Sureste de Inglaterra

El Sudeste de Inglaterra es una de las nueve regiones oficiales de Inglaterra en el Reino Unido en el primer nivel de ITL para fines estadísticos . Consiste en los nueve condados de Berkshire , Buckinghamshire , East Sussex , Hampshire , la Isla de Wight , Kent , Oxfordshire , Surrey y West Sussex . Las ciudades y pueblos de la región incluyen Aldershot , Ashford , Aylesbury , Basingstoke , Bracknell , Brighton y Hove , Canterbury , Chichester , Crawley , Eastbourne , Farnborough , Gosport , Guildford , Hastings , High Wycombe , Margate , Maidstone , Medway , Milton Keynes , Newport , Oxford , Portsmouth , Ramsgate , Reading , Slough , Southampton , Winchester , Woking y Worthing .

El sureste de Inglaterra es la tercera región más grande de Inglaterra, con una superficie de 19.072 kilómetros cuadrados (7.364 millas cuadradas), y también es la más poblada con una población total de 9.379.833 en 2022. ^[3] La región contiene ocho ciudades legalmente autorizadas : Brighton y Hove , Canterbury , Chichester , Milton Keynes , Oxford , Portsmouth , Southampton y Winchester . La proximidad de la región a Londres ha llevado al sureste de Inglaterra a convertirse en un próspero centro económico con la economía más grande de cualquier región del Reino Unido, después de Londres . La región alberga el aeropuerto de Gatwick , el segundo aeropuerto más transitado del Reino Unido, y el aeropuerto de Heathrow (el aeropuerto más transitado del Reino Unido) se encuentra adyacente al límite de la región con el Gran Londres . La costa a lo largo del Canal de la Mancha proporciona numerosos cruces de ferry a Europa continental .

La región es conocida por su campiña, que incluye dos parques nacionales: New Forest y South Downs , así como North Downs , Chiltern Hills y parte de Cotswolds . El río Támesis fluye a través de la región y su cuenca se conoce como el valle del Támesis . También es la ubicación de una serie de lugares de interés conocidos internacionalmente, como el HMS Victory en Portsmouth, Cliveden en Buckinghamshire, Thorpe Park y RHS Wisley en Surrey, el palacio de Blenheim en Oxfordshire, el castillo de Windsor en Berkshire, el castillo de Leeds , los acantilados blancos de Dover y la catedral de Canterbury en Kent, Brighton Palace Pier y Hammerwood Park en East Sussex, y Wakehurst Place en West Sussex. La región tiene muchas universidades; la Universidad de Oxford es la más antigua del mundo de habla inglesa y está clasificada entre las mejores del mundo.

El sureste de Inglaterra acoge diversos eventos deportivos, como la regata anual Henley Royal Regatta , la Royal Ascot y el Derby , y entre sus instalaciones deportivas se encuentran el Wentworth Golf Club y Brands Hatch . Algunas de las pruebas de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano de 2012 se celebraron en el sureste, como el remo en Eton Dorney y parte de la carrera ciclista en Surrey Hills .

En la época medieval , el sureste de Inglaterra incluía gran parte del Reino de Wessex , que fue el precursor del estado moderno de Inglaterra . Winchester fue la capital de Inglaterra después de la unificación de los diversos estados, incluidos los reinos de Kent , Sussex y Mercia . Winchester dejó de ser la capital administrativa de Inglaterra en algún momento del siglo XIII, ya que su influencia disminuyó mientras que la ciudad de Londres dominaba el comercio. El último monarca en ser coronado en Winchester fue Ricardo II en 1377, aunque el último monarca en ser coronado por el obispo de Winchester fue la reina María I en 1553.

El viñedo Meonhill, cerca de Old Winchester Hill en el este de Hampshire en South Downs al sur de West Meon en la A32 , es un ejemplo de un sitio donde los romano-británicos cultivaron uvas romanas . ^[5]

Gran parte de la Batalla de Inglaterra se libró en esta región, especialmente en Kent. El Mando de Bombardeo de la RAF tenía su base en High Wycombe . La base de la RAF Medmenham en Danesfield House , al oeste de Marlow en Buckinghamshire, era importante para el reconocimiento aéreo . La Operación Corona , con base en la RAF Kingsdown (en West Kingsdown junto a Brands Hatch en Kent, entre la A20 y la M20), se implementó para confundir a los cazas nocturnos alemanes con los hablantes nativos de alemán, y fue coordinada por el servicio Y de la RAF .

Bletchley Park , en el norte de Buckinghamshire, fue el principal centro aliado para descifrar códigos. El ordenador Colossus , posiblemente el primero del mundo, empezó a trabajar con códigos de Lorentz el 5 de febrero de 1944, y el Colossus 2 lo hizo a partir de junio de 1944. El lugar fue elegido, entre otras razones, porque se encuentra en la intersección de la línea Varsity (entre Oxford y Cambridge) y la línea principal de la Costa Oeste . El ordenador Harwell (Dekatron), que ahora se encuentra en el Museo Nacional de Informática de Bletchley, se construyó en 1949 y se cree que es el ordenador digital en funcionamiento más antiguo del mundo. ^[6]

John Wallis de Kent introdujo el símbolo del infinito y la notación estándar para potencias de números en 1656. Thomas Bayes fue un importante estadístico de Tunbridge Wells; su teorema (de teoría de la probabilidad ) se utiliza en los filtros de spam y en la búsqueda de Google .

A mediados de los años 1980, Sir David N. Payne, del Centro de Investigación Optoelectrónica de la Universidad de Southampton, inventó el amplificador de fibra dopada con erbio , un tipo de amplificador óptico , que se volvió esencial para Internet. En 1913, Henry Moseley, en Oxford, descubrió su ley de Moseley de los espectros de rayos X de los elementos químicos , que le permitió ser el primero en asignar el número atómico correcto a los elementos de la tabla periódica ; no recibió ningún premio Nobel porque no se otorga póstumamente (murió en 1915 en Galípoli con los Ingenieros Reales). La fibra de carbono fue inventada en 1963 en la RAE en Farnborough por un equipo dirigido por William Watt. El sistema de refrigeración del traje espacial Apollo LCG se originó principalmente a partir del trabajo realizado en la RAE Farnborough a principios de los años 1960.

Donald Watts Davies inventó la conmutación de paquetes a finales de los años 60 en el Laboratorio Nacional de Física de Teddington . Los estadounidenses adoptaron la conmutación de paquetes para formar ARPANET , el precursor de Internet.

Alec Reeves, de Surrey, inventó la modulación por código de pulsos (PCM) en 1937 (en los laboratorios de investigación de ITT en París), el estándar para grabaciones de audio digital .

Sir John Herschel , hijo del astrónomo, de Kent, inventó el término fotografía en 1839, que significa escritura luminosa , y descubrió el primer fijador fotográfico , el tiosulfato de sodio , conocido como hipo , también en 1839.

GLEEP fue el primer reactor nuclear de Gran Bretaña; se construyó en agosto de 1947 en el Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) de Harwell y permaneció operativo hasta 1990.

William Harvey de Folkestone, en Kent, descubrió la circulación de la sangre . El Centro de Investigación Lilly en Windlesham, Berkshire, parte de Eli Lilly , desarrolló la olanzapina en 1996 (para el trastorno bipolar , vendiéndose alrededor de $ 5 mil millones anuales en todo el mundo). Beecham Research Laboratories en Brockham Park en 1959 descubrió la meticilina (o meticilina), la primera penicilina semisintética ( estable a la beta-lactamasa ), derivada de su descubrimiento en 1958 de 6-APA , el componente principal; El equipo, dirigido por el profesor George Rolinson, ganó el premio Mullard en 1971. Los compuestos de bipiridina (Paraquat-Gramoxone y Diquat) fueron descubiertos para su uso como herbicidas en 1954 por William Boon en la división de Protección Vegetal de ICI en Jealott's Hill, y se lanzaron al mercado en 1958. AZT/Retrovir ( zidovudina ) fue fabricado por primera vez por Wellcome en 1987 en Kent; también introdujeron Zovirax ( aciclovir ) y la digoxina natural , un glucósido cardíaco . Después de que un avión se estrellara cerca de su casa en Oxford en 1940, Sir Peter Medawar ayudó al piloto herido y, en el proceso, descubrió el rechazo del homoinjerto , lo que llevó al trasplante de órganos utilizando azatioprina . Viagra ( Sildenafil ) fue sintetizado en Pfizer en Sandwich, Kent.

Sir Francis Pettit Smith de Kent inventó la hélice de tornillo .

El 3 de mayo de 1830 se puso en marcha el primer servicio ferroviario de pasajeros del mundo, el ferrocarril de Canterbury y Whitstable (10 km o 6 millas). Fue construido por George Stephenson y remolcado por la locomotora Invicta . En 1834 se introdujo el primer abono de tren del mundo .

El puente ferroviario de Maidenhead , conocido por su arco plano, se construyó en 1839 con luces de 39 metros.

El Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment , en Chertsey, desarrolló el blindaje Chobham .

El 12 de abril de 1903, el primer servicio de autobús del mundo fue realizado por Eastbourne Buses desde la estación de tren de Eastbourne hasta Meads .

El primer cable telefónico submarino del mundo fue tendido entre Inglaterra y Francia en 1891 por el HMTS Monarch, lo que permitió realizar llamadas entre Londres y París a partir de abril de 1891. El 3 de diciembre de 1992, Neil Papworth de Reading, un ingeniero de Sema Group Telecoms en Vodafone en Newbury, envió el primer mensaje de texto del mundo desde su computadora a un teléfono Orbitel 901 de Richard Jarvis, director técnico de Vodafone.

La primera central telefónica automática pública del Reino Unido se instaló en la central telefónica de Epsom el 18 de mayo de 1912. Se introdujo como estándar en las 6.700 centrales telefónicas del Reino Unido en 1922 y duró unos 70 años; podía gestionar hasta 500 líneas. Utilizaba el diseño de Strowger y lo fabricaba la Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Company de Liverpool. ^[7] La ​​primera central telefónica automática del mundo se inauguró en La Porte, Indiana, en noviembre de 1892.

El UK-Belgium 5 , tendido en 1986 desde Kent, fue el primer cable submarino de fibra óptica del mundo y tiene una longitud de 36 millas.

ThrustSSC , el coche más rápido del mundo en 1997, fue construido en Aldingbourne , West Sussex, por G-Force Engineering, diseñado por Ron Ayers , con trabajo posterior realizado por la Agencia de Evaluación e Investigación de Defensa en Farnborough.

El cable submarino de suministro de energía de 1000 MW de BritNed desde Isle of Grain a Rotterdam se construyó en 2009. El cable submarino HVDC Cross-Channel (2000 MW) se construyó en 1986. Este es el cable submarino HVDC de mayor capacidad del mundo; va desde Francia y aterriza cerca de Folkestone, con la gran estación transformadora (construida por GEC) apretujada entre el CTRL y la M20 en Aldington y Smeeth , hecha de ocho cables de 270 kV.

Aviación

El 16 de octubre de 1908, el avión del ejército británico número 1 , pilotado por el estadounidense Samuel Franklin Cody , fue el primer avión que voló en el Reino Unido, en Farnborough; el 14 de mayo de 1909, lo voló durante más de una milla. El 13 de agosto de 1909, su esposa fue la primera mujer en volar en un avión en el Reino Unido, también en Farnborough.

El primer lanzamiento aéreo de un asiento eyectable por parte de un humano tuvo lugar el 24 de julio de 1946 sobre el aeródromo de Chalgrove , Oxfordshire, en un Meteor , pilotado por Bernard Lynch ; la primera eyección simulada había sido el 10 de mayo de 1945 sobre la RAF Oakley en el oeste de Buckinghamshire (hoy cerca de la M40); el 13 de marzo de 1962, la primera eyección en vuelo propulsada por cohete tuvo lugar por Peter Howard , un médico de la RAF con base en el Instituto de Medicina de Aviación de Farnborough en un Meteor WA364 a 250 pies sobre Chalgrove, con el cohete dando una fuerza máxima de 16G. El Miles M.52 , diseñado en el aeródromo de Woodley en Berkshire por Miles Aircraft , fue un diseño avanzado de aeronave que tenía la innovación de la cola volante o cola completamente móvil también conocida como estabilizador ; Esto resolvería el problema de la estabilidad y el control de la aeronave a velocidades supersónicas , y su diseño fue adoptado en su totalidad por el Bell X-1 estadounidense , el primer avión supersónico .

El primer Harrier XV738 voló el 28 de diciembre de 1967; fue el primer avión de la RAF en tener un sistema de aviónica de pantalla de visualización frontal . El primer Harrier XW174 biplaza voló el 24 de abril de 1969, estrellándose más tarde en Larkhill en junio de 1969. El Sea Harrier XZ450 de British Aerospace voló por primera vez el 20 de agosto de 1978; el 4 de mayo de 1982, este avión fue alcanzado por fuego antiaéreo en Goose Green , matando al piloto del 800 Naval Air Squadron del HMS Hermes ; el avión no tenía receptor de advertencia de radar (RWR), debido a que estaba probando el Sea Eagle , por lo que no pudo detectar que el radar Skyguard lo había bloqueado. Fue destruido con el Oerlikon GDF (35 mm) del GADA 601 ; fue el primer Sea Harrier perdido en la campaña de las Malvinas.

Royston Instruments de Byfleet desarrolló las primeras grabadoras de datos de vuelo multicanal del mundo en 1965.

Aunque el Comet es generalmente aceptado como el primer avión de pasajeros a reacción de producción en serie del mundo, el primer avión de pasajeros a reacción jamás construido (individual) ^{[ aclaración necesaria ]} fue un Vickers VC.1 Viking con motor Nene el 6 de abril de 1948 desde el aeródromo de Wisley ; el primer avión de pasajeros con turbohélice del mundo volaría desde allí el 16 de julio de 1948 por Mutt Summers . En 1939 en Cowes ( Northwood ) John Godeck inventó el método de indicador de posición del plan de visualización de radar como el más comúnmente conocido desde entonces; el sitio se convirtió en Plessey Radar en 1965, y actualmente lo gestiona BAE Systems. Sperry Gyroscope en Bracknell produjo los sistemas de guía para los cohetes espaciales británicos de la década de 1960.

La industria del hierro de Wealden en Weald fue el sitio del primer alto horno en Gran Bretaña en 1491, y produjo gran parte del hierro fundido de Gran Bretaña hasta la década de 1770.

Los molinos de bloques de Portsmouth fueron el emplazamiento de las primeras máquinas herramienta de metal del mundo , construidas para la fabricación de poleas de madera , inventadas por Henry Maudslay , y el emplazamiento de la primera línea de montaje industrial del mundo en 1803.

El faro de South Foreland, inaugurado el 8 de diciembre de 1858, fue el primer faro del mundo con luz eléctrica, con el primer tipo de generador eléctrico industrial fabricado por Frederick Hale Holmes , a partir del trabajo que había llevado a cabo con Floris Nollet de Bélgica, y 36 imanes permanentes. En 1880, de los diez faros con luz eléctrica, cinco estaban en el Reino Unido. Desde el faro de 1899 se realizó la primera transmisión de radio internacional a Francia. Zénobe Gramme de Bélgica realizó un diseño mucho mejor en 1870 con autoexcitación de imanes y el primer dinamo moderno . El faro de North Foreland fue el último faro con personal del Reino Unido hasta 1998.

El cemento Portland fue desarrollado en Northfleet, Kent, por William Aspdin, hijo de Joseph Aspdin . El desarrollo consistía en calentar los ingredientes a unos 1450 °C, produciendo clínker . Anteriormente, las temperaturas se llevaban a solo 800 °C, lo que no era suficiente. El primer horno de cemento de la historia todavía se encuentra hoy en Northfleet en una fábrica de cartón. A finales del siglo XIX, el horno rotatorio hizo que el proceso fuera mucho más eficiente. El hormigón, en realidad piedra artificial, es el material artificial más extendido. El 5% de todas las emisiones de carbono en todo el mundo provienen de la producción de hormigón.

La estructura independiente más alta de la región es la chimenea de la central eléctrica de Grain , de 243 metros de altura; es la segunda chimenea más alta del Reino Unido después de la central eléctrica de Drax .

George Albert Smith desarrolló el primer proceso de película en color , conocido como Kinemacolor , en 1906 en Southwick, West Sussex . George E. Davis, de Slough, es el padre fundador de la ingeniería química. Wiggins Teape, más tarde ARJO Wiggins Fine Papers , tenía el centro de investigación de papel más grande de Europa en Butlers Court en Beaconsfield; construido en 1891 y desocupado en 2009. Bentalls en Bracknell (ahora Fenwick desde 2017) tuvo la primera terminal de punto de venta en Europa: la NCR 280 en 1973.

La Colección Nacional de Frutas es la colección de árboles frutales más grande del mundo, en Brogdale , y está al lado de la M2 en el cruce A251 en Ospringe . Scalextric fue inventado por Fred Francis en 1956, quien fundó Minimodels en Havant; inicialmente los autos modelo habían sido mecánicos ; se fabricó a partir de 1967 en Triang en Margate. La primera barra de chocolate Mars del mundo se fabricó en Slough en 1932; se modeló en la Vía Láctea , popular en ese momento en los EE. UU. Twix se introdujo en Slough en 1967, y la producción se trasladó al este de Francia (Mars Chocolat France en Haguenau en Alsacia ) en 2005. El Ford GT40 fue desarrollado por Ford Advanced Vehicles en Slough a mediados de la década de 1960.

El punto más alto es Walbury Hill en Berkshire a 297 m (974 pies).

El árbol nativo más alto de Gran Bretaña, según The Tree Register en abril de 2015, es un haya de 44 metros en Devil's Dyke en Newtimber Woods en West Sussex.

Hasta 1999, existía una Región Estadística Estándar del Sudeste , que también incluía los condados de Bedfordshire , Gran Londres , Essex y Hertfordshire . La antigua Región de Defensa Civil del Sudeste cubría la misma superficie que la región oficial actual.

En el uso no oficial, el término sureste puede referirse a una zona variable: a veces solo a Londres, Kent, East Sussex, West Sussex y Surrey; pero a veces a una zona correspondiente a la antigua región estadística estándar. El término sureste también se utiliza ocasionalmente como sinónimo de los condados de origen .

La población de la región en el censo de 2011 era de 8.634.750, lo que la convierte en la región inglesa más poblada. ^[8] Las principales conurbaciones de la región incluyen South Hampshire (855.000), Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton (474.000) y Reading (318.000). ^[9] Los asentamientos más cercanos a Londres forman parte de la conurbación conocida como Área urbana del Gran Londres .

El sureste tiene el mayor porcentaje de personas nacidas fuera de Gran Bretaña, aparte de Londres . Según el censo de 2021, el 78,8 % de los residentes eran blancos británicos , el 7,1 % otros blancos (incluido el 0,8 % irlandeses ), el 7,0 % británicos asiáticos , el 2,8 % mestizos , el 2,4 % negros británicos y el 1,4 % de otros grupos . ^[10]

^a No hubo censo en 1941.

El sudeste de Inglaterra es una región oficial para fines estadísticos y de planificación estratégica, pero no está atendida por ningún gobierno regional elegido directamente. De 1998 a 2010, los consejos locales enviaron ^{[ ¿Enviaron qué o a quién? ]} a la Asamblea Regional del Sudeste de Inglaterra voluntaria , con sede en Guildford . Los delegados se reunían seis veces al año y era responsable de la Agencia de Desarrollo del Sudeste de Inglaterra , un proyecto que supervisaba los proyectos de inversión en la región. ^[22] Fue abolida el 31 de marzo de 2009 y reemplazada por los Consejos del Sudeste de Inglaterra en Kingston upon Thames . La región está dividida en varias áreas de consejos locales, la mayoría compuestas por consejos de dos niveles (los niveles son los consejos de condado y los consejos de distrito) y autoridades unitarias :

El sureste de Inglaterra es la región de Gran Bretaña con mayor número de votos conservadores , tanto en términos de escaños como de votos. La zona también tiene algunos escaños en los que hay un fuerte apoyo a otros partidos, por ejemplo, Oxford , Slough y Southampton Test para los laboristas y Brighton Pavilion , que está en manos del Partido Verde . De los 84 escaños parlamentarios, los conservadores tienen 72. En las elecciones generales de 2017, los conservadores ganaron el 54,8% de los votos, los laboristas el 28,6%, los liberaldemócratas el 10,6%, los verdes el 3,1% y el UKIP el 2,2%.

En la Nomenclatura de Unidades Territoriales Estadísticas (NUTS) de Eurostat , el Sudeste de Inglaterra es una región NUTS de nivel 1, codificada "UKJ", que se subdivide de la siguiente manera:

Buckinghamshire, Medway, Kent y Slough tienen un sistema educativo casi completamente selectivo (no sólo unas pocas escuelas secundarias como pueden tener otras áreas inglesas), con escuelas secundarias modernas como alternativa. Kent tiene 33 escuelas secundarias, Buckinghamshire 13, Medway 6 y Slough 4. Las otras áreas son integrales . Las treinta mejores escuelas en el nivel A son casi exclusivamente escuelas selectivas; una o dos son colegios de sexto curso . Sin embargo, los resultados de cada condado en su conjunto no siempre están directamente relacionados con el número de escuelas secundarias, ya que Kent y Medway tienen un rendimiento por debajo del promedio en el nivel A. La King's School, Canterbury afirma ser la más antigua de Inglaterra: 597 d. C. La Herschel Grammar School en Slough es la escuela con más demanda de Inglaterra, con 14 personas por plaza, la Langley Grammar School en Slough es la siguiente con 13 por plaza, luego la Burnham Grammar School. ^[33]

508.000 en la región asisten a escuelas secundarias estatales (la más alta en Inglaterra) con 101.000 en Kent (la más alta en Inglaterra para un condado y completamente selectiva) luego 70.000 en Hampshire, 60.000 en Surrey, 45.000 en West Sussex, 36.000 en Oxfordshire, 35.000 en Buckinghamshire. El más bajo es 6.000 en Bracknell Forest, luego Reading con alrededor de 6.000. De todas las regiones, el sureste tiene el mayor porcentaje de personas que asisten a una escuela secundaria: 12%; el siguiente más alto es el suroeste con 6%. ^[34] Las personas más educadas ( nivel NQF 4 o superior) en la región viven en Elmbridge (51%), luego Waverley y Epsom y Ewell; el 33% de las personas están en este nivel para el sureste, solo superado por Londres con 40%.

La región tiene el mayor número de estudiantes de sexto grado, fuera de Londres, en Inglaterra; ^[35] el número más alto está en Kent, el más alto de Inglaterra, luego Buckinghamshire (también completamente selectivo), luego Surrey. Para los alumnos de las escuelas públicas, hay una participación irregular en STEM . Hampshire tiene la mayor cantidad de materias STEM aprobadas en Inglaterra y en la región, seguido de Kent, Surrey y Buckinghamshire. Para las materias STEM, Portsmouth es el más bajo con cierta distancia (6 personas aprobaron Química de nivel A) y es casi el peor en Inglaterra. Southampton también obtiene bajos resultados en materias STEM. Bracknell Forest obtiene bajos resultados STEM, por su prosperidad económica, pero no incluye escuelas privadas.

En cuanto a los idiomas, el mejor condado es Kent: el condado obtiene la mayor cantidad de aprobados en el nivel A de Inglaterra, aunque Hampshire está en un cercano segundo lugar. Ambos condados obtienen más aprobados en el nivel A de alemán que todo el noreste de Inglaterra . Buckinghamshire y Surrey tienen altos aprobados en el nivel A de idiomas. Hampshire obtiene la mayor cantidad de aprobados en el nivel A de Inglaterra (27.500), nuevamente más que el noreste de Inglaterra (25.000). Aunque Hampshire es el mejor en idiomas, Portsmouth obtiene la menor cantidad de aprobados en idiomas de la región y una de las más bajas de Inglaterra, con cuatro niveles A de francés, y tiene solo 500 aprobados en el nivel A en total; los siguientes en menor cantidad son Slough, Bracknell Forest y Southampton.

Reading School, una escuela secundaria, es la escuela estatal que obtiene el porcentaje más alto (23%) en Oxbridge en 2010, detrás de 10 independientes, y también es la escuela secundaria estatal más antigua existente en Inglaterra; ^[36] por encima de ella en la región, de las escuelas independientes, están Magdalen College School, Oxford (32%), Guildford High School (26%) y Wycombe Abbey (25%). La Kendrick School , también en Reading, obtiene el cuarto porcentaje más alto de aceptación de la escuela estatal en Oxbridge (18%) y el segundo más alto en Inglaterra fuera de dos escuelas secundarias en Londres. De las 25 escuelas estatales en el top 100 escuelas que llegan a Oxbridge, 7 son de la región. Mucha gente del norte de East Sussex va a las gramáticas de Kent; algunas personas en el borde londinense de Surrey asisten a gramáticas en Kingston upon Thames ; y las dos gramáticas de Buckingham atraen a personas de la cercana Milton Keynes; ^[37] Las escuelas secundarias de Buckinghamshire obtienen algunas de las mejores tasas de admisión a Oxbridge en el Reino Unido. Surrey tiene el doble de admisiones a Oxbridge que todo Gales; las admisiones a Oxbridge se concentran en 10 condados del sureste.

El 1% de los estudiantes del sureste no obtuvo ningún aprobado en el GCSE en 2010; Portsmouth fue el más importante con un 2,5%, y Windsor y Maidenhead tuvieron el más bajo con un 0,2%. En cuanto a las comidas escolares gratuitas, la región tiene el porcentaje más bajo de Inglaterra con un 7,2%; el porcentaje más alto es el de Southampton con un 17%, y el más bajo es el de Wokingham con un 3,5% (el segundo más bajo de Inglaterra después de Rutland ); Buckinghamshire es el 4,3%, seguido del 4,9% de Bracknell Forest y Surrey. En cuanto al ausentismo, el más alto es el de South Bucks con un 7,0, seguido por Canterbury con un 7,0, Portsmouth con un 6,9, Thanet con un 6,9, Southampton con un 6,4 y Rushmoor con un 6,1. Los porcentajes de ausentismo más bajos son los de Tandridge con un 2,5, Windsor y Maidenhead con un 2,5 y Slough con un 2,5.

En GCSE , la zona del sureste (y de Inglaterra) con los mejores resultados es constantemente Buckinghamshire. Berkshire está dividido en autoridades unitarias, y Wokingham, Windsor y Slough tienen los siguientes mejores resultados en GCSE. Todas las autoridades unitarias de Berkshire tienen resultados por encima de la media de Inglaterra, y West Berkshire está considerablemente por encima de la media. Las escuelas de Surrey y Hampshire también tienen consistentemente buenos resultados en GCSE, y están por encima de la media en Oxfordshire, West Sussex, Kent, Medway y East Sussex. Hay un pequeño número de distritos donde los resultados están significativamente por debajo de la media, incluidas las autoridades unitarias de Portsmouth (una de las LEA más bajas del país), la Isla de Wight, Southampton, Brighton y los distritos de Oxford en Oxfordshire, Adur en West Sussex y Hastings en East Sussex.

Existen cuarenta y nueve colegios de educación superior en la región. Los dos colegios de educación superior más importantes son el Northbrook College en Sussex y el Basingstoke College of Technology en Hampshire. Oxfordshire y Buckinghamshore comparten un LSC (que financia colegios de educación superior), y Sussex tiene un LSC combinado. La oficina del LSC de la región estaba en Reading y se ocupaba de cinco áreas.

La universidad más conocida de la región es la Universidad de Oxford , famosa por sus logros académicos, y también por sus ornamentados colegios y sus tripulaciones de remo en el Támesis. Fue clasificada como la cuarta mejor universidad del mundo por el Times Higher Education Supplement en 2013. ^[38]

Otras universidades incluyen:

• Universidad de Brighton , Brighton y Eastbourne
• Universidad de Buckingham , Buckingham
• Nueva Universidad de Buckinghamshire , High Wycombe, Aylesbury, Uxbridge y Great Missenden
• Universidad Christ Church de Canterbury , Canterbury, ciudades de Medway y Tunbridge Wells
• Universidad de Chichester , Chichester y Bognor Regis
• Universidad de Kent , Canterbury
• La Universidad de Derecho de Guildford (así como otros ocho campus del Reino Unido fuera del sureste de Inglaterra)
• Universidad de Reading , Reading, Henley-on-Thames
• La Universidad Abierta , Milton Keynes
• Universidad Oxford Brookes , Oxford
• Universidad de Portsmouth , Portsmouth
• Royal Holloway, Universidad de Londres , Egham
• Universidad Solent , Southampton
• Universidad de Southampton , Southampton
• Universidad de Surrey , Guildford
• Universidad de Sussex , Brighton
• Universidad de Winchester , Winchester

En cuanto a la financiación total del HEFCE , la universidad más grande es la Open University, seguida de la Oxford University. ^[39] La Open University y la Oxford University reciben cada una alrededor de tres veces más financiación que cualquier otra universidad de la región, y Oxford recibe la mayor subvención de investigación de Inglaterra (en 2009). La Universidad de Southampton recibe la tercera cantidad más grande de financiación, con la siguiente subvención de investigación más grande, una de las más grandes de Inglaterra. Otras universidades con una gran subvención de investigación son Reading, Sussex y Surrey. Oxford recibe el doble de ingresos totales (alrededor de £700 millones) que la siguiente en importancia, Southampton. Surrey y Reading reciben los siguientes ingresos totales más grandes.

Oxford y Southampton tienen el mayor número de estudiantes, seguidos de Brighton. Del total de estudiantes en la región, alrededor del 45% son de la región y el 35% de otras regiones. De los estudiantes de primer grado a tiempo completo en la región, más del 35% son de la región, el 15% son de Londres y el 10% son cada uno del este de Inglaterra y el suroeste; en total, alrededor del 70% son del sur de Inglaterra. Muy pocos son del noreste o Escocia. Alrededor del 35% de los estudiantes nativos de la región se quedan en la región, con un 15% yendo a Londres y más del 10% yendo al suroeste. En general, para otras regiones del Reino Unido, los estudiantes del sureste están más preparados para estudiar en otras regiones que los estudiantes de esas regiones para estudiar en el sureste. Una vez que se gradúan, más del 50% se quedan en el sureste, con un 25% yendo a Londres, alrededor del 5% yendo al este de Inglaterra y alrededor del 10% yendo al suroeste; Alrededor del 90% permanece en el sur de Inglaterra.

En general, el sureste de Inglaterra es una zona muy próspera con la segunda economía regional más grande del Reino Unido (después de Londres), valorada en 177 mil millones de libras en 2006. ^[40] El PIB per cápita en 2007 se estimó en 22.624 libras, en comparación con el promedio del Reino Unido de 19.956 libras, lo que convierte al sureste de Inglaterra en la segunda región más rica per cápita, detrás de Londres. ^[41] Sin embargo, la prosperidad varía significativamente en toda la región y, a pesar de su imagen de riqueza, hay grandes bolsones de privaciones. El PIB per cápita en Berkshire y Milton Keynes es más del doble que el de East Sussex y la Isla de Wight. ^[42]

El Servicio de Asesoramiento de Fabricación de la región se encuentra en la A30 en Hook , al norte de Hampshire ^[43] El servicio UKTI para la región ^[44] se encuentra en Victory Park en Whiteley , junto a la salida 9 de la M27 , frente al Solent Hotel . ^[45]

El Servicio de Ambulancias de la Costa Sureste tiene tres sedes, una para Kent, otra para Surrey y otra para Sussex. Se encuentran en la B2163 en Coxheath (para Kent), en la A217 en Banstead (para Surrey) y en la A277 en Lewes (para Sussex). El Servicio de Ambulancias del Centro Sur tiene su sede en la B4100, junto a la estación de tren de Bicester Town , y oficinas en Otterbourne (Hampshire) y Wokingham . Las ambulancias aéreas financiadas por organizaciones benéficas son la ambulancia aérea de Kent en Marden (Kent ), la ambulancia aérea de Hampshire e Isla de Wight en Thruxton (Hampshire) , la ambulancia aérea de Surrey y Sussex en el aeródromo de Dunsfold (Surrey) y la ambulancia aérea de Thames Valley en la RAF Benson .

Muchas empresas de alta tecnología están situadas cerca de la M3 en Surrey y de la M4 en Berkshire. Sun Microsystems tenía su base en el Reino Unido en Blackwater, cerca de Camberley, hasta 2009. Microsoft y Oracle tienen sus sedes centrales en el Reino Unido una al lado de la otra en Reading (distrito de Wokingham), al igual que Yell Group y Logica (cerca de la salida 11 de la M4). El Diamante de Gatwick es también un centro de la industria de alta tecnología, centrado en el aeropuerto de Gatwick con Epsom al norte y Burgess Hill al sur. La empresa más grande, por facturación, en el sureste es Vodafone, seguida de Ineos.

Las principales rutas de transporte por carretera son la M1 a través de Buckinghamshire; la M40 a través de Buckinghamshire y Oxfordshire; la M4 a través de Berkshire y Buckinghamshire ; la autopista M2 / A2 y M20 a través de Kent; la M23 a través de Surrey y West Sussex; la M3 a través de Surrey y Hampshire. Todas estas rutas se conectan con la M25 , que pasa cerca y, ocasionalmente, por la frontera de la región con el Gran Londres.

La A34 proporciona una conexión por carretera de norte a sur a través de Oxfordshire, Berkshire y Hampshire. El corredor este-oeste a través del sur de la región lo proporcionan la A27 y la M27 .

El principal aeropuerto intercontinental es el de Gatwick , con aeropuertos regionales en el Aeropuerto Internacional de Kent ( Ramsgate ), el Aeropuerto de Shoreham y el Aeropuerto de Southampton . El Aeropuerto de Heathrow está en el Gran Londres , pero también presta servicio a la región del Sudeste.

La línea principal Great Western pasa por Berkshire, Oxfordshire y el sur de Buckinghamshire. La línea principal South Eastern y la línea de alta velocidad 1 pasan por Kent; esta última se conecta con el túnel del Canal . La línea principal de Brighton pasa por Surrey y West Sussex. La línea North Downs va desde Berkshire y luego pasa por Surrey para conectarse con Sussex y Kent . La línea principal de la costa oeste pasa por el norte de Buckinghamshire. La línea principal de Chiltern es una importante línea de cercanías entre Birmingham y Londres que pasa por el centro de Buckinghamshire y Oxfordshire. El puerto de Dover y el puerto de Folkestone tienen muchos servicios de ferry a Francia y, aunque actualmente ninguno opera a Bélgica .

Como parte del sistema de planificación del transporte, la Asamblea Regional tiene la obligación legal de elaborar una Estrategia Regional de Transporte (RTS) para proporcionar una planificación a largo plazo del transporte en la región. Esto implica planes de transporte a nivel regional, como los que llevan a cabo la Agencia de Carreteras y Network Rail . ^[46] Dentro de la región, las autoridades locales de transporte llevan a cabo la planificación del transporte mediante el uso de un Plan de Transporte Local (LTP) que describe sus estrategias, políticas y programa de implementación. ^[47]

El LTP más reciente es el correspondiente al período 2006-2011. En la región del Sudeste, las siguientes autoridades de transporte han publicado su LTP en línea: Bracknell Forest UA, ^[48] Brighton & Hove UA, ^[49] Buckinghamshire , ^[50] East Sussex , ^[51] Hampshire , ^[52] Isle of Wight , ^[53] Kent , ^[54] Medway UA, ^[55] Milton Keynes UA, ^[56] Oxfordshire , ^[57] Portsmouth UA, ^[58] Reading UA, ^[59] Slough UA, ^[60] Southampton UA, ^[61] Surrey , ^[62] Windsor and Maidenhead UA, ^[63] Wokingham UA ^[64] y West Sussex . ^[65]

Las empresas de Berkshire siguen esencialmente el corredor M4 . En Theale están Nvidia UK (componentes para teléfonos inteligentes) y Wolseley , los comerciantes de materiales de construcción y fontanería que poseen Bathstore y Plumb Center. SPP Pumps (propiedad de Kirloskar Group ) está en el Arlington Business Park ; en la misma finca está PepsiCo junto al ferrocarril GWML. Porsche Cars Great Britain está en Calcot , Tilehurst , al oeste de Reading cerca de Theale Interchange. Harley-Davidson UK está en Pangbourne . Vodafone y High and Mighty tienen su sede en Newbury ; Bayer UK ( Aspirina , Rennie y Alka-Seltzer ) está al oeste; National Instruments UK está al este de la A4 en el Newbury Business Park, y Quantel estaba junto a la A4 y ahora es Snell (antigua Snell & Wilcox, anteriormente en Lower Earley), una importante empresa de tecnología de vídeo, cerca de Aricent UK.

El Atomic Weapons Establishment está en Aldermaston , en la frontera con Hampshire. El Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre y Xtrac Limited están en Thatcham . La Royal School of Military Survey está en Hermitage . Al este de la A34, al norte de la M4, en Compton desde 1992 se encuentra la sede en el Reino Unido de Baxter Healthcare , parte de una empresa global que está trabajando en una vacuna contra el H1N1 , y al lado está el Institute for Animal Health , que también investiga el H1N1.

Retriever Sports, en Mill Street Ind Est, cerca de la estación de tren de Slough , es el mayor fabricante de equipos de dardos del mundo. Mars Limited tiene una gran fábrica de chocolate, gestionada bajo el nombre de Effem Holdings Ltd, también en Slough, en el enorme Slough Trading Estate , que produce 3 millones de barritas Mars al día; cerca se encuentra Johnson Controls UK (asientos de coche), e ICI Paints , Polyfilla y Dulux . Horlicks es fabricado por GSK allí. Oki UK ( impresoras de escritorio ) tiene su sede junto a Mars. Honda UK , Citroën UK , Fiat UK , Douwe Egberts UK (y su propietaria Sara Lee UK ), BlackBerry UK , Black & Decker Europe , Amazon UK , Ingres UK , Telefónica O2 Europe UK y Reckitt Benckiser también están en Slough.

Toyota Material Handling UK (carretilla elevadora) está al lado de la central eléctrica y térmica de Slough. Lonza UK fabrica productos biofarmacéuticos ( anticuerpos monoclonales ) en la A4. Honda Motor Europe está en la rotonda de Langley (A4/B470) de la M4 en Brands Hill , parte de Colnbrook con Poyle , y cerca del embalse Queen Mother ; en el lado opuesto de la M4 en Langley (distrito de Slough) está el centro de distribución mundial de Royal Mail en Heathrow , y al lado está Pentax Ricoh Imaging UK, junto al centro de ocio de Langley.

Hovis , Ben & Jerry's (Unilever), FM Global UK (seguros) y Morgan Crucible están en Windsor; Nintendo UK está al lado de la escuela de equitación Royal Mews. Centrica está en Dedworth , al lado del hipódromo de Windsor . Groupe SEB UK (propietario de Krups , Moulinex , Rowenta y Tefal ) está al lado de la estación de tren de Windsor & Eton Riverside y cerca del castillo (anteriormente al lado de la estación de tren de Langley hasta 2012). CA Technologies UK está en Ditton Park en Datchet , hogar de la antigua estación de investigación de radio hasta 1979, que descubrió la ionosfera en la década de 1920. Ledco, cerca del cruce B3020/A329 en Sunninghill y Ascot , es el distribuidor en el Reino Unido de linternas LED Lenser, fabricadas por Zweibrüder Optoelectronics. Hitachi , Corel UK, NSK Europe (cerca de la A308 hacia el norte), Weight Watchers UK (junto a la escuela Desborough ) y Rank Group (ocio) están en Maidenhead.

Más al este en la A404(M) está McGraw-Hill UK en Cox Green ; al otro lado de la A404(M) en el intercambiador de Cox Green (9A), GSK fabrica Sensodyne , Corsodyl , Aquafresh y Macleans; Volvo Cars UK está en Scandinavia House (en Marlow de 1986 a 2012) al lado de GSK; Nortel UK se fue en 2009. Sanofi Pasteur MSD UK (vacunas) tiene su base al lado de las oficinas del consejo de Maidenhead. Initial Washrooms Solutions está al lado de la estación de tren y al otro lado de la A308 está Hutchison 3G UK ; al otro lado de la vía férrea está el Rank Group en la rotonda de la A308, en Braywick . Adobe Systems tiene su sede europea en la A4, al sur de la rotonda de la B4447, al lado de un Sainsbury's. Hanson UK tiene su base en la rotonda de la A4/A308; Hitachi Europe (con Maxell Europe ) se encuentra en la salida de la A4094 en las afueras del norte en dirección a Cookham, en Whitebrook Park, con DS Smith , en el antiguo Centro de Investigación Formica . Avery Dennison UK tiene su base al norte de la A308 en Furze Platt .

Abbott Laboratories UK (pharmaceuticals) are based on the Vanwall Business Park; nearby is Costain, Pfizer Consumer Healthcare UK (Centrum multivitamins); Toys "R" Us UK and Mattel UK are opposite each other, with Compuware UK. McNeil Products (Benylin, Benadryl, Daktarin, Sudafed and Calpol) is at Foundation Park, next to the Great Western Main Line, in Cox Green, south of Maidenhead, with other Johnson & Johnson (beauty) brands, and Lexmark UK. Bisham Abbey, on the Thames, is a site of one of the National Sports Centres, at the A404/A308 Bisham Roundabout, to the west of Maidenhead. GEO Group UK (prisoner custody) is off the A4130 in Hurley, on the western edge of the district, with Hospira UK, owned by Pfizer.

BG Group, Prudential plc (the country's biggest life insurer with 7m customers), the Rural Payments Agency, and Guide Dogs for the Blind are in Reading. Primark UK, near Reading Civic Centre, was started by Arthur Ryan in Ireland; it arrived in the UK in 1973 and has bought many former sites of C&A and Littlewoods. North of the railway line is TP-Link UK (routers). Off the A33 towards the Three Mile Cross Interchange (M4) in south Reading is the Green Park Business Park, home of Symantec UK (previously in Whitley), many Cisco offices and Thames Water and to the south is the former Berkshire Brewery (closed in April 2010 by Heineken UK) and Verizon UK.

Borland UK, Interserve and Mabey Group, the bridge manufacturer, are in Twyford. Bang & Olufsen UK is in Winnersh. Rockwell Collins UK (avionics, flight control systems), is next to Jacobs Engineering UK, at the end of the A3290 near the A4 Sutton Seeds Roundabout, at Suttons Business Park in Earley; on the opposite side of the railway is Thames Valley Park, with Oracle next to ING Direct UK in Earley and Microsoft UK in Woodley; The University of Reading's Reading Scientific Services (RSSL) in Earley is Cadbury's main research centre.

Foster Wheeler UK is in Shinfield in the old headquarters of Berkshire County Council, next to the M4; next door is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on the site of the former Met Office College. Auto Trader Group is in nearby Earley. The Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) are based at Arborfield Garrison, partly in Barkham, also home of the School of Electronic and Aeronautical Engineering. Pelco UK is at the Mulberry Business Park in south-west Wokingham. Christie Digital Systems (EMEA office) is in the centre. Off the B3430 in Wokingham Without, McNeil have a laboratory, south of district.

Syngenta UK and Wincor Nixdorf UK (ATMs) are in Bracknell. Boehringer Ingelheim UK is off the A3095 in west Bracknell in Easthampstead; nearby to the north is Waitrose; to the east along the A3095 is Panasonic UK; next door to the south is IHS UK (owner of Jane's Information Group) and HHI Europe (construction equipment); further along the A3095 is BMW (GB); BMW sold their first model in the UK in 1966, the 2002, and sold 230,000 cars in the UK, a record amount. In 2017, German car imports to the UK were worth €20.8 billion.^[66] To the south on the Southern Ind Est is Daler-Rowney (known for its acrylic paint; Rowney was the first supplier in Europe in 1963.

On the other side of the A329, towards the B3408, is Cable & Wireless (the former overseas equivalent of BT); to the west on the Amen Corner Business Park in Farley Wood next to the A329 and the railway, is Dell UK; next door is HP UK (in Winnersh from the 1970s to 1990s) to the west; 3M UK is to the north-east, next to Bracknell Bees ice-hockey stadium. Novell UK is on the A329, north of the A322 roundabout at Arlington Square (former Sperry Gyroscope), and next door is Honeywell UK on the A329 at the Skimped Hill Roundabout near the Odeon cinema. Avis Europe (with Budget UK) is further north at the A322/A3095 Met Office Roundabout near Bracknell and Wokingham College; Imation UK is next door on the roundabout; south of the roundabout is Netgear UK next to the A3095. To the north, Syngenta have their main worldwide (pesticide) research centre at Jealott's Hill, formerly owned by ICI. The Transport Research Laboratory and Broadmoor Hospital are in Crowthorne near the Wokingham boundary.

High Wycombe is known historically for its furniture industry, and has the Association of Master Upholsterers & Soft Furnishers. Hyundai UK and Tetra Pak UK are at Wycombe Marsh on the A40, and Dreams, the UK base of Ariston (now owned by Indesit), Wilkinson Sword, Merisant UK, and Staples are based in High Wycombe; Cofely (energy services) and Rank Hovis are off the M40 Handy Cross Interchange, with The Perfume Shop, the food technology centre of Premier Foods, and Instron Europe (tension testing machines), off the A4010. To the north of the town centre is Sennheiser UK (audio equipment). RAF High Wycombe (Air Command) is at Bradenham on Grim's Ditch (Chilterns) off the A4010. To the west of the town, United Biscuits have their group technical centre on Sands Ind Estate, off the A4010, near the rugby ground of London Wasps. Swedish Match UK (all their matches are made in Sweden) are in Totteridge. Johnson & Johnson UK have their base at Booker next to the M40 near Handy Cross, with Janssen-Cilag UK (Imodium); Taylor Wimpey is off the A4010, with Focusrite, a big industry player in consoles for sound recording, with Novation Digital Music Systems MIDI controllers and keyboards.

Pilot Pen UK is on the Wessex Road Industrial Estate in Wooburn and Bourne End; Psion Teklogix UK is in the middle of Bourne End, east of Marlow, on the A4155 (Symbian, found on most smartphones until 2010, was developed from Psion's EPOC); nearby are Kawasaki UK and Nuance Communications UK. In Wooburn Green, to the east off the A4094 is Menarini UK Takeda UK (both pharmaceuticals). Wyeth UK (pharmaceuticals) is in Burnham, next to the M4 Huntercombe Spur junction. Saclà Italia UK (pesto) is in Beaconsfield; Grünenthal UK (pharmaceuticals) is off the Stokenchurch Interchange of the M40.

The UK base of Robert Bosch is in Denham. Martin-Baker is in Higher Denham, and InterContinental Hotels Group is in Denham Green (formerly in Windsor) at Broadwater Park on the A412. On the edge of Uxbridge, but on the Buckinghamshire side of Shire Ditch in (New) Denham is Amgen UK (biotechnology), Bristol-Myers Squibb UK (pharmaceuticals), and Mondelēz International UK (former Kraft); on the other side of the A4020 in the south of Denham next to River Colne, on the Great London boundary, is Medirest, Eurest, at the HQ of Compass Group UK. Pioneer UK is in Stoke Poges on the former site of the Fulmer Research Institute; Hitachi Data Systems EMEA is at Sefton Park (a former Glaxo research centre) on the B416, now home of Urenco Group (international uranium enrichment).

DX Group (couriers), are next to Muller Martini UK (binding), and Cummins have a design plant at Rideway Trading Est next to the M25 at Iver; Pinewood Studios is in Iver Heath; it takes its name as it is next to the adjacent pine trees in the 530 acres of Black Park. Avid Technology UK (industry-standard Pro Tools audio and Sibelius notation software) is also based at Pinewood. Timberland Europe is at Wexham Springs, in Wexham west of Pinewood Studios in the same place is Servier Laboratories UK and Sun Chemical Europe (the world's largest producer of printing inks). STMicroelectronics UK (French-Italian, based in Geneva), is based next to Trend Micro UK (Japanese) on Globeside Park at Marlow, next to the A404 and nearby are Expansys and Whistl (former TNT Post UK, part of PostNL), both north of Marlow railway station; Techtronic Industries UK (Ryobi power tools) is on the same estate. Dun & Bradstreet UK (credit references) is on the A404 bypass at the A4155 Westhorpe Interchange. GE Healthcare has its world HQ in Little Chalfont. Uniq plc (bought by Greencore in November 2011) was in Chalfont St Peter, next to the A413 and River Misbourne, off the B416 Kingsway Roundabout, next to Citrix UK; Doro UK (Swedish mobile phones) are off the A413. Bahlsen UK is in Gerrards Cross off the B416.

NT CADCAM in Haddenham is the UK distributor of the industry-standard SolidWorks CAD software package; Schwartz UK (spices) and McCormick UK, the parent company of Camp Coffee, is near Haddenham and Thame Parkway railway station off the A418 between Thame and Aylesbury. Acco UK (stationery), who own Rexel (stationery) and GBC (pouch laminators), are on the A418 in Aylesbury, opposite Aylesbury College; Askeys have made ice cream cones since 1965 next to the A4157 and Grand Union Canal. Demag Hamilton (owned by Sumitomo) who make plastic injection-moulding machines, is based on the Triangle Business Park on the A413 next to the railway in Stoke Mandeville. At Long Crendon is Terex Demag UK (cranes), and Unic UK (mini cranes). Arla opened its huge Aylesbury dairy in Aylesbury in 2014, on the A41 Aston Clinton bypass. Arla Aylesbury is a fresh milk processing facility with 34 acres; its plastic bottles are made on-site by Alpla.^[67]

Milton Keynes is home to many national companies such as Santander UK operations. The Home Retail Group (Argos and Homebase), Filtrona, Ingram Micro UK and BP Oil UK (retail) are in Central Milton Keynes, as is the Network Rail headquarters at Quadrant:MK. Rightmove is in Winterhill. Nearby, on the other side of A5, Loughton is the home of the National House Building Council (NHBC), the National Energy Foundation, and the former Atmosphere Bars and Clubs west of the A5, near Central MK; Leica Geosystems (owned by Hexagon AB, surveying equipment), on the same estate, is opposite the NHBC, and the Parcelforce HQ is nearby; to the south of Loughton is Korg UK (keyboards) and Vox (originally from Kent, makers of amplifiers), just north of the National Bowl, off Watling Street; to the west of Loughton at the Crownhill Ind Est in Shenley Church End, SMC Pneumatics have their European Technical Centre. The National Badminton Centre is in Loughon Lodge.

East of the A5, Luminar Leisure is headquartered in Rooksley (Bradwell CP). In the north-west, the European HQ of WD-40 and Rockwell Automation UK (former Allen-Bradley) are in Kiln Farm, Bradwell Abbey; near Sysmex UK (healthcare electronics) and Volkswagen Group's National Learning Centre. To the north, NEFF UK, Gaggenau UK, and BSH Home Appliances are in Wolverton and Greenleys; opposite is Mars Horsecare UK; Electrolux have their distribution centre next to the WCML and Wolverton station.

To the east, near the M1 and the A422 in Great Linford, Chrysler UK (Jeep and Dodge), Scania UK (part of VW), Rohan (clothing), Makita UK (power tools) and Mercedes-Benz UK (including Smart Cars) are in Tongwell; VAG UK (VW and Audi) is opposite in Blakelands on the north side of the A422 opposite Tongwell Lake. DRS mark exam papers by electronic data capture at Linford Wood, south of the A422 and Stantonbury, near Leica Microsystems; Mitsubishi Pencil Company UK (uni-ball) is off the A422 at the B4034 Redbridge Roundabout; H. Bronnley & Co. (soap) is on the site of a factory used to build the GEC-Marconi AI.24 Foxhunter radar in the 1980s.

In the south-east of Milton Keynes, The Open University is in Walton Hall, in Walton; BT Development & Training (management) is based at Kents Hill, next to the OU, after it moved from Bletchley Park in 1993; south of the OU is Walton Manor, home of MSD Animal Health (former Intervet, and previously a Hoechst laboratory). Red Bull Racing is off the A4146 in Tilbrook, south of the OU; nearby is Jungheinrich UK (forklifts) in Walton near Bow Brickhill railway station, and Yamaha Music Europe; north of Tilbrook on the A4146 is Walker Greenbank (upmarket furnishings). Fisher & Paykel UK (fridges) are in Kingston, Milton Keynes Village. Nearby is Duravit UK (bathroom plumbing); in Kingston off the A421 are Alpla UK (plastics), and Koyo UK (JTEKT). Just east of the A421, near Wavendon and M1 Junction 13, John Lewis, River Island and Amazon have large logistics warehouses in the Magna Park distribution centre.

In the south-west of Milton-Keynes, Chemetall, a chemical company, is in Denbigh West, Bletchley, near Marshall Amplification, near Denbigh Roundabout (B4034); Yokohama UK (tyres) is at Mount Farm (Bletchley and Fenny Stratford) north of Denbigh West, next to the A5 (Fenny Stratford bypass); to the east of Mount Farm, Kemble and Co. were Britain's last piano manufacturers, until the factory closed in 2009. Holophane Europe make floodlighting on the Mount Farm Ind Est, east of A4146/A5 Caldecotte Interchange; on the west of Mount Farm, on the B4034, Basell Polyolefins UK (part of the Dutch LyondellBasell) make polypropylene compounds. Domino's Pizza Group (arrived in the UK in 1985) is in West Ashland near the A5/A421 junction. Suzuki GB is on the A421 near B4034 roundabout at Tattenhoe in Shenley Brook End on the south-western edge.

Elsewhere in the borough, Welcome Break is at the M1 service station in Newport Pagnell, where Aston Martin had a factory until 2007 (The existing site is now home to the Aston Martin Works, which focuses on heritage sales, service, spares and restoration operations). The town is also home to a customer centre of car retailer Cazoo, located just off the A509/A422 junction at Tickford Roundabout. FCO Services and HMGCC is based at Hanslope Park, in a rural area 6 mi (9.7 km) north of Central Milton Keynes.

The Army have a large garrison in Aldershot, with Sandhurst being nearby. Elica also make extractor hoods in Aldershot, and the European HQ of the Computer Sciences Corporation consulting firm is based at the A323/A325 roundabout. Rentokil Initial have their head office and pest control division next to Blackwater railway station, north of the A30, towards Camberley. Farnborough has many international aerospace companies as well as Sofa Workshop. Nokia UK, which had also been a R&D base for Nokia Siemens Networks on the A327, left in 2012; further along the A327 is Autodesk UK.

DKB Household UK (Zyliss) is off the A327 in North Farnborough; at the A325/A327 roundabout is Parametric Technology Corporation UK (known for its industry-standard PTC Creo Elements/Pro (Pro/ENGINEER) CAD/CAM software) with Red Hat UK. Thomson Local directory is on the A325 next to Farnborough railway station, next to the Catholic National Library; opposite is the design centre for Qualcomm UK (W-CDMA UMTS mobile technology) with Hogg Robinson Group UK (its worldwide headquarters are in Basingstoke). BAE Systems with CORDA is south of the airfield at the Farnborough Aerospace Centre, off the A325/A3011 Queen's Roundabout. Sun Microsystems had their UK headquarters at Guillemont Park (former Guillemont Barracks until 1997) north of the M3 Minley Interchange at Blackwater and Hawley, until 2009.

The Ford Southampton plant of Ford, near Southampton Airport and Stoneham Interchange (A335) of the M27, closed in July with production of the Transit moving to the Ford Otosan plant in Gölcük, Kocaeli (Turkey). Skandia Insurance have their UK base there. Carnival Corporation & plc, the world's largest cruise ship operator, has one of its two headquarters at Carnival House. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency is in the town centre near the A3057. Swatch UK (and Omega UK) are based near Millbrook Flyover (A33).

B&Q and Draper Tools are based in Chandler's Ford. Prysmian Cables & Systems, who make high-tension electric cables (for offshore windfarms), communication cables and fire-resistant cable, are off the B3037 in Eastleigh, next to a rail servicing plant and the River Itchen. Bacardi-Martini and London Camera Exchange are in Winchester and four miles (6.4 km) north-west, Arqiva (broadcasting infrastructure, at the former technical division of the IBA) are based in Crawley, Hampshire. The Adjutant General's Corps HQ (former Royal Army Pay Corps) is at Worthy Down Camp off the A34 north of Winchester at Kings Worthy, since 2012 the home of the Defence School of Personnel Administration. To the north-west, the Leckford Estate, with Longstock Park, next door provides much of the milk, mushrooms, fruit, honey and free-range chicken for Waitrose; John Spedan Lewis, founder of John Lewis, lived there until his death in 1963.

Garmin Europe is in Hounsdown just west of Southampton. Esso has its main UK refinery at Fawley (the largest refinery, by production, in the UK); north of Fawley is Polimeri Europa UK (former International Synthetic Rubber, now owned by Eni) off the A326, which makes elastomers. Ineos, the third largest chemicals company in the world, is in Lyndhurst in the New Forest (A35). Roke Manor Research (founded by Plessey in 1956, and owned since 2010 by Chemring) at Roke Manor at Romsey Extra developed the Hawk-Eye system in 2001. The Ordnance Survey have a new headquarters (previously further east in Southampton before 2011) at Nursling and Rownhams, off the M271 Nursling Interchange. On the A337 in Mudeford in the east of Christchurch is a large BAE Systems radar site (the former Signals Research and Development Establishment).

Best Buy Europe is in Hedge End; SPI Lasers make fibre lasers for optical fibres; Glen Dimplex have an HQ north of the A334. Chemring Group, Boskalis Westminster (dredging) and the National Air Traffic Services (NATS) are in Fareham (Swanwick) near Zurich Insurance UK. At Locks Heath off the A27 further south at Kite's Croft Business Park is Estée Lauder UK and the scrapped South East Regional Control Centre (FiReControl). On the opposite side of the A27 on Funtley Ind Est is Eaton Aerospace, who have their Fuel & Motion Control Systems Division (aerial refuelling, making fuel valves for aircraft), which is the former Abbey Works site of Plessey Dynamics (Mechanical Systems) and Plessey Aerospace.

Raymarine Marine Electronics (owned by FLIR Systems) off the A27 (near Estée Lauder) at Titchfield is the world's leading leisure marine electronics company. TÜV SÜD UK (product certification) are next to Gemalto UK, who make chip and PIN cards, at Segensworth between the railway and the M27; further along is CooperVision, who make contact lenses, and next door is Turbomeca UK (part of Safran). GE Aviation, on a site which was formerly Folland Aircraft then BAe Aerostructures, has a factory at Hamble-le-Rice which makes composites for airframes and racing cars, using products such as Bismaleimide resin. Crewsaver (owned by Survitec), Covidien UK (owned by VNUS), and Wickham Laboratories are off the A32 at Fleetlands, (north of Gosport), south of Fareham, and north of DM Gosport, which handles the Navy's armaments including Sea Skua, Sea Wolf, the Eurosam Aster, Sea Dart (surface-to-air), and GEC-Marconi Sting Ray (torpedo).

Kenwood, owned by De'Longhi since 2001, have a factory at West Leigh, Havant; next-door, Sumika Polymer Compounds (owned by Sumitomo Chemical), and Pfizer (former Wyeth Biotech before 2009) have plants on New Lane Ind Est next to the railway.^{[citation needed]} Lockheed Martin U.K. is at the Langstone Technology Park^[68] off the A3023, near the A27, at Brockhampton, near to Apollo Fire Detectors, Jobsite (owned by dmg::media), and Pains Wessex (a leading manufacturer of maritime distress flares); SSE plc have their main southern HQ on the Southmoor Lane Ind Est next door. Paradigm Secure Communications (Airbus Defence and Space) control the UK's Ariane-launched Skynet military satellites from former the RAF Oakhanger off the A325 west of Bordon.

Southwick House, off the B2177 in Southwick and Widley, is the home of the Defence School of Policing and Guarding and the Regimental Headquarters of the Royal Military Police. VT Group is based in Hedge End, with VT Education & Skills and VT Flagship based in North Harbour, Portsmouth. Near the A2030/A27 Farlington Roundabout in east Portsmouth, Airbus Defence and Space (former Astrium before 2014, and earlier Marconi Space and Defence Systems) at Anchorage Park near Hilsea railway station, make payloads for the Galileo navigation system, at its Broad Oak Works, with SELEX Elsag and BAE Systems on the former Portsmouth Airport; GKN Aerospace (former FPT Industries) situated at the former make aviation self-sealing fuel tanks; Atmosphere Control International (former Wellman Defence before 2012, and part of TPG Engineering) in Portsmouth make the air purifiers for the British and French nuclear submarines. PALL Europe (fluid filtration) is based on the Harbourgate Business Park, on the opposite side of the M27 from Port Solent. Much of the Royal Navy is based at HMNB Portsmouth with BAE Systems Surface Ships; Navy Command Headquarters is at Whale Island, next to the M275. IBM is headquartered in Cosham, North Portsmouth, with large laboratories in Hursley House.

Lenovo UK and Serco are at Bartley Wood Business Park, off the B3349 (M3 Hook Interchange), with Virgin Media (13,600 staff in the UK, with 1,200 at the head office); next door is First Drinks, a whisky distributor owned by William Grant & Sons, Trimble Navigation UK (GPS systems) and HP Enterprise Services Defence & Security UK (former EDS Defence). The Police Staff College, Bramshill, the Police's main training centre, is nearby to the north; the European Police College (CEPOL, run by Europol) was at Bramshill until 2014 when it moved to Budapest. Festo GB (industrial automation, based at Esslingen am Neckar) is next to the M3 on Ancells Business Park, next to Rohde & Schwarz UK (electronic testing). Vertu, division of Nokia makes luxury phones at Church Crookham. CV-Library is in Fleet; Conair Group (BaByliss hair dryers) are at the nearby Waterfront Business Park.

The AA, Scott Wilson, Genus plc, and Winterthur Life are based in Basingstoke. The pharmaceuticals group Eli Lilly UK, with Elanco UK (animal health), is in Norfolk House in Houndmills east of the North Hampshire Hospital, the main home for Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; also in Houndmills are Fyffes UK (next to the railway), and GAME Group, with Gamestation (formerly in York), which it bought in 2007; Palgrave Macmillan, a leading worldwide trade publisher with the Pharmaceutical Press, is south of A339 and hospital. Thales Missile Electronics (former Thorn EMI) is in central Basingstoke near the A3010/A339 junction, which makes parts for the Brimstone missile. Alberto-Culver UK and Shire Pharmaceuticals Group plc left the Hampshire International Business Park near Chineham in 2011 and 2017 respectively.^[69][70]

On the Chineham Business Park is the Gas Safe Register (predecessor CORGI was also in Basingstoke), and Hama UK (photography equipment); Peek Traffic, south of Shire, is one of two companies in the UK that make traffic signals. Motorola UK, next-door to Meggitt Sensing Systems, and De La Rue are on the Viables industrial estate next to the M3 and Cranbourne; BD UK (former CareFusion UK before 2014) makes Alaris infusion pumps, medical ventilators and automated dispensing cabinets. De La Rue have a main banknote printing works at Overton Mill in Overton, to the west towards the A34, and a holographics factory on the Daneshill industrial estate, in the west of the town; De Dietrich UK (kitchen appliances) are near a plant of Thermo Fisher Scientific UK, and Boeing Defence UK. Mars Drinks (Flavia Beverage Systems and Klix) is north of the railway, south of Daneshill.

Gale Cengage UK are in the east of Andover, off the A3093 on Walworth Industrial Estate; further south are Twinings (who also own Ovaltine) and to east of the estate is Stannah Lifts (owned by SSI Schaefer), next to Petty Wood, owner of the Epicure food brand, with Le Creuset UK (cookware); Euronics UK is further west. The Army Air Corps trains at AAC Middle Wallop, off the A343. Britten-Norman (B-N Group) make turboprop aeroplanes on the Isle of Wight. The Danish Vestas (former NEG Micon before 2004) closed the UK's only wind turbine factory on the Isle of Wight in 2010, and Vestas Technology have a research site in Northwood; Stainless Games developed Carmageddon. GKN Aerospace at East Cowes make engine nacelles, with its Composites Research Centre, in the former main plant of Saunders-Roe. Ratsey and Lapthorn make sails at Cowes.

BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support, next to Rochester Airport, manufacture helmet mounted displays and head-up displays; it was GEC Avionics, previously Marconi Avionics and Elliott Flight Automation, and Kent's biggest employer in the 1980s; the display technology originated from acquiring Cintel in 1963; the site was a Shorts factory in the war, and built many Short Sunderlands.^[71] The Royal Engineers and the Royal School of Military Engineering are based in Chatham at Brompton Barracks. London Thamesport is on the Isle of Grain. Metsä Board UK (paper) is off the A289 near Medway Tunnel, and next to the Universities at Medway, Chatham. Sleepeezee (owned by the Simmons Bedding Company) is at Conquest Ind Est in Strood on the A228 next to the River Medway. Bose UK are on the Gillingham Business Park, off the A278 near the A2 Bowaters Roundabout; on other side of A278 is Delphi Diesel Systems.

Bovis Homes is near Gravesend and in Northfleet on the B2175, Kimberly-Clark (formerly Bowater-Scott until 1996) makes Andrex toilet rolls. Caterham Cars manufacturers of British sports cars including the Caterham 7 have their manufacturing facilities in Dartford. Laing O'Rourke is off the A206 in Stone, east of the Dartford Tunnel on Crossways Business Park, where Mazda UK are; in the same building is Forest Laboratories UK (bought by Actavis in 2014), who make Veno's (cough mixture, the brand was bought from Beechams-GSK in 2011), Sudocrem, Otomize (Dexamethasone) and Bisodol (indigestion), made in Dartford; Crosswater (taps and showers) is in Stone, further along the A206 near the Thames Europort.

Bluewater in Greenhithe is the third-largest shopping centre in the UK; it was built on the former Blue Circle Swanscombe Cement Works, which closed in 1990. South East Water is in Snodland. H+H UK (aerated concrete) is based at the A25/A227 roundabout at Ightham, south of Wrotham; to the east is Geographers' A-Z Map Company off the A227 near the railway station, near the M26. Aylesford Newsprint (owned by Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget and Mondi Group), between the M20 and River Medway, makes newsprint and is Europe's largest recycler of paper.^[72]

Rolex since 2010 has had its European headquarters (it moved from Bexley) at Kings Hill near West Malling on the A228; Kimberly-Clark have their UK HQ there, on the former RAF West Malling wartime airfield, near FLIR Systems UK (thermal imaging); opposite is the Charities Aid Foundation and to the east is Voyages-sncf.com (former Rail Europe before 2013, who operate InterRail) near the Tonbridge and Malling council offices. Readers in Teston, to the south on the A26, are the UK's leading manufacturer of cricket balls. DS Smith Paper (former Bowater-Scott), Britain's largest paper manufacturer is at Kemsley, north of Sittingbourne, off the A249/B2005 Grovehurst Road Junction. Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham is Britain's oldest brewer. Brake Bros is on the Eureka Business Park, off the A251 north of M20 junction 9 in Boughton Aluph; nearby is Coty Rimmel UK (perfumes) and Houchin (owned by ITW), who make ground power units for airport aprons.

Further south along the M20, Givaudan UK (flavourings, former Quest International, and previously Proprietary Perfume and Flavours, or PPF International) has a 10-acre large plant in Kennington; next-door is Premier Foods (former RHM before 2007, and opened as Batchelors in 1957) on the A2070 next to the River Great Stour and the railway, east of the M20; the 16-acre site makes Paxo stuffing, Savoury Rice, Pasta n Sauce, Bisto, Cup-a-Soup (introduced in 1972), Vesta curries (launched by Batchelors in 1961), and claims to be the largest dry food manufacturing site in Europe; it now makes Bird's Custard and Angel Delight. Chartham Papers (owned by Arjo Wiggins) is the UK's only manufacturer of tracing paper at Chartham. Kent grows three-quarters of the UK's Bramley apples.^{[citation needed]}

Cummins Power Generation is in Acol, near Manston Airport on the A299, and Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world and manufacturer of Anadin, had its European R&D site in Sandwich until 2012, next to the River Stour and A256. Hornby, with Airfix and Humbrol, is on the A254 on Westwood Ind Est on the southern edge of Margate; the site started out as Tri-ang Railways in 1954, becoming Hornby in 1972 when the parent company collapsed, and the last model train sets were made there in 1999; these are now made by a company owned by Kader. Delfinware (owned by WPP plc) makes dish drainers off the A259 on the Pennypot Ind Estate in Hythe. Megger Group Limited make electrical test equipment in Dover on the A20; nearby P&O Ferries is on the A20 below the Dover Western Heights. Saga plc, founded in 1959, has a large headquarters in Sandgate, next to Folkestone School for Girls, at the A259/B2963 junction.

AXA PPP is in Tunbridge Wells, and Lamberts Healthcare (part of Merck), based at High Brooms, are a leading manufacturer of vitamin supplements. J.H. Dewhurst (founded in 1919) was last based in Tunbridge Wells, until it closed in 2006 (it had in the early 1990s over 1,100 stores nationwide and was Britain's largest butcher). Panini UK are on the A264 in the west of Tunbridge Wells. Rotosound on the A22 near Sevenoaks railway station makes guitar strings. Salter Housewares (weighing equipment) is in the east of Tonbridge at the A26/B2017 roundabout in Tudeley, Capel; Adrian Scripps produce apples off the B2017 near the A228 east of Tonbridge.

Oxford University Press, Blackwell UK, Electrocomponents and Amey plc are in Oxford as is the BMW plant that builds the Mini. BMW assemble the MINI at Cowley; in the south of Oxford is Unipart and TI Automotive UK. South of Oxford in Littlemore, off the A4074 at the Oxford Science Park is Nominet UK (UK domain names). SAE Institute has its world HQ on Littlemore Park off the A4074. Grafton Merchanting GB (Buildbase, and Hirebase) are on Oxford Business Park in Cowley, with Electrocomponents next to Publishing Technology, Blackwell UK and Harley Davidson UK; to the south on the side of the B480 is Oxfam GB at Oxfam House, BT iNet, and TI Automotive; further north along the B480 at the B4495 junction is Macmillan Education, a leading worldwide publisher of school textbooks, with Genzyme UK (owned since 2011 by Sanofi).

Ascari are in Banbury. Kenco coffee is made at Kraft Foods Banbury owned by Mondelēz International (former Kraft before October 2010) with Café HAG and Carte Noir off A422/A423 roundabout opposite a Tesco; the site was built to make Bird's Custard in 1964, by General Foods who were bought by Kraft in 1990, and claims to be the biggest coffee-production site in Europe; Nestle make much of their coffee in South Derbyshire. On other side of A422 to Kraft is a manufacturing site of Dematic UK, with Terex MHPS (former Demag Cranes), and Kannegiesser UK (industrial clothes washers). On north-east side of Banbury is the large site of Norbar Torque, who are a main international manufacturer of torque wrenchs. Next door is a large factory of Barry Callebaut UK, a Swiss manufacturer of cocoa (for Nestle and Cadbury), on the Wildmere Road Ind Est, north of the A422 near the M40 junction 11. Prodrive are on the north of the estate, and iSOFT are on the east near the M40. Further north was a main site of Alcan Extrusions (former British Aluminium, bought by Alcan in 1982), which closed in 2008.

Yaskawa UK (Motoman robotic welding equipment) is on the Wildmere Ind Est, off the A422 near junction 11; Kärcher UK (pressure washers) are nearby off the A423. Marussia F1 are in the east of Banbury. Hook Norton Brewery is to the south-west. Travelodge UK is at the A418/B4445 roundabout in Thame next to CPM Group (the UK's largest field marketing company), with Lucy Electric (switchgear) in the east of Thame off the B4012, with the UK site of UMC (branded televisions from Slovakia). Kubota UK, the tractor manufacturer, on the B4445, is the UK market leader of ride-on (diesel) lawn mowers; Kidde Products UK (fire protection) is off the B4012. Renault F1 is in Enstone; off B4030 at Enstone Airfield Complex, Airbus Helicopters UK (Eurocopter before 2014) is at London Oxford Airport. Agilent Technologies (former Magnex Scientific) make superconducting magnets for NMR applications on the A44 next to the railway at Yarnton. Solid State Logic (mixing consoles) is at Begbroke on the A44, which has the Begbroke Science Park.

The Joint European Torus is developing fusion power at Culham on a former airfield. Also on the Culham Science Centre at Clifton Hampden is the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, and the re-usable Skylon spacecraft is being developed by Reaction Engines Limited; ABSL Space Products Culham (owned by EnerSys) made batteries for Philae. The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and Diamond Light Source (built by the Wellcome Trust) are on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus in Chilton and East Hendred. Harwell has an office of Telespazio VEGA UK (satellites) and the UK's base of the European Space Agency (ESA), with the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications and the UK's Satellite Applications Catapult; Rutherford Appleton also has the Central Laser Facility, the UK's site of research into inertial confinement fusion power from the HiPER project. The science cluster is known as Science Vale UK.^[73]

In Rotherfield Peppard, near Sonning Common, is the Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, which research fuel cells (with platinum supplied by Anglo American Platinum, the world's largest producer). Stuart Turner (pumps) is at Henley-on-Thames, with Ella's Kitchen. Countax UK, off the A329 at Great Haseley (nearer to Great Milton), manufactures Britain's best-selling garden tractors, and distributes ECHO (Japanese) power tools; to the south off the B480, Martin-Baker test ejector seats at Martin Baker Aerospace Chalgrove. Castrol Technology Centre is towards the Thames. South of RAF Benson off the A4074 at Howbery Park, Crowmarsh is HR Wallingford (former Hydraulics Research Station) and further south along the Thames is CAB International (agricultural research).

RM Education, Kaspersky Lab UK, Achilles (supply chain risk management, international HQ), Routledge (publisher), Chroma Therapeutics, and Smeg UK are at Milton Park. The former Esso Research Centre at Milton Hill is now the headquarters of Infineum, a division of Esso and Shell which researches oil additives. Rowse Honey is in Wallingford. All parachute training for the RAF and Army takes place at RAF Brize Norton; the RAF 's refuelling force (10 Sqn and 101 Sqn) operate the Voyager, the RAF's largest aircraft, a converted Airbus A330 which carries 111 tonnes of fuel; they also operate the twice-weekly air-bridge to RAF Mount Pleasant; Brize Norton has 24 C-130 Hercules, 8 C-17 Globemasters (99 Sqn), 8 Voyagers (the replacement for the VC-10), and one A400M Atlas (the future replacement for the Hercules). The Blue Cross animal charity are further north on the B4020.

Siemens Magnet Technology (former Oxford Magnet Technology), the main provider of superconducting magnets (30% of the world's market) for MRI scanners, is in Eynsham; in Witney is Wychwood Brewery (owned by Marstons) which makes Hobgoblin, and brews Brakspear Brewery (formerly of Henley until 2002). Oxford Products, off the B4047 west of Witney, make cycle and motorcycle safety products, with Abbott Diabetes Care and Corndell Furniture at Windrush Park. JSP are market leaders in industrial head protection, based next to the River Windrush at Worsham in Asthall west of Witney.

Williams Grand Prix Engineering is based at Grove on the A338 north of Wantage. Towards Wiltshire, the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom is in Shrivenham, with the Defence School of Languages (previously at Wilton Park north of the M40 Beaconsfield Interchange), and the Joint Services Command and Staff College is in Watchfield.

Allianz Insurance have their UK headquarters in Guildford as do Ericsson, Colgate-Palmolive UK, Constellation Brands Europe, Electronic Arts (formerly in Chertsey before 2008), Sanofi-Aventis, the CTC, Surrey Satellite Technology, Avaya UK, and Philips UK. Alexander Dennis (ADL) is off the A320 at Worplesdon on the north of Guildford on the Slyfield Industrial Estate, towards Jacobs Well. Lionhead Studios and BAE Systems Detica are near the Royal Surrey County Hospital. BOC Gases UK are also in Guildford. UCL's Mullard Space Science Laboratory is high in the Surrey Hills.

Mövenpick Ice Cream UK is off the A248 at St Martha, to the east of Guildford; Vivid Imaginations, in Artington to the south, own the UK rights to Crayola. The former company, now owned by The Linde Group, was based in Windlesham. British Car Auctions is on the A325 in Farnham. Motor company McLaren and McLaren Automotive are based at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking as are the UK base of Yum Restaurants (owner of KFC), SABMiller, BIW Technologies (project software), SPSS (statistical software), and Capgemini; ISS UK & Ireland (Danish services company, similar to Serco or G4S) is next to the railway on the Sheerwater Ind Est. In the south of Woodham, next to the Basingstoke Canal, is Playtex UK, and to the east is Fernox (water treatment, owned by Alent). Towards Woking along the railway is Pirbright (home of the Pirbright Institute), where Merial Animal Health also make vaccines. Tupperware UK is in Knaphill.

Friends Life have an office in the north of Dorking in the former HQ of Friends Provident and Kuoni Travel are on the former Deepdene estate. Kimberley Clark Europe is in the north of Reigate; Esure and Sheilas' Wheels is on the A25 south of Reigate College; Canon UK is to the south in Woodhatch. SGN is in Horley. Bristow Aviation is at Redhill and the food research centre Campden-BRI is at Nutfield. Cubic Transportation Systems make ticket barriers on the Perrywood Business Park south of Redhill, and were responsible for the Oyster card next door is Rapiscan Systems Europe (luggage X-ray and metal detectors).

In the area straddling the M25, the huge Compass Group is based in Chertsey as is Samsung UK, Siemon UK, Crest Nicholson (housebuilding), Kone UK (escalators), the business facilities company Regus, and Britax; Papa John's Pizza UK is off the A320 near the M25; Ubisoft UK is on the B375. Juniper Networks UK (routers, off the B3121), Pandrol UK (design rail fastenings), and Royal Caribbean Cruises UK (with Azamara Club Cruises UK) are in Addlestone; at Hamm Moor (in the east of Addlestone) on the A317 and Weybridge Business Park is Thales Group UK and the UK corporate headquarters of Toshiba, who have another base in Camberley; further west along the A317 is Aviator Park, on the B3121, a former main research site of Plessey Radar, later GEC Marconi.

Near Weybridge are the UK headquarters of Sony with SSP Group (situated in Byfleet) and Procter & Gamble (next door to each other on The Heights Business Park near the former Brooklands racing circuit) with Kia Motors UK and Petroleum Geo-Services UK, and Gallaher Group (cigarettes) is to the north, next to the Brooklands Museum; to the east is Verint Systems UK on the B374. In Weybridge are the local newspaper group Newsquest, Yamaha Motors UK; BAE Systems Regional Aircraft is on the Brooklands Ind Park off the A318 (since 2001 it has no longer manufactured). On Sprint Ind Est in Byfleet, west of Weybridge, off the A318, AIM Altitude (former Henshalls) make cabin galleys for airliners. The Central Veterinary Laboratory, which is run by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, with the Animal and Plant Health Agency, is in New Haw to the west on the other side of the M25. Mouchel is in West Byfleet.

Air Products UK is in Walton-on-Thames. Atkins, the civil engineering company, and are in Epsom; Sartorius UK (laboratory equipment) is to the north off the B284 next to the railway; Toyota UK (towards Banstead) is on the A240 at the B284 junction at Great Burgh, Tattenham Corner, at the site of the former R&D HQ of SmithKline Beecham (Beecham Pharmaceuticals) from 1979 until the mid-1990s before their research centre moved to Harlow; Toyota arrived in the UK in 1965 with their Corona, and have made 3m cars in the UK. Legal & General have their largest office near Kingswood railway station. Dairy Crest is in Esher. Ian Allan Publishing is at Hersham. SHL Group (former Saville & Holdsworth) is just to the north-east at Thames Ditton. Samaritans is in Ewell. Ann Summers is in Whyteleafe near Caterham. Caterham Cars sales and marketing offices are in Caterham. Swiftcover (owned by AXA) is on the A307 in the west of Cobham; further to west on the A245 is Berkeley Group Holdings, and Europa Technologies (digital mapping data) is on the A245 opposite Waitrose; Cargill Europe is on the eastern edge. Pfizer UK is at Walton Oaks (the former R&D HQ of Beecham Pharmaceuticals until 1979) next to the B2032 bridge over the M25 at Walton-on-the-Hill.

Edmund Nuttall (opposite Camberley Theatre) and Krispy Kreme UK (south of the M3 near junction 4 on Albany Park) are in Camberley; Alfa Laval UK (heat exchangers) is on the Yorktown Ind Est, in York Town off the A331 near Stihl UK with a technical centre of Toshiba on the other side of the A331; to the south on Watchmoor Park off the A331 are Adaptec UK and Fluor UK (construction and civil engineering), with Bisque Radiators UK (owned by Zehnder), Trescal UK (calibration), and Zodiac Seats UK (former Contour Aerospace, who make aircraft seats, previously Britax, now owned since 2012 by Zodiac Aerospace). Further south in Frimley Green, home to the Lakeside Leisure Complex, between the B3411 and the railway is S.C. Johnson UK and their Glade air freshener factory. Opposite Albany Park over the A331 is Frimley Business Park, with AMD UK, off M3 junction 4 next to the A331; nearby is Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK (Sandoz) and Alcon UK. Further along the A325 towards Frimley at the B311 roundabout is Siemens UK (the former site of Marconi Command & Control Systems, then BAE Systems Insyte). Frimley has Amer Sports UK (the world's largest sporting equipment manufacturer) on the B3411 Lyon Way Ind Estate, with VMware UK. Zoggs (swimwear and goggles) is in Lightwater, near the M3 Bagshot Interchange.

ExxonMobil UK (Esso), part of the largest oil company in the world, is in the east of Leatherhead, next to the M25 towards Ashtead at ExxonMobil House, off the A24 (founded as Anglo-American Oil Company in 1888, the brand Esso was introduced in 1935, and the company became Esso Petroleum in 1951); ExxonMobil, in 2010 by revenue, was the world's second largest company, second to Royal Dutch Shell (BP was fourth). In the town the Wates Group nearby, Unilever Bestfoods (in Crawley before 2008), and to the south is Robert Dyas; Puma UK is east of Unilever near the M25 and A243. Harsco UK (former SGB Scaffolding, and Multiserv) is off the B2430. On the B2122 in Fetcham, to the west of Leatherhead, is the UK division of Carrier, the world leaders (and originators) of air conditioning. Rowlett Rutland in Bookham is Britain's only manufacturer of (commercial-size) toasters, next to Bookham railway station and Photo-Me International. Leatherhead Food International moved to Epsom in the mid-2010s.^[74]

Although BP has its international headquarters in central London, most of its UK division (chemicals and energy) with Air BP UK (aviation fuel) is headquartered at Sunbury-on-Thames, and the UK's third largest company by stock market value; nearby is Kingston Technology Europe (the world's second largest producer of flash memory), just inside the Surrey boundary; ADT UK (fire alarms) is at the end of the M3 in Sunbury, and Chubb UK (owned by UTC) is on the other side of the roundabout, and M3. Enterprise Rent-a-Car UK is near Thorpe, near to Cemex UK and Thorpe Park (situated on a series of former gravel pits). Shepperton Studios is next to Littleton.

Del Monte Foods UK is in Staines-upon-Thames on the side of the A30 and Dalkia UK is on the A308; British Gas is on the A308 in Pooley Green nearby to the west, with Salesforce.com UK at Lotus Park, next to Dow Chemical UK. Kerry Foods UK are based on the B388, east of the M25, in the south end of Pooley Green at Thorpe Lea. Cisco Videoscape (previously NDS Group before 2012), on the A308 in Birch Green, makes software for digital set-top boxes worldwide for the pay TV industry.

The RSPCA is on the A24 in Southwater, south of Horsham. Campina UK is in Horsham. Dunkin' Donuts UK on the B2237 in the south of Horsham centre at the Prewett's Mill Roundabout in the same building as Beam Global UK (Bourbon whisky), and its subsidiary Thomas Lowndes & Co (formerly owned by Allied Domecq, and the UK's leading supplier of culinary alcohol). RSA Insurance Group (former Royal and Sun Alliance, and the UK's largest commercial insurer) has its main office in Horsham.

The Caravan Club is in East Grinstead, with Rentokil Specialist Hygiene, and Initial Medical Services. Roche Diagnostics UK headquarters and CAE Inc. UK are in the Victoria Business Park off the A273 in the west of Burgess Hill near Tesco; further to east is the HQ of Filofax, and Heidenhain GB, who make linear encoders for CNC machines.

Southern Water is on the A2032 in Durrington, Worthing; Durrington Bridge House on the Barrington Road Ind Estate, next to Durrington-on-Sea railway station, in Goring-by-Sea has HMRC's national office for its Voluntary Arrangement Service (former Enforcement & Insolvency Service, for IVAs) and members voluntary liquidation, company administrations, and voluntary arrangements. GSK in east Worthing is the former Beecham Pharmaceuticals, on the western edge of Sompting, which makes antibiotics such as Augmentin; to the south of GSK on the same estate is Electronic Temperature Instruments, a worldwide manufacturer of thermometers, and the UK's largest manufacturer of digital thermometers. B & W is an important loudspeaker company in the north of Worthing at the A2032/A24 junction in West Tarring. Eurotherm make temperature controllers.

Virgin Atlantic is off the A23, with Paslode UK (nail guns) next-door, on the Manor Royal Ind Estate in the north of Crawley, as is Edwards (former BOC Edwards), an international engineering company that makes vacuum pumps, with another plant on the A259 in Kingston by Sea, Shoreham. Also on Manor Royal are the headquarters of Spirent, G4S, Doosan Babcock Energy, Pilz UK and TUI Travel PLC with TUI Airline Management (the fifth largest European air carrier). Air Miles (now called Avios since November 2011) is on Fleming Way Roundabout of the A23 north of Crawley in the former headquarters of British Caledonian, at County Oak retail park, and to the west is the British Dualit brand of catering electrical equipment (iconic toasters).

Nestlé UK is moving its headquarters from City Place Gatwick to Manor Royal Business District in Crawley from September 2023.^[75] To the south, on the east of Manor Royal, is Monier Redland (roof tiles) and ARINC UK (avionics), and a large site of Thales, with its civilian aircraft simulation TTS division (former Redifon) now owned since 2012 by L-3 Communications); much of Thales in Crawley is the former Mullard, who made radars, and Thomson Racal Defence Electronics (and Thorn EMI); Thales in Crawley make much of the Royal Navy's electronic (mission) systems. UK Power Networks (electrical operator for region) is south of Manor Royal in Three Bridges; SEEBOARD was based on the A23 in Broadfield. Invensys have many sites in Crawley. WesternGeco (geophysical services) is at the end of the Gatwick Interchange M23 spur.

Colas Ltd (road engineering) is in Worth, east of Crawley. The former ICI Agrochemicals research department was at the Fernhurst Research Station (later part of Zeneca) at Fernhurst. Wiley UK (reference books) is in Chichester (off the A286) next door to Shippam's Foods. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars make vehicles at Westhampnett off the A27. Vie at Home is at Tangmere; Philips Respironics UK is at Tangmere airfield. Hayes UK make plumbing supplies on the Huffwood Trading Est on the other side of the railway.

MTU UK (diesel engine generators, owned by Rolls-Royce Power Systems) are on the Birches Ind Est at the A22/A264 junction in Felbridge; nearby are Thermo Fisher Scientific UK and Jencons UK (owned by VWR International). Cats Protection is at the National Cat Centre on the A275 in Danehill in the Ashdown Forest. The Body Shop is at the A259/B2187 Body Shop Roundabout in Toddington, Littlehampton. Palmer and Harvey is in Hove and Hosiden Besson, near Aldrington railway station, makes telephone equipment; a Legal & General main office is on the A2023 next to Hove Park. C Dugard (CNC machines) is at the A2023/A270 junction. American Express UK is in Brighton. EDO MBM near Moulsecoomb railway station makes electrical equipment for the Brimstone missile. Elektromotive is at Falmer (electric vehicle charging).

Jones Bootmaker head office is based in Eastbourne; Alfa Laval UK have a manufacturing plant at Birch Road Ind Est, off the A2290 near the A259 roundabout. Ricardo plc, the engineering consultancy, is on the A27 next to Shoreham Airport and River Adur. Merrydown cider was formerly made in Horam until 2004, when it was bought by SHS Group of Belfast. Páramo Directional Clothing and Nikwax are on the B2099 in Durgates, in Wadhurst, East Sussex, towards the Kent boundary. Notifier UK (fire alarms, owned by Honeywell) is in South Malling in Lewes, also the HQ of Morley-IAS UK, who make fire alarm control panels.

The culture of South East England has been influenced a number of factors: by its part of contributing to the "idealised English identity", due to the region's historic idyllic rural landscape;^[76] its serving for Greater London as commuting hinterland,^[77] and, in recent times, the concentration of the UK's creative industry across the South East as well as London.^[76][78]

Ashdown Forest in East Sussex was the inspiration for the Hundred Acre Wood in the Winnie-the-Pooh stories by A.A. Milne who also lived in the nearby village of Hartfield and visited the forest with his son Christopher Robin.^[79] Alice Liddell, also known as Alice Hargreaves, the inspiration for Alice in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, spent the majority of her childhood living in Oxford, and in her later years lived in and around Lyndhurst, Hampshire after her marriage to Reginald Hargreaves. She is buried in the graveyard of St Michael and All Angels Church in the town.^[80] Roger Hargreaves lived in Lower Sunbury on the River Thames on the next to Richmond upon Thames borough boundary, and wrote his Mr. Men books. Mary Tourtel from Canterbury created Rupert Bear. Frank Hampson, of Dan Dare, drew all his pictures when he lived in the east of Epsom, off the A2022. Buckinghamshire's E. L. James author of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy has the UK record for the fastest-selling paperback of all time.

Trumpton (1967) was based on Plumpton, East Sussex, with other titles in the series based on nearby villages; Trumpton was actually shot by Gordon Murray's company in Crouch End, London. Gerry Anderson's AP Films filmed Thunderbirds on the Slough Trading Estate near to the site's cooling towers, being first broadcast in 1965. The Native American woman Pocahontas is buried at St George's Church, Gravesend in Kent and was the inspiration for the popular Disney animated film of the same name.^[81]

The first multiplex cinema in the UK was in Milton Keynes, in the mid-1980s.^[82]

Elgar wrote his Cello Concerto at Fittleworth, West Sussex, in 1919. Isaac Watts, a hymn writer from Southampton, wrote When I Survey the Wondrous Cross and O God, Our Help in Ages Past. John Goss, who wrote the hymn tune for Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven, came from Fareham. At Chalfont St Giles, Milton finished Paradise Lost. Olney in Buckinghamshire is known for the Olney Hymns - Amazing Grace, and for Henry Gauntlett, the composer of the tune of Once in Royal David's City.^[83] The Christian non-profit music festival Big Church Day Out takes place annually on the last Saturday and Sunday of May at Wiston House, Wiston in West Sussex.^[84]

Pimm's was invented by James Pimm of Kent in the 1820s.^[85] Banoffee pie was invented in 1972 in Jevington in East Sussex. Maria Ann Smith from Sussex emigrated to Australia and created the Granny Smith apple. Horticulturist Richard Cox lived in Colnbrook, where he bred his Cox's Orange Pippin, a popular apple. Elizabeth David, a cookery writer who revolutionised the nation's home cooking in the 1950s, came from Sussex.^[86]

The BBC operate South Today (BBC South) out of Havelock Road, Southampton and South East Today (BBC South East) in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. ITV News Meridian (ITV Meridian) which has sub-regions for the South and South East based in Whiteley, near Fareham.^[87][88]

• • Television coverage for Buckinghamshire is complex and is split three ways depending on location. The western part of the county is in the BBC South and ITV Meridian (South Coast sub-region).^{[citation needed]} Much of Milton Keynes UA is covered by BBC East based in Norwich, with the Look East programme; similarly the ITV region for most of Milton Keynes is ITV Anglia with the ITV News Anglia programme, also from Norwich. South of the county is covered by BBC London News and ITV London News which both broadcast from London.
• That's Solent TV, a subsidiary TV station from That's TV based in Portsmouth, covers Portsmouth, Isle of Wight, Southampton and Winchester.^[89]

• BBC Local Radio services in the region include Berkshire, Surrey, Sussex, Solent, Oxford, and Kent, with Buckinghamshire & Milton Keynes served by BBC Three Counties Radio (which also covers Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire, and falls under the BBC East region).
• Commercial radio stations include:
  • Heart South serves much of the region, created in 2019 by the combination of Heart Sussex and Surrey (formerly Heart Sussex of Brighton and Mercury FM in Crawley), Heart Thames Valley (Heart Berkshire and Heart Oxfordshire), Heart South Coast (Heart Dorset and New Forest and Heart Hampshire), and Heart Kent. Milton Keynes is served by - and is the studio base of - Heart East (via the former Heart 103.3/Horizon Radio)
  • Capital South (previously known as Galaxy South Coast/Power FM based in Segensworth and Juice 107.2 in Brighton)
  • Greatest Hits Radio South operates on the former frequencies of The Breeze (previously Andover Sound, Newbury Sound (former Kick FM), Reading 107 FM, and Kestrel FM (Basingstoke)), Spirit FM (Chichester), and 96.4 Eagle Radio (Guildford). In Buckinghamshire, Greatest Hits Radio East took the place of Mix 96 (Aylesbury) on FM and this was added to the Herts/Beds/Bucks DAB multiplex.
  • Greatest Hits Radio South Coast, formerly regional adult contemporary station Wave 105 in South Hampshire and East Dorset, and following its transition to GHR (with its own dedicated breakfast and afternoon shows separate from those on the other stations in the South) also broadcasts on the former Wessex FM and Vale FM frequencies in Dorset, which previously carried GHR South and GHR West respectively. Broadcast from the same studio complex as GHR South, the former Wave 105 base at Fareham
  • Nation Broadcasting operates two services based in Southampton: Nation Radio South Coast (a regional station, previously broadcasting as Greatest Hits Radio South Coast, Sam FM, JACK FM and Original 106), and Easy Radio South Coast (former Hits Radio South Coast, 107.4 The Quay, Portsmouth; The Saint, Southampton; and Dream 107.2, Winchester).
  • More Radio is broadcast on four frequencies in Sussex, previously Arrow FM (Hastings), Bright 106.4 FM (Burgess Hill), Sovereign FM (Hailsham), and Splash FM (Worthing). A countywide service broadcasts on DAB, alongside from 2021 a digital-first sibling station, More Radio Retro.
  • Isle of Wight Radio
  • KMFM, a network of seven stations in Kent, and a countywide DAB output, since 2012 sharing all programmes from the premises of KMFM Medway
  • Milton Keynes is served by BBC Three Counties Radio, Heart FM and MKFM.

The region is served by Southern Daily Echo (Southampton), Portsmouth News, Hampshire Chronicle Oxford Times, Oxford Journal, Oxford Mail,^[90] Argus (Brighton), Reading Evening Post, the KM Group titles (Kent), Surrey Advertiser, Reading Chronicle, Medway News, KOS Media titles (Kent), Basingstoke Gazette (Basingstoke).^[91] and the Milton Keynes Citizen.

Badminton England is at Milton Keynes. The Royal Yachting Association (RYA) is headquartered at Hamble in Hampshire. The World Squash Federation is headquartered in Hastings. England Hockey is headquartered at Bisham Abbey on the south side of the Thames. The first World Transplant Games were held in Portsmouth in 1978.^[92]

The All England Jumping Course at Hickstead (Royal International Horse Show) is held (usually) at the A2300 Hickstead Interchange on the side of the A23, west of Burgess Hill, next to the River Adur in Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common. There are many horse-racing stables on the Lambourn Downs. The Epsom Derby is held in early June.^[93] In the mid 18th century, the Hambledon Cricket Club, in south-east Hampshire, was the focal point of modern cricket. It was here where a number of innovations were made to the game until the formation of Marylebone Cricket Club and the opening of Lord's Cricket Ground in 1787.^[94]

The BDO World Darts Championship are held in early January at Lakeside Leisure Complex.^[95][96]

Wentworth Golf Club in Surrey is the home of the BMW PGA Championship.^[97]

Charles William Miller, who went to school in Southampton, was responsible for taking football to Brazil. He had a Scottish father and a Brazilian mother; around the same time, Alexander Watson Hutton, a Scottish teacher, had taken football to Argentina; Dresden English Football Club, founded by British workers, would bring football to Germany.^[98]

• Outline of England
• List of schools in the South East of England

• Government Office for the South East
• South East England Councils
• Government's list of councils in the South East
• Tourism Information - Visit South East England
• Information and History of Southern England Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• South East England Intelligence Network - facts, figures and research on the South East
• South East England Business Community Directory