Articulo de referencia

década de 2000

The Twin Towers of the original [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on fire and the [[Statue of Liberty]] on the left during the '''[[September 11 attacks|terr...

September 11 attacksEuroIraq WarWar in Afghanistan (2001–2021)Social media2008 Beijing Olympics2008 financial crisis2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
En el sentido de las agujas del reloj, desde la parte superior izquierda:

La década del 2000 (pronunciada "dos mil"; abreviada como " 00s ") fue la década que comenzó el 1 de enero de 2000 y terminó el 31 de diciembre de 2009.

Durante esta década, la población mundial creció de 6.1 a 6.9 mil millones de personas. Nacieron aproximadamente 1.35 mil millones de personas y murieron 550 millones. [ 1 ] La primera parte de la década vio el tan anticipado avance de gigantes económicos en Asia, como India y China , que tuvieron un crecimiento de dos dígitos durante casi toda la década. Estos dos países más poblados se convirtieron en una fuerza económica creciente. El rápido acercamiento de las economías emergentes a los países desarrollados provocó tensiones proteccionistas durante el período y fue en parte responsable de un aumento en los precios de la energía y los alimentos al final de la década. Los desarrollos económicos hacia el final de la década estuvieron dominados por una recesión económica mundial, que comenzó con la crisis de vivienda y crédito en los EE. UU. en 2007 y llevó a la quiebra de los principales bancos y otras instituciones financieras. El estallido de la crisis financiera de 2008 desencadenó la Gran Recesión , que comenzó en los EE. UU. y afectó a la mayor parte del mundo industrializado.

La década vio el auge de Internet , que pasó de cubrir el 7% al 26% de la población mundial. Esto contribuyó a la globalización , que permitió una comunicación más rápida entre personas de todo el mundo; [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] surgieron los sitios de redes sociales como una nueva forma para que las personas se mantuvieran en contacto desde lugares distantes, siempre que tuvieran acceso a Internet . Myspace fue el sitio web de redes sociales más popular hasta junio de 2009, cuando Facebook lo superó en número de usuarios estadounidenses. El correo electrónico continuó siendo popular y comenzó a reemplazar el " correo postal " como la principal forma de enviar mensajes a las personas. Google , YouTube , Ask.com y Wikipedia surgieron para convertirse en algunos de los 10 sitios web más populares. Amazon superó a eBay como el sitio de comercio electrónico más visitado en 2008. AOL experimentó un descenso significativo en popularidad a lo largo de la década, pasando de ser el sitio web más popular a quedar fuera del top 10. Excite y Lycos también quedaron fuera del top 10, y MSN descendió del segundo al sexto puesto. Yahoo! mantuvo una popularidad relativamente estable, siendo el sitio web más popular durante la mayor parte de la década.

La guerra contra el terrorismo y la guerra en Afganistán comenzaron después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. La Corte Penal Internacional se formó en 2002. En 2003, una coalición liderada por Estados Unidos invadió Irak , y la guerra de Irak llevó al fin del régimen de Saddam Hussein como presidente iraquí y del Partido Baaz . Al Qaeda y grupos militantes islamistas afiliados llevaron a cabo actos terroristas durante toda la década. La Segunda Guerra del Congo , el conflicto más mortífero desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, terminó en 2003. Otras guerras que terminaron fueron la Guerra Civil de Argelia , la Guerra Civil de Angola , la Guerra Civil de Sierra Leona , la Segunda Guerra Civil de Liberia , la Guerra Civil de Nepal y la Guerra Civil de Sri Lanka . Las guerras que comenzaron fueron el conflicto en el delta del Níger , la insurgencia hutí y la guerra contra el narcotráfico en México .

El cambio climático y el calentamiento global se convirtieron en preocupaciones comunes en la década de 2000. Las herramientas de predicción lograron avances significativos, organizaciones patrocinadas por la ONU , como el IPCC, ganaron influencia, y estudios como el Informe Stern influyeron en el apoyo público para asumir los costos políticos y económicos de contrarrestar el cambio climático. La temperatura global continuó aumentando durante la década. En diciembre de 2009, la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) anunció que la década de 2000 podría haber sido la más cálida desde que comenzaron los registros en 1850, con cuatro de los cinco años más cálidos desde 1850 ocurridos en esta década. Los hallazgos de la OMM fueron posteriormente corroborados por la NASA y la NOAA . Entre los principales desastres naturales se incluyen el ciclón Nargis en 2008 y los terremotos en Pakistán y China en 2005 y 2008, respectivamente. El desastre natural más mortífero [ a ] y el terremoto más potente del siglo XXI ocurrió en 2004, cuando un terremoto de magnitud 9,1–9,3 M w y su posterior tsunami azotaron varias naciones en el Océano Índico, causando la muerte de 230.000 personas. [ 7 ]

El uso de imágenes generadas por computadora se generalizó en las películas producidas durante la década de 2000, especialmente con el éxito de Shrek de 2001 y Buscando a Nemo de 2003 , esta última convirtiéndose en el DVD más vendido de todos los tiempos. Las películas de anime ganaron mayor exposición fuera de Japón con el lanzamiento de El viaje de Chihiro . Avatar de 2009 se convirtió en la película más taquillera . Las películas documentales y falsos documentales , como La marcha de los pingüinos , Super Size Me , Borat y Surf's Up , fueron populares en la década de 2000. Fahrenheit 9/11 de 2004 de Michael Moore fue el documental más taquillero de todos los tiempos. Las películas en línea se hicieron populares y comenzó la conversión al cine digital . Las consolas de videojuegos lanzadas en esta década incluyeron la PlayStation 2 , Xbox , GameCube , Wii , PlayStation 3 y Xbox 360 ; mientras que las consolas de videojuegos portátiles incluyeron la Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS y PlayStation Portable . Wii Sports fue el videojuego de consola más vendido de la década, mientras que New Super Mario Bros. fue el videojuego portátil más vendido de la década. JK Rowling fue la autora más vendida gracias a la serie de libros de Harry Potter , aunque no escribió el libro individual más vendido, que quedó en segundo lugar después de El Código Da Vinci . [ 8 ] Eminem fue nombrado el artista musical de la década por Billboard .

Nombre de la década

Ortográficamente, la década puede escribirse como "2000s" o " ' 00s". En el mundo angloparlante, no se aceptó de inmediato un nombre para la década, como sí ocurrió con otras décadas como la de 1980 y la de 1990 ('80s, '90s). [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]

Los años 20 ( inglés americano ) [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] o los años 20 ( inglés británico ) [ 16 ] [ 17 ] provienen de las palabras aught y nought respectivamente, ambas con el significado de cero . Los años 20 se convirtieron en un nombre común para la década en el Reino Unido [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] y en Nueva Zelanda y Australia. [ 23 ] [ 24 ]

Aunque el uso de la palabra «aught» para referirse al cero no está muy extendido en Estados Unidos, el uso de «aughts» para identificar la década se hizo común allí. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]

Otras posibilidades de palabras habladas incluían "dos mil", "veinte cientos", "ohs", "oh ohs", "doble oh", "ceros" y "doble ceros". [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Los años de la década pueden denominarse '01, '02, '03, etc., pronunciados oh-uno, oh-dos, oh-tres, etc.

Datos demográficos

Política y guerras

La guerra contra el terror y la guerra en Afganistán comenzaron después de los ataques del 11 de septiembre de 2001. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] La Corte Penal Internacional se formó en 2002. En 2003 una coalición liderada por Estados Unidos invadió Irak , y la guerra de Irak llevó al fin del gobierno de Saddam Hussein como presidente iraquí y del Partido Baaz en Irak. Al-Qaeda y grupos militantes islamistas afiliados llevaron a cabo actos terroristas durante toda la década. Estos actos incluyeron los atentados con bomba en los trenes de Madrid en 2004 , los atentados de Londres del 7/7 en 2005 y los ataques de Bombay en 2008 relacionados con Al-Qaeda. La Unión Europea amplió sus sanciones en medio del incumplimiento por parte de Irán de sus obligaciones de transparencia en virtud del Tratado sobre la No Proliferación de las Armas Nucleares y las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas .

La guerra contra el terrorismo generó una gran controversia en todo el mundo, y las dudas sobre la justificación de ciertas acciones estadounidenses provocaron una pérdida de apoyo al gobierno de Estados Unidos, tanto dentro como fuera del país. [ 38 ] El conflicto armado adicional se produjo en Oriente Medio , incluyendo enfrentamientos entre Israel y Hezbolá , y posteriormente entre Israel y Hamás . La mayor pérdida de vidas humanas debido a desastres naturales se produjo con el terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004 , que causó un tsunami que mató a cerca de un cuarto de millón de personas y desplazó a más de un millón.

Ataques terroristas

Entre los ataques terroristas más destacados perpetrados contra la población civil durante la década se incluyen:

Guerras

Entre los conflictos armados más destacados de la década se incluyen:

guerras internacionales

La guerra contra el terror
La guerra en Afganistán
La guerra de Irak
La guerra de Gaza (2008-2009)

Guerras civiles y guerras de guerrillas

Campo de refugiados de Darfur en Chad

Golpes de estado

Golpe de Estado tailandés de 2006

Entre los golpes de Estado más destacados de la década se incluyen:

Amenazas nucleares

Cañones antiaéreos que custodian la instalación nuclear de Natanz en Irán.

Descolonización e independencia

sistema de partidos estadounidense

Durante la década de 2000, las expectativas y las reglas tácitas sobre la conducta aceptable entre los políticos estadounidenses afiliados a los partidos Republicano o Demócrata cambiaron debido al declive de los caciques políticos en las cuatro décadas anteriores y a los trascendentales acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en Estados Unidos durante esa década. [ 86 ]

En general, los candidatos presidenciales estadounidenses acataron y respetaron los procedimientos establecidos del proceso de nominación presidencial de ambos partidos principales . [ 86 ]

Transferencias pacíficas de poder

Durante esta década, la transferencia pacífica del poder mediante elecciones se produjo por primera vez en México, Indonesia, Taiwán y otros países. (Véase más abajo).

Fallecidos

Entre los fallecimientos más destacados de líderes en ejercicio se incluyen:

Entre los fallecimientos más destacados de antiguos líderes se incluyen:

Acontecimientos políticos destacados

George W. Bush , el 43.º presidente de los Estados Unidos, 2001-2009
Barack Obama , el primer presidente afroamericano de los Estados Unidos, asumió el cargo en 2009.

Entre los acontecimientos políticos más destacados de la década se incluyen:

América del norte

Canadá
Tierra Verde
México
Estados Unidos
  • George W. Bush juró su cargo como el 43.º presidente de los Estados Unidos, sucediendo a Bill Clinton, el 20 de enero de 2001, tras unas elecciones muy reñidas .
  • El 26 de octubre de 2001, el presidente estadounidense George W. Bush promulgó la Ley Patriota de Estados Unidos .
  • El 15 de febrero de 2003, estallaron protestas contra la guerra en todo el mundo en oposición a la invasión estadounidense de Irak, en lo que el Libro Guinness de los Récords calificó como la mayor manifestación contra la guerra de la historia. [ 89 ] En respuesta, el periodista de The New York Times, Patrick Tyler, escribió en un artículo del 17 de febrero que: ...las enormes manifestaciones contra la guerra en todo el mundo este fin de semana nos recuerdan que aún puede haber dos superpotencias en el planeta: Estados Unidos y la opinión pública mundial. [ 90 ]
  • El 5 de junio de 2004, Ronald Reagan , el 40.º presidente de los Estados Unidos , falleció tras padecer la enfermedad de Alzheimer durante casi una década. Su funeral de Estado, que duró siete días, se celebró del 5 al 11 de junio. El público en general hizo largas filas esperando su turno para ver el féretro. La gente pasaba junto al féretro a un ritmo de aproximadamente 5000 personas por hora (83,3 por minuto, o 1,4 por segundo) y el tiempo de espera fue de unas tres horas. En total, 104 684 personas pasaron por allí mientras Reagan yacía en capilla ardiente. [ 91 ] [ 92 ]
  • Barack Obama juró su cargo como el 44º presidente de los Estados Unidos en 2009, convirtiéndose en el primer presidente afroamericano del país.

Sudamerica

Asia

Manifestantes en Teherán durante las protestas electorales iraníes de 2009.
Saddam Hussein

Europa

Tratado de Lisboa
Tarja Halonen fue la undécima presidenta de Finlandia y la primera mujer jefa de Estado, cargo que ocupó desde el año 2000 hasta el 2012.

líderes mundiales

Asesinatos e intentos de asesinato

Entre los asesinatos más destacados, los homicidios selectivos y los intentos de asesinato se incluyen:

Laurent-Désiré Kabila
Birendra de Nepal
Zoran Djindjic
Rafic Hariri
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Benazir Bhutto

Desastres

desastres naturales

Terremoto del Océano Índico de 2004. El tsunami provocado por el terremoto del 26 de diciembre de 2004 azotó Ao Nang , Tailandia.

La década del 2000 fue testigo de algunos de los desastres naturales más devastadores y destructivos de la historia.

Terremotos (incluidos tsunamis)

Ciclones tropicales, otros fenómenos meteorológicos e incendios forestales

Inundaciones en Nueva Orleans en 2005 , causadas por el huracán Katrina .
  • Del 7 al 11 de julio de 2005, el huracán Dennis causó daños en el Caribe y el sureste de Estados Unidos. Dennis dejó un saldo de 88 muertos y provocó daños por valor de 3710 millones de dólares.
  • 28 y 29 de agosto de 2005: El huracán Katrina tocó tierra en Luisiana y Misisipi , devastando la ciudad de Nueva Orleans y las zonas costeras cercanas. Katrina fue reconocido como el desastre natural más costoso en Estados Unidos hasta ese momento, tras causar daños por un valor récord de 108  mil millones de dólares (récord superado posteriormente por el huracán Harvey en 2017 ). Katrina causó más de 1200 muertes.
  • 25 de septiembre de 2006 – El tifón Xangsane (conocido en Filipinas como supertifón Milenyo) azotó Filipinas, Vietnam y Tailandia, causando la muerte de más de 300 personas y daños por valor de 747 millones de dólares.
  • 30 de noviembre de 2006 – El tifón Durian (conocido en Filipinas como tifón Reming) afectó la región de Bicol en Filipinas y, junto con una erupción simultánea del volcán Mayon , provocó aludes de lodo y causó la muerte de más de 1.200 personas.
  • 30 de agosto de 2007 – Un grupo de bomberos croatas que fueron trasladados en avión a la isla de Kornat como parte de las labores de extinción de los incendios costeros de 2007 perecieron. Doce de los trece hombres que se vieron rodeados por el fuego murieron en el suceso, que constituyó la mayor pérdida de vidas en la historia de los bomberos croatas. [ 119 ]
  • 3 de mayo de 2008 – El ciclón Nargis tuvo un impacto extremo en Myanmar , causando casi 140.000 muertes y daños por valor de 10.000 millones de dólares.
  • 21 de junio de 2008 – El tifón Fengshen (conocido como tifón Frank en Filipinas) azotó el centro del país , causando más de 1400 muertos y daños por valor de 480 millones de dólares. El ciclón también provocó el hundimiento del ferry MV Princess of the Stars , en el que fallecieron más de 800 personas a bordo.
  • Del 7 de febrero al 14 de marzo de 2009, los incendios forestales del Sábado Negro , los más mortíferos de la historia de Australia, asolaron el estado australiano de Victoria en condiciones climáticas extremas propicias para incendios forestales, causando la muerte de 173 personas, heridas a más de 500 y dejando a unas 7500 sin hogar. Los incendios se produjeron después de que Melbourne registrara la temperatura más alta jamás alcanzada ( 46,4 °C o 115,5 °F ) por cualquier capital australiana. La mayoría de los incendios fueron causados ​​por la caída o el choque de líneas eléctricas, o por incendios provocados .  
  • Septiembre-octubre de 2009: El tifón Ketsana (conocido en Filipinas como tormenta tropical Ondoy) provocó inundaciones en Luzón , Filipinas , principalmente en el área metropolitana de Manila , dejando casi 700 muertos. El nivel del agua alcanzó un récord de 6,1  metros (20 pies) en las zonas rurales. Días después de que Ketsana abandonara Filipinas, el tifón Parma (conocido como tifón Pepeng en Filipinas) tocó tierra tres veces, causando inundaciones generalizadas en el norte de Luzón; 500 personas perdieron la vida y los daños ascendieron a 560 millones de dólares.
  • Invierno de 2009-2010: El invierno de 2009-2010 registró temperaturas inusualmente frías en Europa , Asia y América . Se reportaron 21 muertes a causa del frío en las Islas Británicas . El 26 de diciembre de 2009, San Petersburgo , Rusia, quedó cubierta por 35  cm de nieve, la mayor nevada registrada en diciembre en la ciudad desde 1881.

epidemias

La resistencia a los antibióticos es un fenómeno grave y creciente en la medicina contemporánea, y se ha convertido en una de las principales preocupaciones de salud pública del siglo XXI, especialmente en lo que respecta a los organismos patógenos (el término no es especialmente relevante para los organismos que no causan enfermedades en los seres humanos).

El brote de fiebre aftosa en el Reino Unido en 2001 provocó una crisis en la agricultura y el turismo británicos. Esta epizootia causó 2000 casos de la enfermedad en granjas de la mayor parte del territorio británico. Más de 6 millones de ovejas y vacas fueron sacrificadas. [ 120 ]

Entre noviembre de 2002 y julio de 2003, se produjo un brote de síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS) en Hong Kong, con 8273 casos y 775 muertes en todo el mundo (una tasa de letalidad del 9,6 %), según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). En cuestión de semanas, el SARS se propagó desde Hong Kong e infectó a personas en 37 países a principios de 2003.

Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina : la Oficina de Estadísticas Nacionales informó de 1.629 muertes relacionadas con SARM en Inglaterra y Gales durante 2005, lo que indica una tasa de mortalidad relacionada con SARM que es la mitad de la de Estados Unidos en 2005, aunque las cifras de la fuente británica se explicaron como elevadas debido a "mejores niveles de notificación, posiblemente provocadas por la continua y elevada visibilidad pública de la enfermedad" durante las elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 2005. Se cree que el SARM causó 1.652 muertes en 2006 en el Reino Unido, frente a las 51 de 1993.

En la Ciudad de México, la gente usa mascarillas en un tren debido al brote de gripe porcina , abril de 2009.

La pandemia de gripe H1N1 (gripe porcina) de 2009 también se consideró un desastre natural. El 25 de octubre de 2009, el presidente de Estados Unidos, Barack Obama, declaró oficialmente la H1N1 como una emergencia nacional . [ 121 ] A pesar de la preocupación del presidente Obama, una encuesta de PublicMind de la Universidad Fairleigh Dickinson reveló en octubre de 2009 que una abrumadora mayoría de los habitantes de Nueva Jersey (74 %) no estaban muy preocupados o no estaban preocupados en absoluto por contraer el virus de la gripe H1N1. [ 122 ]

Un estudio realizado en coordinación con el Servicio de Salud de la Universidad de Michigan, cuya publicación está prevista para diciembre de 2009 en el American Journal of Roentgenology, advierte que la gripe H1N1 puede causar embolia pulmonar , considerada una de las principales causas de muerte en la pandemia actual. Los autores del estudio sugieren que los médicos realicen una tomografía computarizada con contraste para detectar la presencia de embolia pulmonar en pacientes diagnosticados con complicaciones respiratorias derivadas de un caso grave de gripe H1N1. [ 123 ]

Al 30 de mayo de 2010, según lo declarado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, más de 214 países y territorios o comunidades de ultramar habían notificado casos confirmados por laboratorio de influenza pandémica H1N1 2009, incluyendo más de 18.138 muertes. [ 124 ]

desastres no naturales

Accidentes de vehículos

La multitud se aplasta y se derrumba.

  • Dos derrumbes masivos (en 2004 y 2006 respectivamente) ocurridos durante la peregrinación anual del Hajj en La Meca , Arabia Saudita, causaron la muerte de 245 y 345 peregrinos respectivamente.
  • 25 de enero de 2005: 291 peregrinos murieron tras un fatal derrumbe en un templo hindú en Maharashtra , India.
  • 31 de agosto de 2005 – 953 personas murieron tras una estampida en el puente Al-Aaimmah, que cruza el río Tigris en la capital iraquí de Bagdad .
  • 30 de septiembre de 2008: Los rumores de una bomba colocada dentro de un templo hindú en Jodhpur , India, provocaron una estampida que causó la muerte de 224 peregrinos e hirió a otros 425.

Ciencias económicas

La evolución más significativa de la década de 2000 en el panorama económico fue el avance, largamente pronosticado, del gigante económico China , cuyo PIB creció de 1,21 billones a 5,1 billones (en USD de 2022). [ 125 ] En menor medida, India también se benefició de un auge económico (que creció de 438.390 millones a 1,34 billones) [ 126 ] que vio a los dos países más poblados convertirse en una fuerza económica cada vez más dominante. [ 127 ] El rápido acercamiento de las economías emergentes a los países desarrollados provocó algunas tensiones proteccionistas durante el período y fue en parte responsable de un aumento en los precios de la energía y los alimentos al final de la década. Los desarrollos económicos en el último tercio de la década estuvieron dominados por una recesión económica mundial, que comenzó con la crisis de vivienda y crédito en los Estados Unidos a finales de 2007, y condujo a la quiebra de los principales bancos y otras instituciones financieras. [ 128 ] El estallido de la crisis financiera de 2008 desencadenó una recesión mundial, que comenzó en Estados Unidos y afectó a la mayor parte del mundo industrializado.

La riqueza combinada de los "millonarios de 10 millones de dólares" creció hasta alcanzar casi 41 billones de dólares en 2008. [ 129 ]

El período toma su nombre de Gordon Brown , entonces ministro de Hacienda del Reino Unido (quien más tarde se convirtió en primer ministro ), que decidió vender aproximadamente la mitad de las reservas de oro del Reino Unido en una serie de subastas. En ese momento, las reservas de oro del Reino Unido tenían un valor aproximado de 6.500 millones de dólares estadounidenses, lo que representaba cerca de la mitad de las reservas netas de divisas del Reino Unido, que ascendían a 13.000 millones de dólares estadounidenses . [ 136 ]

  • La fusión de AOL con Time Warner en 2001 (un acuerdo valorado en 350 mil millones de dólares; que fue la mayor fusión en la historia empresarial estadounidense) [ 137 ] fue "el mayor error en la historia corporativa", cree el jefe de Time Warner, Jeff Bewkes [ 138 ].
  • 7 de febrero de 2004 – Lotería transnacional Euromillones , lanzada por la Française des Jeux de Francia , las Loterías y Apuestas del Estado de España y Camelot del Reino Unido.
  • En 2007, se informó que en el Reino Unido, una libra de cada siete gastadas se destinó al minorista de comestibles y mercancía general Tesco . [ 139 ]
  • El 9 de octubre de 2007, el Dow Jones Industrial Average cerró en el nivel récord de 14.164,53 . Dos días después, el 11 de octubre, el Dow cotizaría en su nivel intradiario más alto de la historia, en la marca de 14.198,10 . [ 140 ] En lo que normalmente tomaría muchos años lograr; se citaron numerosas razones para el ascenso extremadamente rápido del Dow desde el nivel de 11.000 a principios de 2006, hasta el nivel de 14.000 a finales de 2007. Estas incluían posibles adquisiciones y fusiones futuras , informes de ganancias saludables particularmente en el sector tecnológico y cifras de inflación moderadas ; alimentando la especulación de que la Reserva Federal no subiría las tasas de interés . Aproximadamente a la par con el récord de 2000 cuando se ajusta por la inflación, esto representó el máximo final del alcista cíclico. El índice cerró 2007 en 13.264,82, un nivel que no superaría hasta casi cinco años después.

Crecimiento económico en el mundo

Shanghái se convierte en un símbolo del reciente auge económico de China.

Entre 1999 y 2009, según las estadísticas del Banco Mundial sobre el PIB: [ 141 ] [ 142 ]

  • La economía mundial, medida por el PIB nominal, casi duplicó su tamaño, pasando de 30,21 billones de dólares estadounidenses en 1999 a 58,23 billones de dólares estadounidenses en 2009. Esta cifra no está ajustada por la inflación. Según el FMI, el PIB mundial, en términos de paridad de poder adquisitivo (PPA) , aumentó un 78 %. Sin embargo, según las tasas de crecimiento a precios constantes del FMI, el PIB nominal ajustado por inflación aumentó solo un 42 %. [ 143 ] Las siguientes cifras no corresponden al PIB nominal ajustado por inflación y deben interpretarse con extrema precaución:
  • Estados Unidos (14,26 billones de dólares) mantuvo su posición como la mayor economía del mundo. Sin embargo, su contribución a la economía global total disminuyó del 28,8% al 24,5% en términos nominales, o del 23,8% al 20,4% ajustada por poder adquisitivo.
  • Japón (5,07 billones de dólares estadounidenses) mantuvo su posición como la segunda economía más grande del mundo, pero su contribución a la economía mundial también se redujo significativamente, pasando del 14,5% al ​​8,7% a precios nominales, o del 7,8% al 6,0% ajustada por poder adquisitivo.
  • China (4,98 billones de dólares estadounidenses) pasó de ser la sexta economía más grande a la tercera, y en 2009 contribuyó con el 8,6% de la economía mundial, frente al 3,3% en 1999 a precios nominales, o un aumento del 6,9% al 12,6% ajustado por poder adquisitivo.
  • Alemania (3,35 billones de dólares estadounidenses), Francia (2,65 billones de dólares estadounidenses), Reino Unido (2,17 billones de dólares estadounidenses) e Italia (2,11 billones de dólares estadounidenses) ocuparon el cuarto, quinto, sexto y séptimo lugar, respectivamente, en las economías más grandes en 2009.
  • Brasil (1,57 billones de dólares estadounidenses) mantuvo su posición como la octava economía más grande, seguido de España (1,46 billones de dólares estadounidenses), que se mantuvo en el décimo lugar.
  • Otras economías importantes fueron Canadá (1,34 billones de dólares estadounidenses; puesto 10, bajando desde el puesto 9), India (1,31 billones de dólares estadounidenses; se mantiene en el puesto 11 desde el puesto 12), Rusia (1,23 billones de dólares estadounidenses; del puesto 16 al 12), México (875 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses; puesto 14, bajando desde el puesto 11), Australia (925 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses; del puesto 14 al 13) y Corea del Sur (832 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses; puesto 15, bajando desde el puesto 13).
  • En términos de paridad de poder adquisitivo en 2009, las diez economías más grandes fueron Estados Unidos (US$14,26 billones), China (US$9,10 billones), Japón (US$4,14 billones), India (US$3,75 billones), Alemania (US$2,98 billones), Rusia (US$2,69 billones), Reino Unido (US$2,26 billones), Francia (US$2,17 billones), Brasil (US$2,02 billones) e Italia (US$1,92 billones). [ 144 ] [ 145 ]
  • El precio medio de la vivienda en el Reino Unido aumentó un 132% entre el cuarto trimestre de 2000 y un 91% durante la década; pero el salario medio aumentó solo un 40%. [ 146 ]

La globalización y sus descontentos

La externalización de puestos de trabajo a países extranjeros, como este centro de llamadas en India, aumentó significativamente durante la década, ya que muchas corporaciones multinacionales trasladaron su producción y sus servicios de los países occidentales a los países en desarrollo .

La eliminación de las barreras comerciales y de inversión , el crecimiento de los mercados internos , la devaluación artificial de las monedas , la proliferación de la educación , el rápido desarrollo de las industrias de alta tecnología y sistemas de información , y el crecimiento de la economía mundial propiciaron un aumento significativo de la externalización de servicios en el extranjero durante la década. Muchas corporaciones multinacionales incrementaron considerablemente la subcontratación de la manufactura (y, cada vez más, de los servicios ) a través de las fronteras nacionales en países en desarrollo , especialmente en China e India, debido a las numerosas ventajas que ofrecían estos dos países, los dos más poblados del mundo, que contaban con una enorme reserva de talento y donde los costos de producción eran bajos. Como resultado de este crecimiento, muchos de estos países en desarrollo acumularon capital y comenzaron a invertir en el extranjero. Otros países, como los Emiratos Árabes Unidos , Australia, Brasil y Rusia, se beneficiaron del aumento de la demanda de sus recursos minerales y energéticos generado por el crecimiento global. El declive de la industria manufacturera se hizo sentir en Japón y en algunas partes de Estados Unidos y Europa que no habían logrado desarrollar industrias innovadoras exitosas. Los detractores señalan que la práctica de la externalización de servicios en el extranjero por parte de países con salarios más altos conlleva la reducción del empleo y la inversión nacionales. Como consecuencia, muchos puestos de trabajo en atención al cliente, así como en los sectores de tecnología de la información ( procesamiento de datos , programación informática y soporte técnico ) en países como Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido, se han visto o podrían verse afectados.

Si bien el comercio mundial aumentó en la década (impulsado en parte por la entrada de China en la OMC en 2001), hubo poco progreso en el sistema multilateral de comercio. El comercio internacional continuó expandiéndose durante la década, ya que las economías emergentes y los países en desarrollo, en particular China y los países del sur de Asia, se beneficiaron de bajos costos salariales y, con frecuencia, de monedas infravaloradas. Sin embargo, las negociaciones mundiales para reducir los aranceles no avanzaron mucho, ya que los países miembros de la Organización Mundial del Comercio no lograron encontrar acuerdos para extender el alcance del libre comercio . [ 147 ] La Ronda de Doha de negociaciones, lanzada en 2001 por la OMC para promover el desarrollo, no se completó debido a las crecientes tensiones entre las áreas regionales. Tampoco la Conferencia de Cancún en 2003 encontró un consenso sobre el comercio de servicios [ 148 ] y los subsidios agrícolas . [ 149 ]

El ascenso comparativo de China, India y otros países en desarrollo también contribuyó a su creciente influencia en los foros internacionales . En 2009, se decidió que el G20 , originalmente un foro de ministros de finanzas y gobernadores de bancos centrales, reemplazaría al G8 como principal consejo económico.

Retirada de exportaciones chinas en 2007 : en 2007, las instituciones de seguridad de productos de Estados Unidos , Canadá , la Unión Europea , Australia y Nueva Zelanda impusieron una serie de retiradas de productos y prohibiciones de importación contra productos fabricados y exportados desde la China continental de la República Popular China (RPC) debido a numerosos supuestos problemas de seguridad para el consumidor .

Entre los acontecimientos que contribuyeron a la crisis de confianza se incluyeron la retirada de productos de consumo como alimentos para mascotas , juguetes , pasta de dientes y pintalabios , así como la prohibición de ciertos tipos de mariscos . También se incluyeron informes sobre la deficiente seguridad en caso de colisión de los automóviles chinos, que debían entrar en los mercados estadounidense y europeo en 2008. Esto tuvo consecuencias negativas para la confianza en la seguridad y la calidad de los productos manufacturados de China continental en la economía global.

La era de la turbulencia

Personas haciendo cola frente a una sucursal del banco Northern Rock en Birmingham , Reino Unido, el 15 de septiembre de 2007, para retirar sus ahorros debido a la crisis de las hipotecas subprime .

La década estuvo marcada por dos crisis financieras y económicas. En 2001, estalló la burbuja de las puntocom , provocando turbulencias en los mercados financieros y una disminución de la actividad económica en las economías desarrolladas, en particular en Estados Unidos. [ 150 ] Sin embargo, el impacto de la crisis en la actividad fue limitado gracias a la intervención de los bancos centrales, especialmente del Sistema de la Reserva Federal de Estados Unidos . De hecho, Alan Greenspan , presidente de la Reserva Federal hasta 2006, recortó los tipos de interés varias veces para evitar una recesión grave, [ 151 ] lo que permitió una reactivación económica en Estados Unidos. [ 152 ]

A medida que la Reserva Federal mantenía bajas tasas de interés para favorecer el crecimiento económico, comenzó a aparecer una burbuja inmobiliaria en Estados Unidos. En 2007, el aumento de las tasas de interés y el colapso del mercado inmobiliario provocaron una ola de impagos de préstamos en EE. UU. La posterior crisis de las hipotecas subprime causó la crisis financiera de 2008 , porque las hipotecas subprime se habían titulizado y vendido a bancos internacionales y fondos de inversión. A pesar de la amplia intervención de los bancos centrales, incluyendo la nacionalización parcial y total de los principales bancos europeos, [ 153 ] [ 154 ] la crisis de la deuda soberana se agudizó particularmente, primero en Islandia , aunque como demostrarían los acontecimientos de principios de la década de 2010, no fue un ejemplo europeo aislado. La actividad económica se vio gravemente afectada en todo el mundo en 2008 y 2009, [ 155 ] con consecuencias desastrosas para los fabricantes de automóviles . [ 156 ]

En 2007, el ministro de Hacienda del Reino Unido, Gordon Brown , pronunció su último discurso en Mansion House como ministro antes de mudarse al número 10. Dirigiéndose a los financieros: «Se ha creado un nuevo orden mundial», todos debían seguir el «gran ejemplo» de la ciudad, «una era que la historia registrará como el comienzo de una nueva Edad de Oro». [ 157 ]

Las reacciones de los gobiernos de todos los países desarrollados y en desarrollo ante la desaceleración económica se inspiraron en gran medida en la economía keynesiana . El final de la década se caracterizó por un resurgimiento keynesiano , [ 158 ] mientras que la influencia y la popularidad mediática de los economistas de izquierda [ 159 ] Joseph Stiglitz y Paul Krugman (premios Nobel en 2001 y 2008, respectivamente) no dejaron de crecer durante la década. [ 160 ] Se organizaron varias cumbres internacionales para encontrar soluciones a la crisis económica e imponer un mayor control sobre los mercados financieros. El G20 se convirtió en 2008 y 2009 en una organización importante, ya que los líderes de los países miembros celebraron dos cumbres importantes en Washington en noviembre de 2008 y en Londres en abril de 2009 para regular los sectores bancario y financiero, [ 161 ] y también lograron coordinar su acción económica y evitar reacciones proteccionistas.

Crisis energética

Aumento de los precios del petróleo
Precios de la gasolina a finales de mayo de 2008

Desde mediados de la década de 1980 hasta septiembre de 2003, el precio del barril de petróleo crudo ajustado a la inflación en la NYMEX generalmente se mantuvo por debajo de los 25 dólares por barril. Durante 2003, el precio superó los 30 dólares, alcanzó los 60 dólares el 11 de agosto de 2005 y llegó a un máximo de 147,30 dólares en julio de 2008. [ 162 ] Los analistas atribuyeron estos aumentos de precios a muchos factores, incluidos informes del Departamento de Energía de Estados Unidos y otros que mostraban una disminución en las reservas de petróleo, preocupaciones sobre el pico del petróleo , la tensión en Oriente Medio y la especulación sobre el precio del petróleo. [ 163 ]

Durante un tiempo, los acontecimientos geopolíticos y los desastres naturales indirectamente relacionados con el mercado petrolero mundial tuvieron fuertes efectos a corto plazo en los precios del petróleo. Estos acontecimientos y desastres incluyeron las pruebas de misiles de Corea del Norte , el conflicto de 2006 entre Israel y Líbano, las preocupaciones sobre las centrales nucleares iraníes en 2006 y el huracán Katrina . Para 2008, tales presiones parecían tener un impacto insignificante en los precios del petróleo dado el inicio de la recesión mundial. La recesión provocó una contracción de la demanda de energía a finales de 2008 y principios de 2009, y el precio también se desplomó. Sin embargo, se recuperó en mayo de 2009, volviendo a los niveles de noviembre de 2008. [ 164 ]

Muchas economías de rápido crecimiento en todo el mundo, especialmente en Asia, también fueron un factor importante en el rápido aumento de la demanda de combustibles fósiles , lo que, junto con la disminución de nuevos descubrimientos de petróleo, el aumento de los costos de extracción y la inestabilidad política, impulsó otras dos tendencias: un alza vertiginosa en el precio de los productos derivados del petróleo y un impulso por parte de gobiernos y empresas para promover el desarrollo de tecnología respetuosa con el medio ambiente (conocida informalmente como tecnología "verde"). Sin embargo, un efecto secundario del impulso de algunas naciones industrializadas para adoptar prácticas sostenibles y utilizar biocombustibles fue una disminución en el suministro de alimentos y el consiguiente aumento de su precio. Esto contribuyó en parte a la crisis de precios de los alimentos de 2007 , que afectó gravemente a las naciones más pobres del mundo, provocando una escasez de alimentos aún más severa. [ 165 ]

El auge del euro

El euro se convirtió en la moneda de los miembros de la zona euro .

El euro , moneda común para la mayoría de los Estados miembros de la UE, se estableció electrónicamente en 1999, vinculando oficialmente las monedas de cada nación participante. La nueva moneda entró en circulación en 2002 y las antiguas se retiraron gradualmente. Solo tres de los entonces 15 Estados miembros decidieron no adoptar el euro (Reino Unido, Dinamarca y Suecia). En 2004, la UE emprendió una importante ampliación hacia el este, admitiendo a 10 nuevos Estados miembros (ocho de los cuales eran antiguos Estados comunistas). Otros dos, Bulgaria y Rumanía , se unieron en 2007, conformando una unión de 27 naciones.

Desde entonces, el euro se ha convertido en la segunda moneda de reserva más importante y la segunda moneda más negociada del mundo después del dólar estadounidense. [ 166 ] A octubre de 2009 Con más de 790  mil millones de euros en circulación, el euro era la moneda con el mayor valor combinado de billetes y monedas en circulación en el mundo, habiendo superado al dólar estadounidense. [ nota 1 ]

Ciencia y tecnología

Ciencia

Marcas científicas por campo

Arqueología
Biología
Matemáticas
Física
Espacio
Concepto artístico del rover Opportunity de la NASA para la exploración de Marte .
Estas imágenes muestran agua en un cráter lunar muy joven en el lado de la Luna que no da a la Tierra.

Tecnología

automóviles

Comunicaciones

La popularidad de los teléfonos móviles y los mensajes de texto aumentó drásticamente en el mundo occidental durante la década de 2000.
  • La popularidad de los teléfonos móviles y los mensajes de texto se disparó en el mundo occidental durante la década de 2000. La llegada de los mensajes de texto posibilitó nuevas formas de interacción que antes eran imposibles, con consecuencias positivas como la posibilidad de recibir información en cualquier lugar. Sin embargo, también tuvo consecuencias sociales negativas, como el ciberacoso y el aumento de los accidentes de tráfico causados ​​por conductores distraídos que enviaban mensajes de texto al volante .
  • El internet móvil , lanzado por primera vez en Japón con el i-mode en 1999, se hizo cada vez más popular entre la gente de los países desarrollados a lo largo de la década, gracias a la mejora de las capacidades de los teléfonos móviles y a los avances en la tecnología de telecomunicaciones móviles, como GPRS y 3G .
  • El correo electrónico siguió siendo popular durante toda la década. Comenzó a reemplazar al correo postal tradicional (también conocido, de forma más neutral, como correo en papel , correo postal , correo terrestre o simplemente correo o correo ) como la principal forma de enviar cartas y otros mensajes a personas en lugares lejanos, aunque ha estado disponible desde 1971.
  • Las redes sociales surgieron como una nueva forma para que las personas se mantuvieran en contacto sin importar dónde se encontraran, siempre que tuvieran conexión a internet . Las primeras redes sociales fueron Friendster , Myspace , Facebook y Twitter en 2002, 2003, 2004 y 2006, respectivamente. Myspace fue la red social más popular hasta junio de 2009, cuando Facebook la superó en número de usuarios estadounidenses. [ 180 ]
  • Los smartphones , que combinan teléfonos móviles con funciones de asistentes digitales personales y reproductores multimedia portátiles , surgieron en la década de 1990, pero no se popularizaron hasta finales de la década de 2000. Los smartphones ofrecen numerosas funciones y suelen tener pantallas táctiles de alta resolución y navegadores web . El primer smartphone moderno fue el iPhone 2G , uno de los primeros en no incluir teclado físico, utilizando únicamente una pantalla táctil y un botón de inicio, que posteriormente se convertiría en estándar en la industria. Se lanzó en junio de 2007 en Estados Unidos y en noviembre de 2007 en varios territorios de Europa Occidental.
  • Debido al gran éxito de las conexiones a Internet de banda ancha, la VoIP comenzó a ganar popularidad como reemplazo de las líneas telefónicas tradicionales . La VoIP fue popularizada en gran medida por Skype . [ 181 ]

Informática e Internet

En la década de 2000, Internet se convirtió en un elemento fundamental, afianzando su dominio en la sociedad occidental y extendiéndose cada vez más en el mundo en desarrollo. El porcentaje de la población mundial que utilizaba Internet pasó del 6,7 % al 25,7 %. [ 182 ]

Google se convierte en el sitio web más visitado de Internet.
  • Un enorme aumento en el uso de internet de banda ancha a nivel mundial; por ejemplo, del 6 % de los usuarios de internet en EE. UU. en junio de 2000 [ 183 ] ​​al 62 % que un estudio de mediados de la década predijo para 2010. [ 184 ] Para febrero de 2007, más del 80 % de los usuarios de internet en EE. UU. estaban conectados a través de banda ancha, y el internet de banda ancha se ha convertido prácticamente en un estándar requerido para una navegación de calidad. [ 185 ]
  • A finales de la década, el internet inalámbrico cobró gran importancia, al igual que el acceso a internet en dispositivos distintos de los ordenadores, como teléfonos móviles y consolas de videojuegos.
  • El correo electrónico se convirtió en una forma estándar de comunicación interpersonal escrita, con direcciones populares disponibles para el público en Hotmail (ahora Outlook.com) , Gmail y Yahoo! Mail .
  • La normalización cobró cada vez más importancia a medida que los corpus y léxicos estandarizados y masivos del lenguaje hablado y escrito se volvieron ampliamente accesibles para el público en general , al igual que los documentos de la oficina sin papel se archivaban y recuperaban con una eficiencia cada vez mayor utilizando el marcado basado en XML .
  • La tecnología peer-to-peer (de igual a igual) ganó una enorme popularidad gracias a los sistemas de intercambio de archivos, que permiten a los usuarios compartir cualquier archivo de audio, vídeo y datos, o cualquier cosa en formato digital, así como con aplicaciones que comparten datos en tiempo real, como el tráfico telefónico .
  • Las VPN (redes privadas virtuales) también se hicieron accesibles al público en general, y el cifrado de datos siguió siendo un problema importante para la estabilidad del comercio electrónico.
  • El auge de las descargas de música y el uso de la compresión de datos para transferir música rápidamente por internet, junto con el aumento de los reproductores de audio digital portátiles, provocaron que la industria del entretenimiento se esforzara durante toda la década por encontrar sistemas de distribución digital para música, películas y otros contenidos que redujeran la infracción de derechos de autor y preservaran las ganancias.
  • La unidad flash USB sustituye al disquete como la forma preferida de almacenamiento de datos móviles de baja capacidad.
  • En febrero de 2003, Dell anunció que las unidades de disquete ya no vendrían preinstaladas en las computadoras domésticas Dell Dimension , aunque seguían estando disponibles como opción seleccionable y se podían comprar como complemento OEM en el mercado de repuestos. [ 186 ] El 29 de enero de 2007, PC World declaró que solo el 2% de las computadoras que vendían contenían unidades de disquete integradas ; una vez agotadas las existencias actuales, no se venderían más disquetes estándar. [ 187 ]
  • Durante esa década, Windows 2000 , XP , Microsoft Office 2003 , Vista y Office 2007 (y posteriormente Windows 7 ) se convirtieron en los estándares omnipresentes de la industria del software para computadoras personales hasta finales de la década, cuando Apple comenzó a ganar lentamente cuota de mercado. Windows ME y Microsoft Office XP también se lanzaron durante esa década.
  • Con la llegada de la Web 2.0 , la tecnología dinámica se volvió ampliamente accesible y, a mediados de la década de 2000, PHP y MySQL se convirtieron (junto con Apache y nginx ) en la columna vertebral de muchos sitios, haciendo innecesario el conocimiento de programación para publicar en la web. Los blogs, portales y wikis se convirtieron en métodos comunes de difusión electrónica para que profesionales, aficionados y empresas llevaran a cabo la gestión del conocimiento, ejemplificado por el éxito de la enciclopedia en línea Wikipedia, que se lanzó el 15 de enero de 2001, creció rápidamente y se convirtió en la obra de referencia general más grande y popular de Internet [ 188 ] [ 189 ] , así como en la wiki más conocida del mundo y la enciclopedia más grande del mundo.
  • El software de código abierto , como el sistema operativo Linux , el navegador web Mozilla Firefox y el reproductor multimedia VLC , está ganando terreno.
  • El comercio por Internet se convirtió en la norma para las reservas; la compraventa de acciones; la promoción de la música, las artes, la literatura y el cine; las compras; y otras actividades.
  • Durante esta década, ciertos sitios web y motores de búsqueda adquirieron gran relevancia a nivel mundial como transmisores de bienes, servicios e información. Algunos de los sitios web y motores de búsqueda más populares y exitosos de la década de 2000 fueron Google , Yahoo!, Wikipedia, Amazon , eBay , MySpace, Facebook, Twitter y YouTube.
  • Cada vez más empresas comenzaron a ofrecer servicios sin papel , permitiendo a los clientes acceder a sus facturas y extractos bancarios directamente a través de una interfaz web .
  • En 2007, la cadena de comida rápida McDonald's anunció la introducción de acceso inalámbrico a internet de alta velocidad gratuito en la mayoría de sus 1200 restaurantes para finales de año, una medida que la convertiría en el mayor proveedor de este servicio en el Reino Unido. [ 190 ]

Google , YouTube , Ask.com y Wikipedia surgieron como sitios web populares, convirtiéndose en el segundo, tercer, séptimo y noveno sitio web más popular al final de la década, respectivamente. Amazon superó a eBay como el sitio de comercio electrónico más visitado en 2008. AOL disminuyó significativamente en popularidad a lo largo de la década, pasando de ser el sitio web más popular a ya no estar entre los 10 primeros. Excite y Lycos quedaron fuera del top 10, y MSN cayó del segundo al sexto sitio más popular, aunque cuadruplicó sus visitas mensuales (pasando de 325 a 1200 millones de visitas mensuales). Yahoo! mantuvo una popularidad relativamente estable, permaneciendo como el sitio web más popular durante la mayor parte de la década. [ 191 ]

El auge de los reproductores de MP3 , la música descargable y los tonos de llamada para celulares a mediados de la década de 2000 puso fin al dominio que el CD había mantenido durante una década hasta ese momento. [ 192 ]

Electrónica

  • El GPS (Sistema de Posicionamiento Global) se popularizó enormemente, sobre todo para el seguimiento de objetos o personas y su uso en automóviles (véase Sistemas de navegación para automóviles ). Surgieron y se hicieron populares juegos que utilizaban este sistema, como el geocaching .
  • Los punteros láser verdes [ 193 ] aparecieron en el mercado alrededor del año 2000 y son el tipo más común de láseres DPSS (también llamados DPSSFD por "diodo bombeado de estado sólido de frecuencia duplicada").

A finales de 2004 y principios de 2005, se produjo un aumento significativo de los incidentes reportados relacionados con punteros láser (véase Láseres y seguridad aérea) . Esta oleada de incidentes pudo haber sido desencadenada en parte por personas que imitaron a quienes leyeron noticias sobre incidentes con punteros láser. En un caso, David Banach, de Nueva Jersey, fue acusado en virtud de la Ley Patriota federal , una ley antiterrorista, tras supuestamente apuntar con un puntero láser a una aeronave. [ 194 ]

El sistema de pago con chip y PIN se puso a prueba en Northampton , Inglaterra, a partir de mayo de 2003, y como resultado se implementó en todo el Reino Unido en 2004 con anuncios en la prensa y la televisión nacional que promocionaban el eslogan "La seguridad está en los números".

  • En 2009, Tesco (una multinacional británica de supermercados y tiendas de artículos generales) abrió su primera sucursal en el Reino Unido en la que los robots de servicio eran la única opción en la caja, en Kingsley, Northampton ; su cadena estadounidense, Fresh & Easy , ya opera varias sucursales de este tipo. [ 195 ]
  • El 7 de septiembre de 2009, un organismo de control de la UE advirtió de un "aumento alarmante" del fraude en cajeros automáticos por parte de bandas criminales organizadas en toda Europa que utilizan tecnología sofisticada de clonación de tarjetas, junto con una explosión de ataques con alunizaje contra cajeros automáticos .

Los delitos relacionados con cajeros automáticos en Europa aumentaron a 485 millones de euros (423 millones de libras esterlinas) en 2008, tras un incremento del 149 % en los ataques a estos dispositivos. Las bandas criminales recurren a la tecnología inalámbrica Bluetooth para transmitir los datos de las tarjetas y el número de identificación personal (PIN) a ordenadores portátiles cercanos , y utilizan técnicas cada vez más sofisticadas para clonar tarjetas.

Los ordenadores portátiles se popularizaron a finales de la década de 2000.

Los robos más convencionales, como los de tipo "romper y atracar", también están en aumento, según la Agencia Europea de Seguridad de las Redes y la Información (ENISA ). La agencia informa de un incremento del 32 % en los robos físicos a cajeros automáticos, que van desde asaltos con alunizaje hasta el uso de sierras rotativas, sopletes y taladros de diamante. Atribuye este aumento a bandas criminales de Europa del Este. [ 196 ]

Robótica

El robot quirúrgico Da Vinci , que permite realizar cirugías robóticas precisas, se presentó en la década de 2000.

Transporte

El Segway fue presentado en diciembre de 2001.

Video

  • Las cámaras digitales se popularizaron rápidamente debido a la reducción de tamaño y costo, mientras que la resolución fotográfica aumentó constantemente. Como resultado, las cámaras digitales reemplazaron en gran medida a las analógicas y su integración en los teléfonos móviles se incrementó considerablemente. Desde 2007, las cámaras digitales comenzaron a fabricarse con la función de reconocimiento facial integrada. [ 206 ]
  • Las pantallas planas comenzaron a popularizarse ampliamente en la segunda mitad de la década, desplazando a los tubos de rayos catódicos . [ 207 ] [ 208 ]
  • Los proyectores portátiles llegan al mercado y luego se integran en los teléfonos celulares. [ 209 ]
  • Los dispositivos DVR como TiVo se popularizaron, permitiendo grabar programas de televisión en un disco duro y ofreciendo numerosas funciones adicionales, como la opción de adelantar los anuncios o usar la función de omisión automática de anuncios . Esta función generó controversia, ya que las principales cadenas de televisión y estudios de cine alegaron que infringía los derechos de autor y que debía prohibirse. Con la función de omisión de anuncios, muchos canales de televisión colocan anuncios en la parte inferior de la pantalla. [ 210 ]
  • La tecnología VOD se generalizó entre los usuarios de cable de todo el mundo, permitiéndoles seleccionar y ver contenido de vídeo de una gran variedad de contenido disponible almacenado en un servidor central, así como obtener la posibilidad de congelar la imagen, así como avanzar y retroceder rápidamente el contenido VOD.
  • Los DVD, y posteriormente los discos Blu-ray , reemplazan la tecnología VCR como estándar común en los hogares y en las tiendas de videos. [ 211 ]
  • Los portales de vídeo gratuitos de Internet como YouTube, Hulu y las soluciones de software de televisión por Internet como Joost se convirtieron en nuevas alternativas populares a las emisiones de televisión . [ 212 ]
  • En marzo de 2007, Verizon Wireless lanzó V CAST Mobile TV, que ofrecía transmisiones de televisión, incluyendo programas completos de comedia, deportes y noticias, a teléfonos móviles. [ 213 ]
  • La " televisión de alta definición " se popularizó mucho hacia la segunda mitad de la década, con el aumento de canales de televisión HD y la conversión de señales analógicas a digitales. [ 214 ]

Misceláneas

En 2003, el vaporizador fue inventado por el farmacéutico chino Hon Lik.

Religión e irreligión

Acontecimientos y tendencias más destacadas durante la década de 2000:

Población y cuestiones sociales

  • Durante esa década se produjo una mayor expansión de los derechos LGBTQ+ , con numerosos países europeos, oceánicos y americanos reconociendo las uniones civiles y las parejas de hecho, y varios países extendiendo el matrimonio civil a las parejas del mismo sexo. Los Países Bajos fueron el primer país del mundo en legalizar el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en 2001. A finales de 2009, el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo era legal y se celebraba en 10 países de todo el mundo, aunque solo en algunas jurisdicciones de México y Estados Unidos . En 2009, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir , política islandesa, se convirtió en la primera jefa de gobierno abiertamente LGBTQ del mundo.
  • La población siguió creciendo en la mayoría de los países, en particular en los países en desarrollo, aunque en general el ritmo se ralentizó. Según estimaciones de las Naciones Unidas, la población mundial alcanzó los seis mil millones a finales de 1999, [ 222 ] y siguió aumentando hasta los 6.8 mil millones a finales de 2009. [ 223 ] En 2007, la población de Estados Unidos alcanzó los 300 millones de habitantes, y la población de Japón alcanzó un máximo de 127 millones antes de comenzar a disminuir. [ 224 ]
  • La obesidad es una de las principales causas de muerte prevenibles en todo el mundo, con una prevalencia cada vez mayor en adultos y niños, y las autoridades la consideran uno de los problemas de salud pública más graves del siglo XXI. [ 225 ]
  • En 2001, el 46,4% de las personas en el África subsahariana vivían en la pobreza extrema . [ 226 ] Casi la mitad de todos los niños indios están desnutridos; sin embargo, incluso entre el quintil más rico, un tercio de los niños están malnutridos. [ 227 ] [ 228 ]
  • 5 al día es el nombre de varios programas en países como Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y Alemania , para fomentar el consumo de al menos cinco porciones de frutas y verduras al día, siguiendo una recomendación de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de que las personas consuman al menos 400  g de verduras al día. [ 229 ]
  • El programa fue introducido por el Departamento de Salud del Reino Unido en el invierno de 2002-2003 y recibió cierta atención negativa por parte de los medios de comunicación debido a los altos y crecientes costos de las frutas y verduras frescas. Después de diez años, las investigaciones sugirieron que pocas personas estaban alcanzando el objetivo. [ 230 ]
  • La tasa de congestión de Londres es un cargo que se aplica a la mayoría de los vehículos que circulan dentro de la Zona de Peaje por Congestión (ZPC) en el centro de Londres entre las 7:00 y las 18:00 horas, de lunes a viernes. No se aplica los fines de semana, los días festivos ni entre Navidad y Año Nuevo (ambos inclusive). Esta tasa, que se introdujo el 17 de febrero de 2003, sigue siendo una de las mayores del mundo.
  • El 3 de diciembre de 2003, Nueva Zelanda aprobó una ley para implementar progresivamente la prohibición de fumar en escuelas, terrenos escolares y lugares de trabajo para diciembre de 2004. [ 231 ] El 29 de marzo de 2004, Irlanda implementó una prohibición nacional de fumar en todos los lugares de trabajo. En Noruega, una legislación similar entró en vigor el 1 de junio del mismo año. Se prohibió fumar en todos los lugares públicos del Reino Unido en 2007, cuando Inglaterra se convirtió en la última región en tener la legislación en vigor (la edad mínima para comprar tabaco también se elevó de 16 a 18 años el 1 de octubre de 2007). De 2004 a 2009, los agentes de policía de Merseyside, Reino Unido, realizaron 1389 detenciones y registros en virtud del artículo 60 (sin sospecha razonable), cifra que aumentó a 23 138 en cinco años. [ 232 ]
  • En 2005, se estimó que el costo de la dependencia y el abuso del alcohol le costaba a la economía estadounidense aproximadamente 220 mil millones de dólares por año, más que el cáncer y la obesidad. [ 233 ]
  • El número de antidepresivos recetados por el NHS en el Reino Unido casi se duplicó durante una década, según informaron las autoridades en 2010. En 2009, se emitieron 39,1 millones de recetas de medicamentos para tratar la depresión en Inglaterra, en comparación con los 20,1 millones emitidos en 1999. [ 234 ]
  • En Estados Unidos, un informe independiente de 2005 indicó que el 11% de las mujeres y el 5% de los hombres de la población no institucionalizada (2002) tomaban antidepresivos . El uso de antidepresivos en Estados Unidos se duplicó en una década, de 1996 a 2005. [ 235 ]
  • En 1996, se recetaron antidepresivos a 13 millones de personas, y en 2005, a 27 millones. En 2008, se emitieron más de 164 millones de recetas. [ 235 ]
  • En el Reino Unido, el número de bodas en 2006 fue el más bajo en 110 años. [ 236 ]
  • Jamie Oliver es un chef, restaurador y personalidad mediática británico, conocido por sus programas de televisión y libros de cocina centrados en la gastronomía. En 2006, Oliver inició una campaña formal para prohibir la comida poco saludable en las escuelas británicas y lograr que los niños consumieran alimentos nutritivos. Los esfuerzos de Oliver por lograr un cambio radical en el sistema de comidas escolares, documentados en la serie Jamie's School Dinners , desafiaron la cultura de la comida basura al demostrar a las escuelas que podían servir comidas saludables y económicas que los niños disfrutaran. [ 237 ] Los esfuerzos de Jamie pusieron el tema de las comidas escolares en primer plano político y cambiaron los tipos de alimentos que se servían en las escuelas. [ 238 ]
  • En 2006, se realizaron casi 11 millones de procedimientos de cirugía plástica solo en Estados Unidos. El número de procedimientos cosméticos realizados en Estados Unidos ha aumentado más del 50 por ciento desde principios de siglo. [ 239 ]
  • En noviembre de 2006, la Oficina de Comunicaciones ( Ofcom ) anunció que prohibiría los anuncios de comida basura en televisión antes, durante y después de la programación dirigida a menores de 16 años en el Reino Unido. [ 240 ] Estas regulaciones se habían descrito originalmente en una propuesta a principios de ese año. Esta medida ha sido criticada desde ambos extremos; mientras que la Federación de Alimentos y Bebidas calificó la prohibición de "exagerada", otros han dicho que las restricciones no son suficientes (en particular debido a que las telenovelas estarían exentas de la prohibición). [ 241 ] El 1 de abril de 2007, se prohibieron los anuncios de comida basura en los programas dirigidos a niños de cuatro a nueve años. [ 242 ] Dichos anuncios emitidos durante programas "dirigidos a, o que resulten atractivos para", jóvenes de diez a quince años continuarán eliminándose gradualmente en los próximos meses, [ 243 ] con una prohibición total que entrará en vigor el 1 de enero de 2009. [ 242 ]
  • 10 de noviembre de 2006 – En referencia a la campaña anual de la amapola en el Reino Unido , el periodista y presentador británico Jon Snow condenó la actitud de quienes insisten en que se lleven amapolas en conmemoración. Afirmó: « Existe una especie bastante desagradable de fascismo de la amapola» . [ 244 ]
  • En enero de 2007, el British Retail Consortium anunció que los principales minoristas del Reino Unido, incluidos Asda , Boots , Co-op , Iceland , Marks and Spencer , Sainsbury's , Tesco y Waitrose, tenían la intención de dejar de agregar ácidos grasos trans a sus propios productos para finales de 2007. [ 245 ]
  • En octubre de 2008, la AFP informó sobre la creciente violencia contra los albinos en la región de Ruyigi , en Burundi . Partes de los cuerpos de las víctimas son luego introducidas de contrabando en Tanzania, donde se utilizan en rituales y pociones de curanderos. [ 246 ] Los albinos se han convertido en "un bien comercial", comentó Nicodeme Gahimbare en Ruyigi, quien estableció un refugio seguro en su casa fortificada. [ 246 ]
  • Un estudio de 2009 encontró un aumento del 30% en la diabetes en China durante 7 años. [ 247 ]
  • El SIDA continuó expandiéndose durante la década, principalmente en el África subsahariana . Nuevas enfermedades de origen animal aparecieron por un corto tiempo, como la gripe aviar en 2007. [ 248 ] La gripe porcina fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 2009. [ 249 ]

Medio ambiente y cambio climático

El cambio climático y el calentamiento global se convirtieron en términos de uso común en la década de 2000. Las herramientas de predicción experimentaron avances significativos durante esa década, organizaciones patrocinadas por la ONU, como el IPCC, ganaron influencia, y estudios como el informe Stern influyeron en el apoyo público a la hora de asumir los costos políticos y económicos de la lucha contra el cambio climático.

La temperatura global siguió aumentando durante la década. En diciembre de 2009, la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) anunció que la década de 2000 podría haber sido la más cálida desde que comenzaron los registros en 1850, ya que cuatro de los cinco años más cálidos desde 1850 ocurrieron en esta década. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Posteriormente, la NASA y la NOAA se hicieron eco de las conclusiones de la OMM. [ 252 ]

Los estudios científicos sobre el clima ayudaron a establecer un consenso.

Los grandes desastres naturales se volvieron más frecuentes y ayudaron a cambiar la opinión pública. Una de las olas de calor más mortíferas de la historia de la humanidad ocurrió durante la década de 2000, principalmente en Europa, y la ola de calor europea de 2003 mató a 37.451 personas durante los meses de verano. [ 253 ] En febrero de 2009, una serie de incendios forestales altamente destructivos comenzaron en Victoria, Australia, y se extendieron hasta el mes siguiente. Si bien se cree que los incendios fueron causados ​​por incendios provocados, se informó ampliamente que fueron alimentados por una ola de calor excesiva que se debió en parte al cambio climático. También se ha alegado que el cambio climático fue una causa de la mayor intensidad de las tormentas, en particular en el caso del huracán Katrina .

acciones internacionales

El cambio climático se convirtió en un tema crucial para gobiernos, poblaciones y científicos. Los debates sobre el calentamiento global y sus causas avanzaron significativamente, ya que la mayoría de los estudios científicos refutaron las negaciones del cambio climático . Informes decisivos como el Informe Stern y el Informe del IPCC de 2007 prácticamente establecieron un consenso sobre el cambio climático. [ 254 ] Las acciones de las ONG y el compromiso de figuras políticas (como el exvicepresidente estadounidense Al Gore ) también impulsaron reacciones internacionales contra el cambio climático. Los documentales Una verdad incómoda y Home pudieron haber tenido un impacto decisivo. [ 255 ]

Bajo los auspicios de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Kioto (destinado a combatir el calentamiento global) entró en vigor el 16 de febrero de 2005. En noviembre de 2009, 187 estados habían firmado y ratificado el protocolo. [ 256 ] Además, la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático ayudó a coordinar los esfuerzos de la comunidad internacional para combatir los efectos potencialmente desastrosos de la actividad humana en el planeta y lanzó negociaciones para establecer un ambicioso programa de reducción de emisiones de carbono que comenzó en 2007 con la Hoja de Ruta de Bali . Sin embargo, los representantes de los entonces 192 países miembros de las Naciones Unidas reunidos en diciembre de 2009 para la Conferencia de Copenhague no lograron alcanzar un acuerdo vinculante para reducir las emisiones de carbono debido a las divisiones entre las áreas regionales.

Sin embargo, dado que las tecnologías ambientales representaban un mercado potencial, algunos países realizaron grandes inversiones en energías renovables , ahorro energético y transporte sostenible . Muchos gobiernos lanzaron planes nacionales para promover la energía sostenible. En 2003, los miembros de la Unión Europea crearon un sistema de comercio de derechos de emisión , y en 2007 elaboraron un paquete de medidas climáticas y energéticas para reducir aún más sus emisiones de carbono y mejorar su eficiencia energética. En 2009, la administración Obama de Estados Unidos impulsó el Nuevo Pacto Verde , un plan para crear millones de empleos en sectores relacionados con el medio ambiente .

La Ley de Reciclaje de Residuos Domésticos de 2003 exige a las autoridades locales de Inglaterra que proporcionen a cada hogar una recogida separada de al menos dos tipos de materiales reciclables para el año 2010. [ 257 ]

Cultura

Arquitectura

La comercialización y la globalización provocaron la migración masiva de personas de las zonas rurales a las urbanas, lo que dio lugar a la construcción de imponentes rascacielos en Asia y Europa. En Asia, se construyeron rascacielos en India , China, Tailandia , Corea del Sur y Japón.

  • El Puente del Milenio, conocido oficialmente en Londres como el Puente Peatonal del Milenio de Londres, es un puente colgante de acero para peatones que cruza el río Támesis en Londres, Inglaterra , conectando Bankside con la ciudad. Los londinenses lo apodaron el "Puente Tambaleante" después de que los participantes en una caminata benéfica en nombre de Save the Children para inaugurar el puente sintieran un movimiento de balanceo inesperado y, para algunos, incómodo, durante los dos primeros días posteriores a su apertura. El puente se cerró ese mismo día y, tras dos días de acceso restringido, permaneció cerrado durante casi dos años mientras se realizaban modificaciones para eliminar por completo el balanceo. Se reabrió en 2002.
  • El edificio 30 St Mary Axe (conocido informalmente como "el Pepinillo" y anteriormente como el Edificio Swiss Re) es un rascacielos situado en el distrito financiero de Londres, la City de Londres. Su construcción finalizó en diciembre de 2003 y se inauguró a finales de mayo de 2004. El edificio se ha convertido en un símbolo emblemático de Londres y es uno de los ejemplos más reconocidos de arquitectura moderna de la ciudad.
  • El estadio de Wembley es un estadio de fútbol ubicado en Wembley Park , en el distrito de Brent, Londres, Inglaterra . Se inauguró en 2007 y se construyó en el mismo lugar donde se encontraba el antiguo estadio de Wembley de 1923. El antiguo estadio de Wembley, originalmente llamado Empire Stadium, era conocido como "Las Torres Gemelas" y fue uno de los estadios de fútbol más famosos del mundo hasta su demolición en 2003.
  • En 2003 se completó una importante remodelación de Trafalgar Square en Londres, liderada por WS Atkins con Foster and Partners como subconsultores. Las obras incluyeron el cierre de la principal vía en dirección este a lo largo del lado norte, el desvío del tráfico por los otros tres lados de la plaza, la demolición de la sección central del muro de contención norte y la instalación de una amplia escalinata que conduce a una terraza peatonal frente a la National Gallery. La construcción incluye dos ascensores para personas con discapacidad, aseos públicos y una pequeña cafetería. Anteriormente, el acceso entre la plaza y la Galería se realizaba mediante dos pasos de peatones en las esquinas noreste y noroeste de la plaza. [ 258 ]
  • El Taipei 101 se convirtió en el edificio más alto del mundo jamás construido tras su inauguración oficial el 31 de diciembre de 2004, un récord que mantuvo hasta la inauguración del Burj Khalifa (anteriormente conocido como Burj Dubai ) en enero de 2010, con una altura de 828 m (2717 pies) .  

Bellas artes

  • Lucian Freud fue un pintor británico de origen alemán. Conocido principalmente por sus retratos y figuras con empaste denso, fue ampliamente considerado el artista británico más destacado de su época. [ 259 ]
    • Entre mayo de 2000 y diciembre de 2001, Freud pintó a la reina Isabel II . Este retrato de la reina fue criticado en algunos sectores de los medios británicos. El periódico sensacionalista de mayor tirada, The Sun , fue particularmente crítico, calificando el retrato de «una parodia». [ 260 ]
  • La tesis de Hockney-Falco es una teoría controvertida de la historia del arte , propuesta por el artista David Hockney y el físico Charles M. Falco , que sugiere que los avances en realismo y precisión en la historia del arte occidental desde el Renacimiento fueron principalmente resultado de ayudas ópticas como la cámara oscura , la cámara lúcida y los espejos curvos , en lugar de deberse únicamente al desarrollo de la técnica y la habilidad artística . En su libro de 2001, Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters , Hockney analizó la obra de los antiguos maestros y argumentó que el nivel de precisión representado en su trabajo es imposible de lograr simplemente observándolo a simple vista. Desde entonces, Hockney y Falco han publicado numerosos trabajos que aportan pruebas fehacientes del uso de ayudas ópticas y de la plausibilidad histórica de dichos métodos.
  • Rolf Harris fue un artista australiano. Fue músico, cantautor, compositor, pintor y personalidad televisiva.
  • Entre abril y junio de 2003, los artistas visuales ingleses conocidos como los Hermanos Chapman realizaron una exposición individual en Modern Art Oxford titulada The Rape of Creativity, en la que «los enfants terribles del arte británico compraron una colección impecable de los grabados más célebres de Goya y se dedicaron a desfigurarlos sistemáticamente». [ 261 ] Los grabados de Francisco Goya se referían a su serie de 80 aguafuertes Los desastres de la guerra . [ 261 ] El dúo bautizó sus obras recién desfiguradas como Insulto a la herida . [ 261 ] La BBC describió más obras de la exposición: «Dibujos de Ronald McDonald mutantes, una escultura de bronce de una pintura que muestra a un Hitler con cara triste y maquillaje de payaso, y una gran instalación que presenta una vieja caravana destartalada y excrementos de perro falsos». [ 262 ] El Daily Telegraph comentó que los hermanos Chapman habían "logrado irritar a los historiadores del arte al violar algo mucho más sagrado para el mundo del arte que el cuerpo humano: otra obra de arte" [ 263 ]
  • El 5 de mayo de 2004, un cuadro de 1905 titulado Garçon à la Pipe (Niño con pipa) de Pablo Picasso se vendió por 104.168.000 dólares estadounidenses en una subasta de Sotheby's en Nueva York. En ese momento, batió el récord del precio más alto pagado por un cuadro en subasta (sin tener en cuenta la inflación). La cantidad, 104 millones de dólares, incluye el precio de subasta de 93 millones de dólares más la comisión de la casa de subastas de aproximadamente 11 millones de dólares. Muchos críticos de arte han afirmado que el elevado precio de venta del cuadro tiene mucho más que ver con el nombre del artista que con el mérito o la importancia histórica de la obra. El artículo del Washington Post [ 264 ] [ 265 ] sobre la venta contenía la siguiente caracterización de la reacción:

    El experto en Picasso, Pepe Karmel, contactado en Nueva York la mañana después de la subasta, se mostró indignado por todo el asunto. «Estoy atónito», dijo, «de que un cuadro agradable y menor pueda alcanzar un precio propio de una verdadera obra maestra de Picasso. Esto demuestra hasta qué punto el mercado está alejado del verdadero valor del arte».

  • El 24 de mayo de 2004, más de 100 obras de arte de la famosa colección del coleccionista de arte y mecenas de los Jóvenes Artistas Británicos (YBA, por sus siglas en inglés), Charles Saatchi , fueron destruidas en un incendio en un almacén de una zona industrial de Leyton , al este de Londres . Se perdieron clásicos del arte moderno como la tienda de campaña de Tracey Emin y obras de Damien Hirst , Sarah Lucas y Gary Hume .
  • En 2004, durante el programa de televisión 'Big Art Challenge' del Canal 5 (Reino Unido) , a pesar de declarar: "Siento un profundo desprecio por el vídeo y la fotografía", el crítico de arte inglés Brian Sewell , conocido por su conservadurismo artístico y descrito como "el crítico de arte más famoso y controvertido de Gran Bretaña", [ 267 ] llegó a alabar al menos tres veces al videoartista (y finalmente ganador del concurso) Chris Boyd (de 21 años) como un "genio". [ 268 ] [ 269 ]
  • En junio de 2007, el artista, empresario y coleccionista de arte inglés Damien Hirst batió el récord europeo de la obra de arte más cara de un artista vivo, cuando su obra Lullaby Spring (un mueble de acero de 3 metros de ancho con 6.136 pastillas) se vendió por 19,2 millones de dólares.
    • En septiembre de 2008, Damien Hirst dio un paso sin precedentes para un artista vivo al vender su exposición completa, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever , en una subasta de Sotheby's , sin pasar por sus galerías habituales. La subasta superó todas las expectativas, recaudando 111 millones de libras esterlinas (198 millones de dólares) y batiendo el récord de una subasta de un solo artista.
  • 9 de diciembre de 2009: el dibujo más caro jamás realizado por un antiguo maestro se vendió en una subasta. Titulado «Cabeza de una musa», de Rafael , alcanzó un precio de 29.200.000 libras esterlinas (47.788.400 dólares) en Christie's , Londres , Reino Unido. [ 270 ]

Literatura

  • Carol Ann Duffy , CBE , FRSL (nacida el 23 de diciembre de 1955) es una poeta y dramaturga británica. Es catedrática de Poesía Contemporánea en la Universidad Metropolitana de Manchester y fue nombrada poeta laureada de Gran Bretaña en mayo de 2009. [ 271 ] Es la primera mujer, la primera escocesa y la primera persona abiertamente LGBT en ocupar este cargo. [ 272 ]
  • La exitosa serie de Harry Potter de J.K. Rowling concluyó en julio de 2007 (tras haber sido publicada por primera vez en 1997), aunque la franquicia cinematográfica continuó hasta 2011; a principios de la década de 2010 se anunciaron varias producciones derivadas . La serie de Harry Potter es hasta la fecha la serie de libros más vendida de la historia mundial, con solo siete volúmenes principales (y tres obras complementarias) publicados y cuatrocientos cincuenta millones [ 273 ] de copias vendidas. La franquicia cinematográfica es también actualmente la tercera franquicia cinematográfica más taquillera de la historia, con ocho películas (todas menos las dos últimas estrenadas en la década de 2000) y 8.539.253.704 dólares en ventas.

Film

Live-action films

The highest-grossing film of the decade was Avatar (2009)

The usage of computer-generated imagery became more widespread in films during the 2000s. Documentary and mockumentary films, such as March of the Penguins, Borat, and Super Size Me, were popular in the 2000s. 2004's Fahrenheit 9/11 by Michael Moore is the highest-grossing documentary of all time. Online films became popular, and conversion to digital cinema started. Critically acclaimed movies released in the decade including highlights such as Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Lost in Translation.

Other films from the 2000s that gained popularity included 300, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Napoleon Dynamite, Saw, Zoolander, Shaun of the Dead (the first Three Flavours Cornetto film), Elf, Love Actually, The Room, The Hangover, and Billy Elliot. It also saw Musical films becoming widely successful such as Moulin Rouge!, 8 Mile, Chicago, Dreamgirls, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, and Mamma Mia!.

December 2009's Avatar, an American science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron, made extensive use of cutting edge motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats). It was also released in "4D" in select South Korean theaters.[274]

3D films became more and more successful throughout the 2000s, culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar.

  • Roger Ebert, described by Forbes as "the most powerful pundit in America",[275] was skeptical of the resurgence of 3D effects in film, which he found unrealistic and distracting.[276]
  • In August 2004, American horror author Stephen King, in a column, criticized what he saw as a growing trend of leniency towards films from critics. His main criticism was that films, citing Spider-Man 2 as an example, were constantly given four star ratings that they did not deserve: "Formerly reliable critics who seem to have gone remarkably soft – not to say softhearted and sometimes softheaded – in their old age."[277]

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, a 2003 epic fantasy-drama film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won all the categories for which it was nominated.[278] The film is tied for largest number of awards won with Ben-Hur (1959) and Titanic (1997).

The Passion of the Christ, a 2004 American film directed by Mel Gibson and starring Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ, was highly controversial[279] and received mixed reviews; however, it was a major commercial hit, grossing in excess of $600 million worldwide during its theatrical release.[280]

The superhero film genre experienced renewed and intense interest throughout the 2000s. With high ticket and DVD sales, several new superhero films were released every year. Greatest superhero films including X-Men, Spider-Man and its sequel Spider-Man 2, Batman Begins and its sequel The Dark Knight, and Iron Man (which started the Marvel Cinematic Universe). Some media commentators attributed the increased popularity of such franchises to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11th attacks,[281] although others argued advances in special effects technology played a more significant role.[282]

Animated films

Computer animated films became hugely popular following the release of Toy Story in the mid-1990s, as the production of traditional 2D animated films slowly started to decline, with several either underperforming or bombing at the box office.

Pixar and DreamWorks Animation proved themselves to be the most successful, yet rivaling, studios throughout the 2000s. Pixar enjoyed the critical and commercial successes of their featuresMonsters, Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Cars, Ratatouille, WALL-E, and Up, while DreamWorks found its big break following the success of Shrek (which won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature in 2002), leading to them producing and releasing other films like Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron, Shrek 2, Madagascar, Kung Fu Panda, and Monsters vs. Aliens. Disney Animation, meanwhile, saw several of its traditional 2D animated films underperforming, with the exception of films like The Emperor's New Groove, Lilo & Stitch, and The Princess and the Frog, leading to the studio beginning work on computer animated films, as they would continue to do so into the next two decades.

Other successful films included Ice Age and its first two sequels, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, The Polar Express, Happy Feet, The Simpsons Movie, and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.

Stop motion animated films in that decade which mostly use live-action or computer animation methods included Chicken Run, Team America: World Police, Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, Corpse Bride, Flushed Away, Coraline, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Mary and Max, and A Town Called Panic. Anime films in the 2000s included Spirited Away, Tokyo Godfathers, Howl's Moving Castle, Paprika, and Ponyo. Independent animated works in that decade included Waking Life, The Triplets of Belleville, A Scanner Darkly, Persepolis, Sita Sings the Blues, Waltz with Bashir, and The Secret of Kells.

Award winners

Music

Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters performing in 2005. Foo Fighters are widely regarded as one of the most culturally significant rock bands of the 2000s.[327] The decade saw Foo Fighters win the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album a record-breaking three times; in 2001, 2004, and 2008.

In the 2000s, the Internet allowed consumers unprecedented access to music. The Internet also allowed more artists to distribute music relatively inexpensively and independently without the previously necessary financial support of a record label. Music sales began to decline following the year 2000, a state of affairs generally attributed to unlicensed uploading and downloading of sound files to the Internet, a practice which became more widely prevalent during this time. Business relationships called 360 deals—an arrangement in which a company provides support for an artist, and, in exchange, the artist pays the company a percentage of revenue earned not only from sales of recorded music, but also live performances and publishing—became a popular response by record labels to the loss of music sales attributed to online copyright infringement.[328][329]

Eminel
Beyoncé
Eminem (left) and Beyoncé were two of the best-selling musical artists and most-culturally significant figures of the decade, pictured here in 2003 and 2007 respectively.

In the 2000s, hip-hop reached a commercial peak and heavily influenced various aspects of popular culture, dominating the musical landscape of the decade.[330][331] The best-selling musical artist of the decade was American rapperEminem, who sold 32 million albums. Other popular hip-hop artists included Jay-Z, Nas, Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Ludacris, Common, Ja Rule, Mos Def, DMX, Missy Elliott, OutKast, Lil Jon, Fat Joe, Cam'ron, Pharrell, Gorillaz, Snoop Dogg, Twista, 50 Cent, Nelly, Lil Wayne, T.I., Young Jeezy and The Game. The genre was diverse stylistically, including subgenres such as gangsta rap and crunk.

R&B also gained prominence throughout the decade, and included artists such as D'Angelo, Aaliyah, Usher, Akon, Black Eyed Peas, R. Kelly, Amy Winehouse, Mary J. Blige, Jamie Foxx, Chris Brown, John Legend and Alicia Keys.

In alternative rock, the garage rock revival and post-punk revival entered the mainstream, with bands such as The Strokes, Interpol, The Killers, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The White Stripes seeing commercial success. Indie rock also saw a proliferation in the 2000s with numerous bands experiencing commercial success, including Modest Mouse, TV on the Radio, Franz Ferdinand, Death Cab for Cutie, Arcade Fire, Vampire Weekend, LCD Soundsystem, The Shins, Wilco, Bright Eyes, Spoon, The Decemberists, Broken Social Scene, Grizzly Bear and Fleet Foxes.

Other genres such as post-grunge, post-Britpop, nu metal and metalcore also achieved notability during the decade. Popular metal or hard rock bands consisted of Avenged Sevenfold, Bullet for My Valentine, Disturbed,[332]Breaking Benjamin,[333]Linkin Park, Slipknot, Mudvayne, Tenacious D, Incubus, System of a Down, Mastodon, The Mars Volta, Foo Fighters, Queens of the Stone Age, Three Days Grace, Godsmack, Shinedown, Limp Bizkit, Killswitch Engage, Evanescence, Tool, Deftones, Opeth, and Seether.

Pop-punk and emo-pop became popular in the decade, with bands like Blink-182, The Offspring, Green Day, Good Charlotte, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! at the Disco.[334][335][336][337]

In the early and mid 2000s, disco-inspired dance genres became popular; french house and funky house songs broke into the charts.[338] Popular tracks such as Daft Punk's "One More Time" Fonzerelli's "Moonlight Party", Kylie Minogue's "Spinning Around", Jamiroquai's "Little L", Michael Gray's "The Weekend" and Freemasons "Love on My Mind".

For Latin music Shakira dominated the charts with Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 being the 2nd best-selling Spanish album of all-time and the best-selling Spanish album of the 2000s being 11× platinum to date.

Billboard magazine named Eminem as the "artist of the decade" with the best performance on the Billboard charts[339][note 2] and Beyoncé as the "female artist of the decade", with Nickelback as the "band of the decade".[341][342] In the UK, the biggest selling artist of the decade was Robbie Williams and the biggest selling band of the decade was Westlife.

On August 25, 2001, Aaliyah Haughton – a recording artist, dancer, actress and model – as well as eight others onboard were killed in an airplane crash in The Bahamas after filming the music video for the single "Rock the Boat". On November 29, 2001, George Harrison – best known as a member of the Beatles, one of the most popular bands in history – died of lung cancer at the age of 58. On April 25, 2002, Lisa Lopes (aka Left Eye) – a rapper, dancer and singer-songwriter best known as a member of the R&B/hip-hop girl group TLC – was killed in a car crash in La Ceiba, Honduras. On October 30, 2002, Jason William Mizell (aka Jam Master Jay) – a member of the pioneering hip-hop group Run-D.M.C – was shot and killed in a Merrick Boulevard recording studio in Jamaica, Queens. On December 25, 2006, James Brown – a recording artist known as the "Godfather of Soul" – died of pneumonia at the age of 73. On September 12, 2003, Johnny Cash – a country musician known as the "Man in Black" – died of diabetes at the age of 71. On June 10, 2004, Ray Charles – one of the pioneers of soul music – died of liver failure at the age of 73. On June 25, 2009, recording artist and dancer Michael Jackson – one of the highest-selling musicians of all time – died of a drug overdose, creating the largest global public mourning since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.[343][344][345] Other notable deaths of musical artists in the 2000s were Joey Ramone and Chet Atkins in 2001, Waylon Jennings in 2002, Maurice Gibb and Elliott Smith in 2003, Rick James and Ol' Dirty Bastard in 2004, J Dilla in 2006, Ike Turner and Dan Fogelberg in 2007, and Les Paul in 2009.

In 2002, Robbie Williams signed a record-breaking £80 million contract with EMI.[346] So far it is the biggest music deal in British history.

The 2000s gave rise to a new trend in music production with the growing use of auto-tune. The effect was first popularized in the early 2000s by Eiffel 65 with their 1998 hit song "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", which came to global prominence in 2000. It was also used in certain tracks off critically acclaimed 2001 albums from Daft Punk (with Discovery) and Radiohead (with Amnesiac).[329] By 2008, auto-tune was part of the music mainstream with artists such as Lil Wayne, T-Pain and Kanye West utilizing it in their hit albums Tha Carter III, Three Ringz and 808s & Heartbreak respectively. Towards the end of the decade, electronic dance music began to dominate western charts (as it would proceed to in the following decade), and in turn helped contribute to a diminishing amount of rock music in the mainstream.[347][348]Hip-hop also saw a decline in the mainstream in the late 2000s because of electronic music's rising popularity.[349]

According to The Guardian, music styles during the 2000s changed very little from how they were in the latter half of the 1990s.[350] The 2000s had a profound impact on the condition of music distribution. Recent advents in digital technology have fundamentally altered industry and marketing practices as well as players in unusual rapidity.[351][352][353] According to Nielsen Soundscan, by 2009 CDs accounted for 79 percent of album sales, with 20 percent coming from digital, representing both a 10 percent drop and gain for both formats in 2 years.[354]

Grime is a style of music that emerged from Bow, East London, England in the early 2000s, primarily as a development of UK garage, drum & bass, hip-hop and dancehall. Pioneers of the style include English rappers Dizzee Rascal, Wiley, Roll Deep and Skepta.

Michael Jackson's final album, Invincible, released on October 30, 2001, and costing $30m to record, was the most expensive record ever made.[355]

The end of the 2000s decade also saw the dramatic rise of new pop stars such as Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj and Lady Gaga, all of whom would go on to become some of the best-selling musicians in history.[356]

The general socio-political fallout of Iraq War also extended to popular music. In July 2002, the release of English musician George Michael's song "Shoot the Dog" proved to be controversial. It was critical of George W. Bush and Tony Blair in the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The video showed a cartoon version of Michael astride a nuclear missile in the Middle East and Tony and Cherie Blair in bed with President Bush. The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band. During a London concert ten days before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, lead vocalist Maines said, "we don't want this war, this violence, and we're ashamed that the President of the United States [George W. Bush] is from Texas".[357] The positive reaction to this statement from the British audience contrasted with the boycotts that ensued in the U.S., where "the band was assaulted by talk-show conservatives",[358] while their albums were discarded in public protest.[358] The original music video for the title song from American pop singer Madonna's American Life album was banned as music television stations thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. She also made her widely considered "comeback" album with her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor which topped the charts worldwide in a record 40 countries. As of 2016 the album has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide. Madonna also made history by completing her Sticky & Sweet Tour which became the highest-grossing tour by a female artist and the tenth highest-grossing tour by an artist during 2008–2009.[359]

Live 8 concert in Rome, Italy, 2005

Live 8 was a string of benefit concerts that took place on July 2, 2005, in the G8 states and in South Africa. They were timed to precede the G8 conference and summit held at the Gleneagles Hotel in Auchterarder, Scotland from July 6 to 8, 2005; they also coincided with the 20th anniversary of Live Aid. Run in support of the aims of the UK's Make Poverty History campaign and the Global Call for Action Against Poverty, ten simultaneous concerts were held on July 2 and one on July 6. On July 7, the G8 leaders pledged to double 2004 levels of aid to poor nations from US$25 billion to US$50 billion by the year 2010. Half of the money was to go to Africa. More than 1,000 musicians performed at the concerts, which were broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.[360]

In November 2006, the Rolling Stones' 'A Bigger Bang' tour was declared the highest-grossing tour of all time, earning $437 million.

In December 2009, a campaign was launched on Facebook by Jon and Tracy Morter, from South Woodham Ferrers, which generated publicity in the UK and took the 1992 Rage Against the Machine track "Killing in the Name" to the Christmas Number One slot in the UK Singles Chart, which had been occupied the four consecutive years from 2005 by winners from the TV show The X Factor. Rage's Zack de la Rocha spoke to BBC One upon hearing the news, stating that:

"...We want to thank everyone that participated in this incredible, organic, grass-roots campaign. It says more about the spontaneous action taken by young people throughout the UK to topple this very sterile pop monopoly."

During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware.[361] Much of 2000s hip-hop was characterized as the "bling era", following the success of B.G.'s 1999 single Bling Bling, referring to forms of opulence and the material commodities that were popular from the early-to-mid part of the decade in hip-hop culture.[362][363][364] However, by the end of the decade, an antecedent emotional rap subgenre gained prominence, with musical projects like Kanye West's fourth studio album 808s & Heartbreak (2008), Kid Cudi's debut album Man on the Moon: The End of Day (2009), and Drake's career catalyzing mixtape So Far Gone (2009) garnering significant popularity and ushering in a new era of hip-hop.[365]

Reunions

The original five members of the English new wave band Duran Duran reunited in the early 2000s.

On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards.[366]

On May 9, 2006, British five-piece vocal pop Take That returned to the recorded music scene after more than ten years of absence, signing with Polydor Records. The band's comeback album, Beautiful World, entered the UK album chart at no. 1.[367]

On December 10, 2007, English rock band Led Zeppelin reunited for the one-off Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert at The O2 Arena in London. According to Guinness World Records 2009, Led Zeppelin set the world record for the "Highest Demand for Tickets for One Music Concert" as 20 million requests for the reunion show were rendered online.[368]

Internet

In early 2001, Wikipedia was launched, which quickly became the largest and most popular online encyclopedia, and one of the most viewed sites on the web. In 2003, the first beta version of the Skype telephony software was launched. By the end of the decade, Skype will have over 600 million users. In 2004, the social network Facebook was launched. By the end of the decade, the site will be ranked 7th in its popularity on the web, and will have over 350 million active users worldwide. Co-founder Mark Zuckerberg pictured above in the site's infancy. YouTube was launched in 2005 and it quickly became the main site for video sharing, MySpace was one of the most popular social media sites in the 2000s but declined after the popularity of Facebook in 2008. Facebook launched in 2004. In 2008, Facebook surpassed MySpace as the most used social network. Facebook was mostly used by college students. Twitter was founded in 2006, and by 2009, moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site. WhatsApp, founded in 2009, rose to success and was eventually purchased by Facebook in the next decade.

The 2000s saw the rise of the podcast, a term first used in 2004.[370] By 2009, one in four Americans had downloaded a podcast.[371]

Fashion

Paris Hilton was a fashion icon of the 2000s.
Mountain Dew bottles and cans from the 2000s decade, c. 2007

Fashion trends of the decade drew much inspiration from 1960s, 1970s and 1980s styles. Hair styles included the bleached and spiked hair for boys and men and long and straight hair for girls and women continued, as well as other hairstyles from the mid-late 1990s. Kelly Clarkson made chunky highlights fashionable in 2002 on American Idol and lasted until about 2007.[372] Both women and men highlighted their hair until the late 2000s.[373]

The decade started with the futuristic Y2K fashion which was built on hype surrounding the new millennium. This dark, slinky style remained popular until 9/11 occurred and casual fashions had made a comeback once again.[374]Low rise pants were the go-to for women in the early to mid 2000s. Baggy cargo pants were extremely popular among both sexes[375] throughout the early and mid 2000s until about late 2007. Bell-bottoms were the dominant pant style for women until about 2006 when fitted pants began rising in popularity.[376] The late 1990s-style baggy pants remained popular throughout the early 2000s, but by 2003 boot-cut pants and jeans became the standard among men[377] until about 2008.

The 2000s saw a revival of 1980s fashion trends such as velour tracksuits in the early 2000s (an early 1980s fashion), and tapered pants in the later years (a late 1980s fashion). Skinny jeans became a staple clothing for young women and men. By 2009 with the Jerkin' movement playing a large part in the popularization of skinny jeans. Mass brands Gap and Levi launched their own lines for skinny jeans.[378][379]

Throughout the early and mid 2000s, adults and children wore Skechers shoes.[380] The company used celebrities to their advantage, including Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Carrie Underwood, and Ashlee Simpson.[380] By the late 2000s, flatter and more compact shoes came into style as chunky sneakers were no longer the mode.

"Geek chic" refers to a minor fashion trend that arose in the mid-2000s in which young individuals adopted stereotypically "geeky" fashions, such as oversized black Horn-rimmed glasses, suspenders/braces, and highwater trousers. The glasses—worn with non-prescription lenses or without lenses—quickly became the defining aspect of the trend, with the media identifying various celebrities as "trying geek" or "going geek" for their wearing such glasses, such as David Beckham,[381]Justin Timberlake[382] and Myleene Klass.[383] Meanwhile, in the sports world, many NBA players wore "geek glasses" during post-game interviews, drawing comparisons to Steve Urkel.[384][385]

Emo fashion became popular amongst teenagers for most of the 2000s, associated with the success of bands tied to the subculture (many of whom started at the beginning of the 2000s and rose to fame during the middle part of the decade, such as Brand New, The Used, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, Paramore, Panic! at the Disco and more). The style is commonly identified with wearing black/dark coloured skinny jeans, T-shirts bearing the name of emo music groups and long side-swept bangs, often covering one or both eyes.[386] The Scene subculture that emerged in the mid-late 2000s drew much inspiration from Emo style.[387]

Hip hop fashion was popular throughout the 2000s with clothing and shoe brands such as Rocawear, Phat Farm, G-Unit clothing, Billionaire Boys Club, Dipset clothing, Pelle Pelle, BAPE, Nike, Fubu, and Air Jordan. Followers of Hip Hop wore oversized shorts, jewelry, NFL and NBA jerseys, pants, and T-shirts. By the late 2000s this gave way more to fitted and vibrantly colored clothing, with men wearing skinny jeans as influenced by the Hyphy and Jerkin' movements.[388]

In cosmetic applications, a Botox injection, consisting of a small dose of Botulinum toxin, can be used to prevent development of wrinkles by paralyzing facial muscles.[389] As of 2007, it is the most common cosmetic operation, with 4.6 million procedures in the United States, according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

Journalism

  • "It was, we were soon told, 'the day that changed everything', the 21st century's defining moment, the watershed by which we would forever divide world history: before, and after, 9/11." ~ The Guardian[390]
  • The BBC's foreign correspondent John Simpson on Rupert Murdoch (March 15, 2010):

    I do think that he and the newspapers he's run have introduced an uglier side, an abusive side, into journalism and life in general in this country.

    He says this Murdochisation of national discourse, which was at its height in the UK with The Sun in the 1980s, has now migrated to the US. "Murdoch encouraged an ugly tone, which he has now imported into the US and which we see every day on Fox News, with all its concomitant effects on American public life – that fierce hostility between right and left that never used to be there, not to anything remotely like the same extent."[391]
  • October 2001, Canadian author and social activist known for her political analyses Naomi Klein's book titled Fences and Windows:

    On September 11, [2001] watching TV replays of the buildings exploding over and over again in New York and Washington, I couldn't help thinking about all the times media coverage has protected us from similar horrors elsewhere. During the Gulf War, for instance, we didn't see real buildings exploding or people fleeing, we saw a sterile Space Invader battlefield, a bomb's-eye view of concrete targets – there and then none. Who was in those abstract polygons? We never found out.[392]

  • May 15, 2003, Fox News Channel's (which grew during the late 1990s and 2000s to become the dominant cable news network in the United States.[393]) political commentator Bill O'Reilly's "The Talking Points Memo", from his The O'Reilly Factor television talk show:

    So, Talking Points urges the Pentagon to stop the P.R. dance and impose strict rules of conduct for the Iraqi people to follow. Law-abiding Iraqis want that. It's only the gangsters and the fanatics who don't. Shoot looters to kill, and aim well.And that's The Memo.[394]

  • A poll released in 2004, by the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, found that 21 percent of people aged 18 to 29 cited The Daily Show (an American late night satirical television program airing each Monday through Thursday) and Saturday Night Live (an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show) as a place where they regularly learned presidential campaign news. By contrast, 23 percent of the young people mentioned ABC, CBS or NBC's nightly news broadcasts as a source. When the same question was asked in 2000, Pew found only 9 percent of young people pointing to the comedy shows, and 39 percent to the network news shows. One newspaper, Newsday, has The Daily Show's host Jon Stewart, listed atop a list of the 20 media players who will most influence the upcoming presidential campaign. Random conversations with nine people, aged 19 to 26, waiting to see a taping of The Daily Show, revealed two who admitted they learned much about the news from the program. None said they regularly watched the network evening news shows.[395]
  • The Guardian, is a British national daily newspaper. In August 2004, for the US presidential election, The Guardian's daily "G2" supplement launched an experimental letter-writing campaign in Clark County, Ohio, an average-sized county in a swing state. G2 editor Ian Katz bought a voter list from the county for $25 and asked readers to write to people listed as undecided in the election, giving them an impression of the international view and the importance of voting against US president George W. Bush. The paper scrapped "Operation Clark County" on October 21, 2004, after first publishing a column of complaints from Bush supporters about the campaign under the headline "Dear Limey assholes".[396] The public backlash against the campaign likely contributed to Bush's victory in Clark County.[397]
  • March 2005 – Twenty MPs signed a British House of Commons motion condemning the BBCNewsnight presenter Jeremy Paxman for saying that "a sort of Scottish Raj" was running the UK. Mr Paxman likened the dominance of Scots at Westminster to past British rule in India.[398]
  • August 1, 2007 – News Corp. and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement. The US$5 billion sale added the largest newspaper in the United States, by circulation The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch's news empire.
  • August 30, 2008 – three years before the 2011 England riots, The Socialist Worker wrote: "Those who have responded to the tragedy of knife crime by calling for police crackdowns ought to take note. The criminalisation of a generation of black youth will undoubtedly lead to explosions of anger in the future, just as it did a generation ago with the riots that swept Britain's inner cities."[399]
  • Ann Coulter is an American conservativesocial and politicalcommentator, eight-time best-selling author, syndicated columnist, and lawyer. She frequently appears on television, radio, and as a speaker at public and private events. As the 2008 US presidential campaign was getting under way, Coulter was criticised for statements she made at the 2007 Conservative Political Action Conference about presidential candidate John Edwards:[400][401]

    I was going to have a few comments on the other Democratic presidential candidate, John Edwards, but it turns out that you have to go into rehab if you use the word 'faggot,' so I'm... so, kind of at an impasse, can't really talk about Edwards, so I think I'll just conclude here and take your questions.

  • In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[402]
  • The decade saw the steady decline of sales of print media such as books, magazines, and newspapers, as the main conveyors of information and advertisements, in favor of the Internet and other digital forms of information.[403][404][405]
  • News blogs grew in readership and popularity; cable news and other online media outlets became competitive in attracting advertising revenues and capable journalists and writers are joining online organizations. Books became available online, and electronic devices such as Amazon Kindle threatened the popularity of printed books.[406][407]
  • According to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), the decade showed a continuous increase in reading, although circulation of newspapers has declined.[408]

Radio

The 2000s saw a decrease in the popularity of radio as more listeners starting using MP3 players in their cars to customize driving music. Satellite radio receivers started selling at a much higher rate, which allowed listeners to pay a subscription fee for thousands of ad-free stations. Clear Channel Communications was the largest provider of radio entertainment in the United States with over 900 stations nationwide. Many radio stations began streaming their content over the Internet, allowing a market expansion beyond the reaches of a radio transmitter.

During the 2000s, FM radio faced its toughest competition ever for in-car entertainment. iPod, satellite radio, and HD radio were all new options for commuters. CD players had a steady decline in popularity throughout the 2000s but stayed prevalent in most vehicles, while cassette tapes became virtually obsolete.

  • August 27, 2001 – Hot 97 shock jock Star (real name Troi Torain) was suspended indefinitely for mocking R&B singer Aaliyah's death on the air. by playing a tape of a woman screaming while a crash is heard in the background. Close to 32,000 people signed a "No More Star" online petition.[409]
  • In a 2008 edition of his (American) radio show, John Gibson commented on Australian actor Heath Ledger's death the day before. He opened the segment with funeral music and played a clip of Jake Gyllenhaal's famous line "I wish I knew how to quit you" from Ledger's film Brokeback Mountain; he then said "Well, I guess he found out how to quit you." Among other remarks, Gibson called Ledger a "weirdo" with "a serious drug problem".[410] The next day, he addressed outcry over his remarks by saying that they were in the context of jokes he had been making for months about Brokeback Mountain, and that "There's no point in passing up a good joke."[411] Gibson later apologized on his television and radio shows.[412][413]

Television

Live-action television

The television genre Reality TV gained massive popularity in America over the decade with reality TV programs such as Survivor,The Simple Life, Jersey Shore, American Idol (pictured) and Big Brother, for which local adaptations were produced in many countries

American television in the 2000s saw the sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with numerous competition shows such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars, Survivor and The Apprentice attracting large audiences, as well as documentary or narrative style shows such as Big Brother, The Hills, The Real Housewives and Cheaters. Keeping Up with the Kardashians also aired during the decade, in 2007, and would run for 14 years and 20 seasons, thrusting the Kardashian family into the global pop-culture spotlight. Chappelle's Show was one of the most popular comedy shows of the decade. Upon its release in 2004, the first-season DVD set became the best-selling TV series set of all time.[414]

Australian television in the 2000s also saw a sharp increase in popularity of reality television, with their own version of shows such as Big Brother and Dancing With The Stars, other shows in the country also saw an increase with comedy such as Spicks and Specks and game show Bert's Family Feud.

The decade has since seen a steady decline in the number of sitcoms and an increase in reality shows, crime and medical dramas, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015), it's spinoffs CSI: Miami (2002–2012) and CSI: NY (2004–2013), NCIS (2003–present), Without a Trace (2002–2009), House M.D. (2004–2012), and Grey's Anatomy (2005–present), paranormal/crime shows like Medium (2005–2011) and Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010), and action/drama shows, including 24 (2001–2010) and Lost (2004–2009). Comedy-dramas became more serious, dealing with such hot button issues, such as drugs, teenage pregnancy, and gay rights. Popular comedy-drama programs include Desperate Housewives (2004–2012), Ugly Betty (2006–2010), and Glee (2009–2015).

Disney Channel had seen a rise in views and popularity from kids as young as 6 years old. In 2001, Disney Channel premiered one of their original television series Lizzie McGuire. That's So Raven premiered in 2003, which was Disney Channel's first TV series starring a black female character. Shows that were also popularly known including Hannah Montana, Even Stevens, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, and Wizards of Waverly Place.

Nickelodeon premiered Drake & Josh and Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide in 2004. iCarly was Nickelodeon's most watched TV series from its premiere in 2007–2012, then was rebooted in 2021 and cancelled in 2023.[415] Other shows that also popular hits included Zoey 101, and Big Time Rush.

The 2000s notable sitcoms include 3rd Rock from the Sun, Two Guys and a Girl, Just Shoot Me!, The Drew Carey Show, Frasier, Friends, That '70s Show, Becker, Spin City, Dharma & Greg, Will & Grace, Yes, Dear, According to Jim, 8 Simple Rules, Less than Perfect, Still Standing, George Lopez, Grounded for Life, Hope & Faith, My Wife and Kids, Sex and the City, Everybody Loves Raymond, Malcolm in the Middle, Girlfriends, The King of Queens, Arrested Development, How I Met Your Mother, Scrubs, Curb Your Enthusiasm, What I Like About You, Reba, The Office, Entourage, My Name Is Earl, Everybody Hates Chris, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Rules of Engagement, Two and a Half Men, 'Til Death, The Big Bang Theory, Samantha Who?, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, and 30 Rock. A trend seen in several sitcoms of the late 2000s was the absence of a laugh track.[416]

The decade also saw the rise of premium cable dramas such as The Sopranos, The Wire, Battlestar Galactica, Deadwood, The Shield, Nip/Tuck, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, and Breaking Bad. The critic Daniel Mendelsohn wrote a critique of Mad Men[417] in which he also claimed this last decade was a golden age for episodic television, citing Battlestar Galactica, The Wire, and the network series Friday Night Lights as especially deserving of critical and popular attention.

The decade also saw the return of prime time soap operas, a genre that had been popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, including Dawson's Creek (1998–2003), The O.C. (2003–2007) and One Tree Hill (2003–2012). Desperate Housewives (2004–2012) was perhaps the most popular television series of this genre since Dallas and Dynasty in the 1980s. The medical soap opera Grey's Anatomy was another prime time serial that found immense success, helped by its original time slot following Desperate Housewives during its first two seasons, ER started in 1994 and ended its run on NBC in 2009, after 15 years, with its ratings sharply declining after Grey's Anatomy's premiere in 2005.

Animated shows

Adult-oriented animated programming also continued a sharp upturn in popularity with controversial cartoons like South Park (1997–present), Family Guy (1999–2002, 2005–present), The Boondocks (2005–2014) and Futurama (1999–2003, 2008–2013, 2023–present) along with the longtime running cartoon The Simpsons (1989–present), while new animated adult series were also produced in that decade such as American Dad!, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Venture Bros., Robot Chicken, Archer, Drawn Together, and Sealab 2021. Adult Swim was launched on Cartoon Network in September 2001 and was an immediate success, becoming one of the cornerstone brands of adult animation.

Anime series that achieved popularity during the decade included Naruto, Bleach, Code Geass, Death Note, Fullmetal Alchemist, Inuyasha, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Hellsing Ultimate, Black Lagoon, Monster, Beyblade, Samurai Champloo, Bakugan, Gintama, Higurashi When They Cry and Gurren Lagann.

Children’s animated programs from Nickelodeon, Cartoon Network, Disney Channel and others debuting and achieving popularity in that decade included SpongeBob SquarePants, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Teen Titans, Dora the Explorer, Kim Possible, Teenage mutant Ninja Turtles, Phineas and Ferb, The Fairly OddParents, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Ben 10, Total Drama, Totally Spies!, W.I.T.C.H., Winx Club, Samurai Jack, Invader Zim, Codename: Kids Next Door, and Star Wars: The Clone Wars.

Sports channels

The WWE made a split in 2002 for the brands Raw and Smackdown!, also known as the WWE Brand Extension. This resulted in the WWE's purchase of their two biggest competitors, WCW and ECW. The brand extension would last until 2011. It also saw the rise of popular wrestlers like John Cena, Randy Orton, Dave Bautista, Jeff Hardy, CM Punk, Chris Jericho, Edge and Brock Lesnar. The match between veteran wrestlers Ric Flair and Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania 24 in 2008 was named as the "match of the decade" by popular professional wrestling magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated.[418] Pro Wrestling Illustrated would also name veteran wrestler Triple H as the wrestler of the decade.[419]

The 2001 World Series between the New York Yankees and Arizona Diamondbacks became the first World Series to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Super Bowl XXXVI between the New England Patriots and the St. Louis Rams became the first Super Bowl to be played in the wake of the September 11 attacks.

Criticism and controversy

Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy: Super Bowl XXXVIII, which was broadcast live on February 1, 2004, from Houston, Texas, on the CBS television network in the United States, was noted for a controversial halftime show in which singer Janet Jackson's breast, adorned with a nipple shield, was exposed by singer Justin Timberlake for about half a second, in what was later referred to as a "wardrobe malfunction". The incident, sometimes referred to as Nipplegate, was widely discussed. Along with the rest of the halftime show, it led to an immediate crackdown and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting.[420]

The X Factor in the UK has been subject to much controversy and criticism since its launch in September 2004.[421]The Jeremy Kyle Show, which launched a year later on the same network, ITV, was met with similar controversy. Both shows were cancelled in 2019, The X Factor due to low ratings, and in the case of The Jeremy Kyle Show due to the suicide of a recent participant on the programme.[422]

January 2005 – Jerry Springer: The Opera was the subject of controversy, when its UK television broadcast on BBC Two elicited 55,000 complaints. It was, at the time, the most complained about television event in the country ever, a record that is now held by ITV's Good Morning Britain.[423]

In May 2005, UK viewers inundated the Advertising Standards Authority with complaints regarding the continuous airing of the latest Crazy Frog advertisements. The intensity of the advertising was unprecedented in British television history. According to The Guardian, Jamster bought 73,716 spots across all TV channels in May alone — an average of nearly 2,378 slots daily — at a cost of about £8 million, just under half of which was spent on ITV. 87% of the population saw the Crazy Frog adverts an average of 26 times, 15% of the adverts appeared twice during the same advertising break and 66% were in consecutive ad breaks. An estimated 10% of the population saw the advert more than 60 times. This led to many members of the population finding the crazy frog, as its original name suggests, immensely irritating.[424][425]

Blue Peter (the world's longest-running children's television programme) rigged a phone-in competition supporting the UNICEF "Shoe Biz Appeal" on November 27, 2006. The person who appeared to be calling in the competition was actually a Blue Peter Team Player who was visiting that day. The visitor pretended to be a caller from an outside line who had won the phone-in and the chance to select a prize. The competition was rigged due to a technical error with receiving the calls.[426] In July 2007, Blue Peter was given a £50,000 fine, by the Office of Communications (OFCOM) as a result of rigging the competition.[427]

I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television game show series, originally created in the United Kingdom, and licensed globally to other countries. In its 2009 series, celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The Australian RSPCA investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined £1,600 and the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offense by the New South Wales Police.

Ended series

The PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood aired its final episode on August 31, 2001. Two years later, its host and creator, Fred Rogers, died from stomach cancer.

Law & Order was a police procedural drama that premiered on NBC on September 13, 1990, and ran for 20 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("Rubber Room") on May 24, 2010, but later returned on February 24, 2022.

Tomorrow's World was a long-running BBC television series, showcasing new developments in the world of science and technology. First aired on July 7, 1965, on BBC1, it ran for 38 years until it was cancelled in early 2003.

That '70s Show was an American television period sitcom based on the 1970s decade. The 1970s retro style permeated the 2000s decade. The show ended on May 18, 2006.

Brookside is a British soap opera set in Liverpool, England, particularly well known for showcasing topics that were considered taboo in English culture at the time, such as being the first television programme in the UK to show a lesbian kiss before the 9pm watershed. The series began on the launch night of Channel 4 on November 2, 1982, and ran for 21 years until November 4, 2003.

In January 2004, the BBC cancelled the Kilroy show (which had run for 18 years), after an article entitled 'We owe Arabs nothing' written by its host Robert Kilroy-Silk was published in the Sunday Express tabloid newspaper.

Friends is an American sitcom which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 6, 2004. Friends received positive reviews throughout its run, and its series finale ("The Last One") ranked as the fifth most watched overall television series finale as well as the most watched single television episode of the 2000s on U.S. television.

The X-Files was a science fiction television series which aired for nine seasons on Fox that premiered on September 10, 1993. The show aired its series finale ("The Truth") on May 19, 2002.

Frasier, a spin-off TV series of Cheers (that ended in 1993), is an American sitcom that was broadcast on NBC for eleven seasons from September 16, 1993, to May 13, 2004, (only a week after the broadcast of the final episode of Friends). It was one of the most successful spin-off and popular series in television history, as well as one of the most critically acclaimed comedy series.

On June 20, 2006, after 42 years, British music chart show Top of the Pops was formally cancelled and it was announced that the last edition would be broadcast on July 30, 2006.

Grandstand is a British television sport program. Broadcast between 1958 and 2007, it was one of the BBC's longest running sports shows.

After 30 years, British television drama series Grange Hill (originally made by the BBC) was cancelled and the last episode was shown on September 15, 2008.

ER is a medical drama that premiered on NBC on September 19, 1994, and ran for 15 seasons. The show aired its series finale ("And in the End...") on April 2, 2009.

Series returns

The Flower Pot Men is a British children's programme, produced by BBC television, first transmitted in 1952, and repeated regularly for more than twenty years, which was produced in a new version in 2000.

Absolutely Fabulous, also known as Ab Fab, is a British sitcom. The show has had an extended and sporadic run. The first three series were broadcast on the BBC from 1992 to 1995, followed by a series finale in the form of a two-part television film entitled The Last Shout in 1996. Its creator Jennifer Saunders revived the show for a fourth series in 2001.

Gadget & the Gadgetinis is a spinoff of the classic series Inspector Gadget (1983–1986), developed by DiC in cooperation with Haim Saban's SIP Animation and produced from 2001 to 2003. There are 52 episodes.

Basil Brush from 1962 to 1984, The Basil Brush Show from 2002 to 2007. Basil Brush is a fictional anthropomorphic red fox, best known for his appearances on daytime British children's television. He is primarily portrayed by a glove puppet.

Shooting Stars is a British television comedy panel game broadcast on BBC Two as a pilot in 1993, then as 3 full series from 1995 to 1997, then on BBC Choice from January to December 2002 with 2 series before returning to BBC Two for another 3 series from 2008 until its cancellation in 2011.

Doctor Who is a British science fiction television programme produced by the BBC. The show is a significant part of British popular culture. The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005.

Family Fortunes is a British game show, based on the American game show Family Feud. The programme ran on ITV from January 6, 1980, to December 6, 2002, before being revived by the same channel in 2006 under the title of All Star Family Fortunes. Revived episodes are currently being shown on ITV on Sunday evenings and have been presented by Vernon Kay since 2006.

Gladiators is a British television entertainment series, produced by LWT for ITV, and broadcast between October 10, 1992, and January 1, 2000. It is an adaptation of the American format American Gladiators. The success of the British series spawned further adaptations in Australia and Sweden. The series was revived in 2008, before again being cancelled in 2009.

Rab C. Nesbitt is a British sitcom which began in 1988. The first series began on September 27, 1990, and continued for seven more, ending on June 18, 1999, and returning with a one-off special on December 23, 2008.[428]

Red Dwarf is a British comedyfranchise which primarily comprises ten series (including a ninth mini-series named Back To Earth) of a television science fictionsitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 and on Dave in 2009.

Primetime Emmy Award for Best Drama

Video games

Video-game hardware and software

The PlayStation 2 was released in 2000 and became the best-selling gaming console of the decade and of all time.
The original Xbox, released in 2001.
GameCube released in 2001 and is the successor to the Nintendo 64.
The PlayStation 3 was released in 2006.
Xbox 360 released in 2005 as the successor to the original Xbox.
The Wii was released in 2006, as the successor to the GameCube, and is known for its motion control. It was popular in the late 2000s and early 2010s.

The world of video games reached the sixth generation of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, and the GameCube, which started technically in 1998 with the release of Sega's Dreamcast, although some consider the true start in 2000 with the release of Sony's PlayStation 2. The 6th gen remained popular throughout the decade, but decreased somewhat in popularity after its 7th gen successors released technically starting in November 2005 with the release of Microsoft's Xbox 360, however, most people agree that 2006 is a 6th gen year since most games being released still released on 6th gen including the Xbox even though the 360 was already released, and the PlayStation 3 and the Wii didn't release until late 2006 which most people consider to be the true start of the 7th gen. It reached 7th Generation in the form of consoles like the Wii, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 by the mid-2000s. The number-one-selling game console of the decade, the PlayStation 2, was released in 2000 and remained popular up to the end of the decade, even after the PlayStation 3 was released. The PlayStation 2 was discontinued in January 2013. The Nintendo DS launched in Japan in 2004 and by 2005 was available globally. All Nintendo DS models combined have sold over 154.02 million units, thus making it the best selling handheld of all time and the second best selling video game console of all time behind the PlayStation 2.[429][430]

Neo Geo is a family of video game hardware developed by SNK. The brand originated in 1990 with the release of an arcade system, the Neo Geo MVS and its home console counterpart, the Neo Geo AES. The Neo Geo brand was officially discontinued in 2004.

MMORPGs, originating in the mid-to-late 1990s, become a popular PC trend and virtual online worlds become a reality as games such as RuneScape (2001), Final Fantasy XI (2002), Eve Online (2003), Tony Hawk's Underground (2003), World of Warcraft (2004), and EverQuest II (2004), The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar (2007) and Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (2008) are released. These worlds come complete with their own economies and social organization as directed by the players as a whole. The persistent online worlds allow the games to remain popular for years. World of Warcraft, premiered in 2004, remains one of the most popular games in PC gaming and is still being developed into the 2010s.

Arcade video games had declined in popularity so much by the late 1990s, that revenues in the United States dropped to $1.33 billion in 1999,[431] and reached a low of $866 million in 2004.[432] Furthermore, by the early 2000s, networked gaming via computers and then consoles across the Internet had also appeared,[433] replacing the venue of head-to-head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades.[434]

In the early 2000s the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube, as well as the proliferation of 3D, open-world, and internet gaming, made a golden age of gaming. The generation was marked by games such as World of Warcraft, Halo Combat evolved, Super Smash Bros. Melee, Grand Theft Auto III, The Sims, Super Mario Sunshine, and Mario Kart: Double Dash. These consoles made these video games very popular in the early 2000s era.

Cross-platformGame engines originating in the very late-1990s, became extremely popular in the 2000s, as they allowed development for indie games for digital distribution. Noteworthy software include GameMaker and Unity. Well-known indie games made in that decade include I Wanna Be the Guy, Spelunky, Braid, Clean Asia!, Castle Crashers, World of Goo, Dino Run, The Impossible Game and Alien Hominid.

In 2003 Steam, the now leading and largest digital distribution platform for PC gaming was launched by Valve Corporation.

In the late 2000s, motion controlled video games grew in popularity, from the PlayStation 2's EyeToy to Nintendo's successful Wii console. During the decade 3D video games become the staple of the video-game industry, with 2D games nearly fading from the market. Partially 3D and fully 2D games were still common in the industry early in the decade, but these have now become rare as developers look almost exclusively for fully 3D games to satisfy the increasing demand for them in the market. An exception to this trend is the indie gaming community, which often produces games featuring 'old-school' or retro gaming elements, such as Minecraft and Shadow Complex. These games, which are not developed by the industry giants, are often available in the form of downloadable content from services such as Microsoft's Xbox Live or Apple's App Store and usually cost much less than more major releases. The video games released in the 2000s included (among others) Halo 3, Portal, Mass Effect, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Mario Kart Wii, and BioShock.

Prominent video games

The Grand Theft Auto series sparked a fad of Mature-rated video games based on including gang warfare, drug use, and perceived "senseless violence" into gameplay. Though violent video games date back to the early 1990s, they became much more common after 2000. Despite the controversy, the 2004 game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas became the best selling PlayStation 2 game of all time, with 17.33 million copies sold for that console alone, from a total of 21.5 million in all formats by 2009;[435] as of 2011, 27.5 million copies of San Andreas were sold worldwide.[436]

The Nintendo DS awakened an interest in casual play that had never really existed before.[437]
PlayStation Portable (PSP-1000) Sony handheld games console

The Call of Duty series was extremely popular during the 2000s, the diverse shooter franchise released multiple games throughout the 2000s that were positively critically reviewed and commercially successful.

The Sims series developed by Maxis became one of the most popular life simulation games series with over 200 million copies sold worldwide since the series' first game was released in 2000.[438]

Gears of War was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful third-person shooter franchise that released two games during the mid-late 2000s. Gears of War 1 was released in 2006 and was the first installment to the franchise, it was universally critically acclaimed and went on to sell over 5 million copies. The second installment to the franchise Gears of War 2 was released in 2008 and received widespread critical acclaim and also went on to sell over 5 million copies.

The sixth generation sparked a rise in first person shooter games led by Halo: Combat Evolved, which changed the formula of the first person shooter. Halo 2 started online console gaming and was on top of the Xbox Live charts until its successor, Halo 3 (for Xbox 360), took over. Some other popular first-person shooters during the 2000s include the Medal of Honor series, with Medal of Honor: Frontline's release in 2002 bringing the first game in the series to 6th generation consoles.

Dance Dance Revolution was released in Japan and later the United States, where it became immensely popular among teenagers. Other dance games like Just Dance was released in 2009 and went on to be the most popular game from Nintendo all over the world. Another music game, Guitar Hero, was released in North America in late 2005 and had a huge cultural impact on both the music and video games industries. It became a worldwide billion-dollar franchise within three years, spawning several sequels and leading to the creation of a competing franchise, Rock Band.

Gaming industry

Worldwide, arcade game revenues gradually increased from $1.8 billion in 1998 to $3.2 billion in 2002, rivalling PC game sales of $3.2 billion that same year.[439] In particular, arcade video games are a thriving industry in China, where arcades are widespread across the country.[440] The US market has also experienced a slight resurgence, with the number of video game arcades across the nation increasing from 2,500 in 2003 to 3,500 in 2008, though this is significantly less than the 10,000 arcades in the early 1980s. As of 2009, a successful arcade game usually sells around 4000 to 6000 units worldwide.[441]

Japanese media giant Nintendo released 9 out of the 10 top selling games of the 2000s, further establishing the company's dominance over the market.[442]

Sega Corporation, usually styled as SEGA, is a Japanese multinational video game software developer and an arcade software and hardware development company headquartered in Japan, with various offices around the world. Sega previously developed and manufactured its own brand of home video game consoles from 1983 to 2001, but a restructure was announced on January 31, 2001, that ceased continued production of its existing home console (Dreamcast), effectively exiting the company from the home console business.[443] In spite of that, SEGA would go on to produce several videogames such as Super Monkey Ball franchise, the Sega Ages 2500 PlayStation 2 games,[444]Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA, Sonic Adventure 2, Sonic Heroes, Rez, Shadow the Hedgehog, Virtua Fighter 4, After Burner Climax, Valkyria Chronicles, Sonic Pinball Party, Bayonetta, Jet Set Radio, Puyo Pop Fever, Thunder Force VI, Shenmue II, Phantasy Star Online, Yakuza 2, Gunstar Super Heroes, Astro Boy: Omega Factor, OutRun 2006: Coast 2 Coast and Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games.[445]

Game of the Year

from the Game Developers Choice Awards starting in 2001 (awards are given to games of the previous calendar year).

Best selling games of every year

In some years, sources disagree on the best-selling game.

Theater

Theater plays and musicals from the decade include Wicked, War Horse, Billy Elliot: The Musical, Hairspray, The Producers, and Spamalot.

Writing

Sports

Major sporting events

Michael Phelps holds his gold medal on the podium during the 2008 Olympics. Pictured with Ryan Lochte (left) and László Cseh (right)

The Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics, followed the centennial anniversary of the modern era Olympic Games, held in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens 2004 Summer Olympics, were a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Winter Olympic Games were also major events, though slightly less popular.

Association football's important events included two World Cups, one organized in South Korea and Japan, which saw Brazil win a record fifth title, and the other in Germany, which saw Italy win its fourth title. The regional competitions, the Copa América and UEFA European Championship, saw five nations rising the cup: Colombia (2001) and Brazil (2004, 2007) won the Copa América, while France (2000), Greece (2004) and Spain (2008) won the European Championship.

In 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, both the National Football League and Major League Baseball canceled their upcoming games for a week. As a result, the World Series would be played in November for the first time and the Super Bowl would be played in February for the first time.

The expansion and rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) occurred after the airing of The Ultimate Fighter in 2005.

Rugby increased in size and audience, as the Rugby World Cup became the third most watched sporting event in the world with the 2007 Rugby World Cup organized in France.

Bloodgate is the nickname for a rugby union scandal involving the English team Harlequins in their Heineken Cup match against the Irish side Leinster on April 12, 2009. It was so called because of the use of fake blood capsules, and has been seen by some as one of the biggest scandals in rugby since professionalization in the mid-1990s, indeed even as an argument against the professional ethos. The name is a pun on Watergate.

The New York Yankees won the first Major League BaseballWorld Series of the decade in 2000, as well as the last World Series of the decade in 2009. The Boston Red Sox won their first World Series since 1918 in 2004 and then again in 2007.

The Pittsburgh Steelers won a record sixth Super Bowl on February 1, 2009, against the Arizona Cardinals. Pittsburgh's Super Bowl win would remain the championship record for an NFL franchise until a decade later when the New England Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams to tie the Super Bowl championship record.

Athletes

One of the most prominent events of the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing was the achievement of Michael Phelps the American swimmer, frequently cited as the greatest swimmer and one of the greatest Olympians of all time.[451][452][453] He has won 14 career Olympic gold medals, the most by any Olympian. As of August 2, 2009, Phelps has broken thirty-seven world records in swimming. Phelps holds the record for the most gold medals won in a single Olympics, his eight at the 2008 Beijing Games surpassed American swimmer Mark Spitz's seven-gold performance at Munich in 1972.

Kobe
Shaq
Kobe Bryant (left) and Shaquille O'Neal both helped the Lakers three-peat during the early 2000s.

Usain Bolt of Jamaica dominated the male sprinting events at the Beijing Olympics, in which he broke three world records, allowing him to be the first man to ever accomplish this at a single Olympic game. He holds the world record for the 100 metres (despite slowing down before the finish line to celebrate), the 200 metres and, along with his teammates, the 4 × 100 metres relay.

The Los Angeles Lakers won 3 NBA championships in a row from 2000 to 2002, also known as a Three-peat, led by Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal.

In 2003, Michael Jordan retired from the NBA after two seasons with the Washington Wizards, the official NBA website reading in 2006: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time."[454]

Popular extreme sports athletes of the decade included Tony Hawk, Shaun White, Kelly Slater, Travis Pastrana, Matt Hoffman, Shaun Murray, Sarah Burke, and more.

Michelle Kwan performing in the 2002 U.S. Figure Skating Championships
Michael Schumacher dominated the majority of the decade winning five consecutive Formula One world championships.

Towards the middle of the decade, Michelle Kwan became the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history.[455]

Michael Schumacher, the most titled F1 driver, won five F1 World Championships during the decade and finally retired in 2006, yet eventually confirming his come-back to F1 for 2010. Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record, but was later stripped of all his titles when evidence emerged of his use of performance-enhancing drugs. Swiss tennis player Roger Federer won 16 Grand Slam titles to become the most titled player.

Timeline of sporting events

In May 2004, Arsenal became the only top-tier team to go through an entire league season (2003/4) unbeaten when they won the English Premier League and became 'The Invincibles'. This feat had also been achieved in the 19th century, when the league was in its infancy and there were far fewer matches in a season, but not in the modern era. Arsenal's unbeaten run extended to 49 matches in total, and into the subsequent season.

In September 2004, Chelsea footballer Adrian Mutu failed a drugs test for cocaine and was released on October 29, 2004. He also received a seven-month ban and a £20,000 fine from The Football Association.

The 2006 Italian football scandal, also known as "Calciopoli", involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B. The scandal was uncovered in May 2006 by Italian police, implicating league champions Juventus, and other major teams including A.C. Milan, Fiorentina, Lazio and Reggina when a number of telephone interceptions showed a thick network of relations between team managers and referee organisations. Juventus were the champions of Serie A at the time. The teams have been accused of rigging games by selecting favourable referees.

The 2006 FIFA World Cup Final in Berlin, Zinedine Zidane widely considered by experts and fans as one of the greatest football players of all time, was sent off in the 110th minute of the game, which was to be the last match of his career. After headbutting Marco Materazzi in the chest, Zidane did not participate in the penalty shootout, which Italy won 5–3. It was later discovered through interviews that Materazzi had insulted Zidane's mother and sister that last moment which is what led to Zidane's heightened anger and reaction.

January 11, 2007 – When English footballer David Beckham joined the Major League Soccer's Los Angeles Galaxy, he was given the highest player salary in the league's history; with his playing contract with the Galaxy over the next three years being worth US$6.5 million per year.[456][457][458][459]

October 2007 – US world champion track and field athlete Marion Jones admitted that she took performance-enhancing drugs as far back as the 2000 Summer Olympics, and that she had lied about it to a grand jury investigating performance-enhancer creations.

November 29, 2007 – Portsmouth football manager Harry Redknapp angrily denied any wrongdoing after being arrested by police investigating alleged corruption in football: "If you are telling me this is how you treat anyone, it is not the society I grew up in."[460]

The 2008 Wimbledon final between Roger Federer of Switzerland and Rafael Nadal of Spain, has been lauded as the greatest match ever by tennis analysts.[461][462][463][464]

British Formula One racing driver Lewis Hamilton, was disqualified from the 2009 Australian Grand Prix for providing "misleading evidence" during the stewards' hearing. He later privately apologised to FIA race director Charlie Whiting for having lied to the stewards.

In 2009, the World football transfer record was set by Spanish football club Real Madrid when it purchased Manchester United's Cristiano Ronaldo for £80 million (€93 million). Manchester United veteran Sir Bobby Charlton said the world-record offer shocked him:

"It's a lot of money, it's crazy really. If you want to be in the race, you have to pay the price, it seems sometimes a little bit vulgar."[465]

Controversies in sports

A number of concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics surfaced before, during, and after the 2008 Summer Olympics, and which received major media coverage. Leading up to the Olympics, there were concerns about human rights in China, such that many high-profile individuals, such as politicians and celebrities, announced intentions to boycott the games to protest China's role in the Darfur conflict, and Myanmar, its stance towards Tibet, or other aspects of its human rights record. In a 2008 Time article entitled "Why Nobody's Boycotting Beijing", Vivienne Walt wrote: 'Leaders in power are more mindful of China's colossal clout in an increasingly shaky world economy, and therefore of the importance of keeping good relations with its government.'[466]

Ron Atkinson, is an English former football player and manager. In recent years he has become one of Britain's best-known football pundits. Ron Atkinson's media work came to an abrupt halt on April 21, 2004, when he was urged to resign from ITV by Brian Barwick after he broadcast a racial remark live on air about the blackChelsea player Marcel Desailly; believing the microphone to be switched off, he said, "...he [Desailly] is what is known in some schools as a lazy nigger".[467]

Steroids also spread the sports world throughout the decade, mainly used in Major League Baseball. Players involved included Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa and Alex Rodriguez.[468]

The sport of fox hunting is controversial, particularly in the UK, where it was banned in Scotland in 2002, and in England and Wales in November 2004 (law enforced from February 2005), though shooting foxes as vermin remained legal around the world.

See also

Timeline

The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

2000s

Footnotes

  1. Pandemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are typically classified in their own category whilst natural disasters include earthquakes, storms, volcanic eruptions, floods, etc.
  1. As of October 30,2009: Total EUR currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 771.5 (banknotes) + 21.032 (coins) =792.53 billion EUR *1.48 (exchange rate) = 1,080 billion USD Total USD currency (coins and banknotes) in circulation 859 billion USD
    • "Table 2: Euro banknotes, values (EUR billions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)"(PDF). ECB. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total banknotes: 771.5 (billion EUR)
    • "Table 4: Euro coins, values (EUR millions, unless otherwise indicated, not seasonally adjusted)"(PDF). ECB. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 22, 2010. Retrieved December 13, 2009. 2009, October: Total coins: 21,032 (million EUR)
    • "Money Stock Measures". Federal Reserve Statistical Release. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Table 5: Not Seasonally Adjusted Components of M1 (Billions of dollars), not seasonally adjusted, October 2009: Currency: 859.3 (billion USD)
    • "Euro foreign exchange reference rates". ECB. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2009. Exchange rate October 30, 2009: 1 EUR = 1.48 USD
  2. Billboard awards are based on album and digital songs sales, radio airplay, streaming, touring and social engagement.[340]

References

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  2. Ludden D (1998). The newness of globalization: A schematic view of the historical zones of territorialityUniversity of Pennsylvania. Unfinished draft. Retrieved December 30, 2009. Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  3. Gordon PH; Meunier S (2001). The French challenge: Adapting to globalization. Washington, D.C.: Brookings.
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Lecturas adicionales

  • Londres, Herbert I. (2012). La década transformadora: instantáneas de una década desde el 11-S hasta la presidencia de Obama . Lanham, MD: University Press of America. OCLC 793224272 . 
  • Las modas, las tendencias y las personas que definieron la década, VOGUE.COM Reino Unido
  • Las 100 mejores fotos de la década – presentación de diapositivas de Reuters
  • "Un retrato de la década" , BBC, 14 de diciembre de 2009
  • Cronología de vídeos 2000–2009