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Lista de pueblos indígenas

No existe una definición generalmente aceptada de pueblos indígenas , [ a ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] aunque en el siglo XXI el enfoque se ha centrado en la autoidentificación, la difer...

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No existe una definición generalmente aceptada de pueblos indígenas , [ a ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] aunque en el siglo XXI el enfoque se ha centrado en la autoidentificación, la diferencia cultural con respecto a otros grupos en un estado, una relación especial con su territorio tradicional y una experiencia de subyugación y discriminación bajo un modelo cultural dominante. [ 4 ]

Las estimaciones de la población de pueblos indígenas varían entre 250 y 600 millones. [ 5 ] Existen unos 5000 pueblos indígenas distintos distribuidos en todas las zonas climáticas habitadas y continentes habitados del mundo. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] La mayoría de los pueblos indígenas son minoría en el estado o territorio tradicional que habitan y han experimentado la dominación de otros grupos, especialmente de pueblos no indígenas. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Aunque muchos pueblos indígenas han experimentado la colonización por parte de colonos de naciones europeas, [ 10 ] la identidad indígena no está determinada por la colonización occidental. [ 4 ]

Los derechos de los pueblos indígenas están recogidos en la legislación nacional, los tratados y el derecho internacional. El Convenio de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) de 1989 sobre los Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales protege a los pueblos indígenas de la discriminación y especifica sus derechos al desarrollo, las leyes consuetudinarias, las tierras, los territorios y los recursos, el empleo, la educación y la salud. [ 11 ] En 2007, las Naciones Unidas (ONU) adoptaron una Declaración sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas que incluye sus derechos a la libre determinación y a la protección de sus culturas, identidades, lenguas, ceremonias y el acceso al empleo, la salud, la educación y los recursos naturales. [ 12 ]

Los pueblos indígenas siguen enfrentando amenazas a su soberanía, bienestar económico, lenguas, patrimonio cultural y acceso a los recursos de los que dependen sus culturas. [ 13 ] En el siglo XXI, los grupos indígenas y los defensores de los pueblos indígenas han destacado numerosas violaciones evidentes de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.

Definición

Pintura de Bimbache de El Hierro , obra de Leonardo Torriani, 1592.
Los san son los habitantes más antiguos del sur de África.

Las comunidades, pueblos y naciones indígenas son aquellas que mantienen una continuidad histórica con las sociedades precoloniales y preinvasoras que se desarrollaron en sus territorios, y pueden considerarse distintas de otros sectores de las sociedades que actualmente prevalecen en esos territorios, o partes de ellos. Constituyen actualmente sectores no dominantes de la sociedad y están decididas a preservar, desarrollar y transmitir a las generaciones futuras sus territorios ancestrales y su identidad étnica, como fundamento de su continua existencia como pueblos, de acuerdo con sus propios patrones culturales, instituciones sociales y ordenamiento jurídico. [ 14 ]

Esta continuidad histórica puede consistir en la continuación, durante un período prolongado que se extiende hasta el presente, de uno o más de los siguientes factores:

  • Ocupación de tierras ancestrales, o al menos de parte de ellas.
  • Ascendencia común con los habitantes originales de estas tierras.
  • La cultura en general, o en manifestaciones específicas (como la religión, vivir bajo un sistema tribal, pertenecer a una comunidad indígena, la vestimenta, los medios de subsistencia, el estilo de vida, etc.).
  • Idioma (ya sea que se use como único idioma, como lengua materna, como medio habitual de comunicación en el hogar o en la familia, o como idioma principal, preferido, habitual, general o normal).
  • Residencia en ciertas partes del país o en ciertas regiones del mundo.
  • Otros factores relevantes.
  • A nivel individual, una persona indígena es aquella que pertenece a estas poblaciones indígenas mediante la autoidentificación como tal (conciencia de grupo) y es reconocida y aceptada por estas poblaciones como uno de sus miembros (aceptación por el grupo). Esto preserva para estas comunidades el derecho y poder soberano de decidir quién pertenece a ellas, sin injerencia externa. [ 15 ]

África

El pueblo Hadza , originario de la región de los Grandes Lagos africanos.
Una danza tradicional masái
Bailarines pigmeos Baka en la provincia oriental de Camerún.
Pigmeo Batwa con arco y flecha tradicionales.
Mujeres somalíes con hiyab
Mujeres tigrayanas con vestimenta tradicional
Jefe de Wolayta
Gente de Berta tocando trompetas durante una ceremonia de boda.
Hombres nilóticos en Kapoeta , Sudán del Sur.
Hombre zulú del siglo XIX con atuendo de guerrero.
Mujeres sotho con la manta tradicional Seana Marena
Madre e hijo Makua
Hombre damara vistiendo el ǃgūb, un atuendo tradicional.

Grandes Lagos africanos

África central

Cuerno de África

Sudán

África meridional

África Occidental

Un cazador Dogon con un mosquete de chispa , 2010
Vigilia cultural serer en Senegal

África del Norte

Bereberes de Shilha en Marruecos
Bailarines tradicionales bereberes de Sanhaja

Asia occidental y central

Asia Occidental

Una mujer asiria con vestimenta tradicional en Zakho
Samaritanos en el Monte Gerizim
Árabes de las marismas/Ma'dan remando en una balsa en las marismas de Mesopotamia.
hombres soqotrán
Kurdos con vestimenta tradicional
Festival yazidí en Lalish
Baloch de la provincia de Nimruz , Afganistán

Cáucaso

Mujeres armenias en Diyarbakır
Vestimenta tradicional adigués.

Asia Central

Pueblo pamirí de Tayikistán

Asia meridional

Kalash con vestimenta tradicional, Pakistán
Hombres Kodava con atuendo tradicional, India
Una mujer indígena asamés de Assam
El jefe Veddha Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, líder de los pueblos indígenas de Sri Lanka.

Pakistán

India

Islas Andamán y Nicobar

Noreste de Asia

Niñas Miao ( Hmong ) en China
Bailarina Bunun

Porcelana

China occidental

Norte de China

China meridional

Mongolia

Taiwán

Bunun en 1900. Fotografía de Torii Ryūzō.
sakizaya
Gente de Saaroa

Japón

Pueblo ainu de Hokkaido , 1904

Corea

Siberia y el Extremo Oriente de Rusia

Representación de una familia chukchi por Louis Choris (1816)
Chamán Buryat de Olkhon , lago Baikal en el este de Siberia.
El hijo de Nenets
mujer yakuta

En la parte asiática de Rusia ( Siberia y Extremo Oriente ) viven más de 40 pueblos distintos, cada uno con su propio idioma y cultura.

Sudeste asiático

Una mujer Wa que lleva a su hijo

Sudeste Asiático continental (Península de Indochina)

Niñas S'gaw Karen del distrito de Khun Yuam , provincia de Mae Hong Son , Tailandia
Niña Akha en Laos
Mujeres Yi /Nuosu
Una dama de Tai Dam

Sudeste Asiático Marítimo ( Archipiélago Malayo )

Un hombre Murut (miembro de una de las etnias Dayak ) en la Aldea Cultural Monsopiad, Kg. Kuai Kandazon, Penampang , Sabah , Isla de Borneo
Mujer Ati , Filipinas , 2007 [ 141 ] Los negritos fueron los primeros habitantes del sudeste asiático. [ 142 ]

Europa

Viajeros irlandeses en Cork

Algunas fuentes describen a los sami como los únicos pueblos indígenas reconocidos en Europa, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] mientras que otras los describen como los únicos pueblos indígenas en la Unión Europea . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] Otros grupos, particularmente en Europa Central, Occidental y Meridional, que podrían considerarse que se ajustan a la descripción de pueblos indígenas en la Convención sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales de 1989 , como los sorbios , generalmente se clasifican como minorías nacionales . [ 151 ]

Europa del Norte

Europa Occidental

América

El continente americano está formado por el supercontinente que comprende América del Norte y América del Sur , y las islas asociadas.

Lista de pueblos por agrupación geográfica y etnolingüística:

América del norte

América del Norte comprende todo el continente y las islas al este del estrecho de Bering y al norte del istmo de Panamá ; incluye Groenlandia , Canadá , Estados Unidos , México y los países de Centroamérica y el Caribe. Sin embargo, debido a características étnicas y culturales, se puede distinguir entre una América del Norte más amplia y una América del Norte y Centroamérica más restringida.

Ártico

Dos mujeres inuit con amauti (parkas de embalaje) tradicionales .

Subártico

Pacific Northwest Coast

Northwest Plateau-Great Basin-California

Northwest Plateau
Great Basin
California

Great Plains

White Cloud, Chief of the Iowa, by George Catlin, 1845
Sioux man, 1899

Eastern Woodlands

Northeastern Woodlands
Southeastern Woodlands

Southwest

Navajo man in Monument Valley, Utah
Hopi dancers in 2017

Mesoamerica

Tzeltal dancers waiting to perform, San Cristobal
Mayan family from Yucatán
Amuzgos in traditional dress
Mazatec girls performing a dance in Huautla de Jimenez
Huichol woman and child

Central America

Central America is generally defined as a subregion in North America located between the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Darién Gap.

Mam people

Mesoamerica

Isthmo-Colombian Area

A Guna woman in traditional dress
Umalali featuring the Garifuna Collective on the Peace Corps World Stage at Smithsonian Folklife Festival 2011

South America

Emberá women
Urarinashaman, 1988
Bororo-Boe man from Mato Grosso at Brazil's Indigenous Games, 2007
Pai Tavytera people in Amambay Department, Paraguay, 2012
Quechua woman and child in the Sacred Valley, Peru

South America generally includes all of the continent and islands south of the Isthmus of Panama.

Isthmo-Colombian Area

Amazon

Guianas

Eastern Highlands (Brazilian Highlands)

Chaco

Central Andes

Southern Cone

Araucania
Pampas
Patagonia
The Selkʼnam of Tierra del Fuego, c.1915

Caribbean

Portrait of the Kali'na exhibited at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris in 1892

The West Indies, or the Caribbean, generally includes the island chains of the Caribbean Sea, namely the Lucayan Archipelago, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles.

Oceania

Oceania includes most islands of the Pacific Ocean, New Guinea, New Zealand and the continent of Australia.

List of peoples by geographical and ethnolinguistic grouping:

Australia

A group of Aboriginal men in possum-skin cloaks (c.1858) in Victoria
Aboriginal farmers in Victoria, Australia, 1858
Aboriginal men in Northern Territory, circa 1905

Indigenous Australians include Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and Tiwi Islands as well as Torres Strait Islander peoples from the Torres Strait Islands.

Western Desert

Kimberley

Northwest

Southwest

Fitzmaurice Basin

Arnhem Land

Top End

Gulf Country

Cape York

West Cape
East Cape

Daintree Rainforest

Lake Eyre Basin

Spencer Gulf

Murray-Darling Basin

Northeast

Southeast

Tasmania

Torres Strait Islands

Melanesia

Fijians
Men wearing traditional nambas during a N'gol ceremony on Pentecost Island, Vanuatu

Melanesia generally includes New Guinea and other (far-)western Pacific islands from the Arafura Sea out to Fiji. The region is mostly inhabited by the Melanesian peoples.

Micronesia

Micronesia generally includes the various small island chains of the western and central Pacific. The region is mostly inhabited by the Micronesian peoples.

Polynesia

Māori man wearing a korowai and piupiu
Samoan family

Polynesia includes New Zealand and the islands of Oceania, and has various Indigenous populations.[158]

Polynesians

Polynesian outliers

Circumpolar

Circumpolar peoples is an umbrella term for the various Indigenous peoples of the Arctic. List of peoples by ethnolinguistic grouping:

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑Also known as First peoples, First nations, Aboriginal peoples, Native peoples, Indigenous Natives, or Autochthonous peoples. Since 2020, most style guides have recommend capitalization of "Indigenous" when referring to specific Indigenous peoples as ethnic groups, nations, and the citizens or members of these groups.[162][163][164][165][166]
  2. ↑The Indigenous people of Vanuatu make up more than 95 percent of a country of just under a quarter of a million people (who speak more than 111 different languages), recognized by the United Nations as simultaneously having Least Developed status and having the world's greatest cultural and linguistic diversity.[160]

Citations

  1. ↑United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner (2013). "Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System, Fact Sheet No. 9/Rev.2". United Nations. p. 2. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  2. ↑"Indigenous and Tribal People's Rights Over Their Ancestral Lands and Natural Resources". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  3. ↑McIntosh, Ian (September 2000). "Are there Indigenous Peoples in Asia?". Cultural Survival Quarterly Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  4. 12Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 2009, p. 6.
  5. ↑Muckle, Robert J. (2012). Indigenous Peoples of North America: A Concise Anthropological Overview. University of Toronto Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4426-0416-2.
  6. ↑"Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System"(PDF). United Nations. p. 2. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2 June 2025. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  7. ↑Acharya, Deepak and Shrivastava Anshu (2008): Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices, Aavishkar Publishers Distributor, Jaipur, India. ISBN 978-81-7910-252-7. p. 440
  8. ↑UNHR Fact Sheet No. 9 2013, p. 3.
  9. ↑Taylor Saito, Natsu (2020). "Unsettling Narratives". Settler Colonialism, Race, and the Law: Why Structural Racism Persist(eBook). NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0802-6. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2020. ...several thousand nations have been arbitrarly (and generally involuntarily) incorporated into approximately two hundred political constructs we call independent states...
  10. ↑Miller, Robert J.; Ruru, Jacinta; Behrendt, Larissa; Lindberg, Tracey (2010). Discovering Indigenous Lands: The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–13. ISBN 978-0-19-957981-5.
  11. ↑UNHR Fact Sheet No. 9 2013, p. 9.
  12. ↑Bodley 2008, p. 2.
  13. ↑UNHR Fact Sheet No. 9 2013, p. 4.
  14. ↑Jose R. Martinez Cobo
  15. ↑Definition of indigenous peoples
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  19. ↑Boone, Catherine; Nyeme, Lydia (2015). "Land Institutions and Political Ethnicity in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania". Comparative Politics. 48 (1): 67–86. doi:10.5129/001041515816075123. JSTOR 43664170.
  20. 12Boone, Catherine (2012). "Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya". African Studies Review. 55 (1): 75–103. doi:10.1353/arw.2012.0010. hdl:2152/19778. JSTOR 41804129. S2CID 154334560.
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  22. ↑McGlashan, Neil (1964). "Indigenous Kikuyu Education". African Affairs. 63 (250): 47–57. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095163. JSTOR 719766.
  23. ↑Castro, Alfonso Peter (1991). "Indigenous Kikuyu Agroforestry: A Case Study of Kirinyaga, Kenya". Human Ecology. 19 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1007/BF00888974. JSTOR 4602996. S2CID 154663699.
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  28. ↑"The indigenous Maasai wanted to secure plots for farming in their home villages" (p. 29). Ibrahim, Barbara; Ibrahim, Fouad N. (1995). "Pastoralists in Transition - A Case Study from Lengijape, Maasai Steppe". GeoJournal. 36 (1): 27–48. doi:10.1007/BF00812524. JSTOR 41146468. S2CID 154884572.
  29. ↑Sifuna, Daniel (1984). "Indigenous Education in Nomadic Communities: A Survey of The Samburu, Rendille, Gabra and Boran of Northern Kenya". Présence Africaine Nouvelle. 131 (3e): 66–88. doi:10.3917/presa.131.0066. JSTOR 24350929.
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  166. "FAQ Item: Capitalization". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 2023-02-14. We would capitalize "Indigenous" in both contexts: that of Indigenous people and groups, on the one hand, and Indigenous culture and society, on the other.

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