of Civil War Commemoration: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0312397913.
  • Brown, Thomas J. (2015). Civil War Canon: Sites of Confederate Memory in South Carolina. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469620954.
  • Cox, Karen L. (2003). Dixie's Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813028125.
  • Gary W. Gallagher; Alan T. Nolan (2000). The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253338228.
  • Hagler, Gould B. Jr. (2014). Georgia's Confederate Monuments: In Honor of a Fallen Nation. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0881464665.
  • Gelbert, Doug (1997). Civil War sites, memorials, museums, and library collections : a state-by-state guidebook to places open to the public. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0786403195.
  • Hardy, Michael C. (2006). Remembering North Carolina's Confederates. Arcadia. ISBN 978-0738542973.
  • Hesse, Monica (May 8, 2016). "The South's Confederate-monument problem is not going away". The Washington Post.
  • Itzkowitz, Laura (June 24, 2020). "What Should Happen to Confederate Statues in the U.S."Architectural Digest.
  • Janney, Caroline E. (2016). Remembering the Civil War: Reunion and the Limits of Reconciliation. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1469629896.
  • Johnson, Kristina Dunn (2009). No Holier Spot of Ground: Confederate Monuments & Cemeteries of South Carolina. The History Press. ISBN 978-1596293977.
  • Klibanoff, Caroline (June 22, 2017). "Public Memory and Street Names in the South: Who Gets Remembered?". Medium.
  • Lees, William B.; Gaske, Frederick P. (2014). Recalling Deeds Immortal: Florida Monuments to the Civil War. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813049960.
  • Misra, Tanvi (August 25, 2017). "The South's Love for Confederate Street Names, Mapped". CityLab.
  • Martin, David G. (1995). Confederate Monuments at Gettysburg. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0938289487.
  • Moltke-Hansen, David (2017). "Honoring the Confederate Defeat the Georgia Way". Georgia Historical Quarterly. Vol. 101, no. 1. pp. 1–23.
  • Neff, John R. (2005). Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700613663.
  • Richardson, William D.; McNinch-Su, Ron (2001). Martinez, J. Michael (ed.). Confederate Symbols in the Contemporary South. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813021003.
  • Robertson, Campbell; Blinder, Alan; Fausset, Richard (August 18, 2017). "In Monument Debate, Calls for an Overdue Reckoning on Race and Southern Identity". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  • Savage, Kirk (1997). Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-century America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691009476. OCLC 36470304.
  • Williams, Caroline Randall (June 26, 2020). "You Want a Confederate Monument? My Body Is a Confederate Monument". The New York Times.
  • Wilson, Charles (2009). Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (2nd ed.). University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0820334257.
  • Whose Heritage? Public Symbols of the Confederacy (interactive map, 2019)
  • Confederate monuments are falling, but hundreds still stand. Here's where. (2020 map from The Washington Post showing additions and removals)